JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES (JRMS)
Year:2003 | Volume:8 | Issue:4|Papers Count:51

Introduction: Several studies have shown noradrenergic system hyperactivity in posttraumatic stress disorder. Four Vietnam combat veterans with chronic PTSD, prescribed prazosin α1 adrenergic receptor antagonist reported reduction or completely elimination of combat trauma nightmares. This study prompted an open trial of prazosin for Iran & Iraq combat PTSD patients nightmares.Method: Twenty two male and married patients with chronic DSM N PTSD and combat trauma related nightmares participated in an 8-week Before - After open trial. The exclusion criteria included current substance abuse or dependency, psychotic disorders and any medical condition that contraindicated the use of prazosin.Results: Six patients were withdrown from the study because of Prazosin side effects. In reminders average of nightmare severity reduced from 6.75 to 3.56 which was statistically significant (p<0.001).Dicussion & Conclusion: The association between prazosin administration and reduction of PTSD nightmare severity suggested possible efficacy of α1- adrenergic recptor blockade for this PTSD symptom.

Introduction: Several authors have noted that oral calcium treatment was associated with a change in serum Lipids and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. In present sutdy, we determined the effect of supplementary caicium on serum total cholesterol. TG, HOLe, LDLc, LDLcl HDLe, Apo AI, Apo B and Apo All Apo B profile in young healthy adult women.Methods: 53 volunteers were divided into two groups randomly, the treatment group received 1000 mg/day calcium (four doses of 625 mgs calcium carbonate) for one complete menstrual period and the control group received placebo (dextrose). Total cholesterol, TG and HDLc was determined enzymatically, Apo AI and Apo B was determined immunoturbidimetrically.Results: There were no correlation between any of the studied variables and calcium intake from food, calcium supplement did not change correlation coefficient of LDLc with HDLc and Apo AI with Apo B. Compared to placebo, calcium carbonate decreased serum Apo B concentration (13.7 mg/dl , p< 0.01) and incrdased Apo All Apo B (0.32 unit, P< 0.05) and TG (15.75 mg/dl, p<0.05) but the changes in other variables were not significant.Conclusion: These results suggest that calcium supplement increase serum TG and ApoAll Apo B but decrease Apo B. It seems that calcium supplementation may be useful for people who receive less calcium than recommended dietary allowance.

Introduction: The subglot is the most narrow part of the airway in children The most common cause of subglotic stenosis is due to trauma secondary to tracheal intubation. Many cases of subglotic stenosis are asymptomatic and discover only during an ordinary broncoscopy or tracheal intubation. Since the ordinary size broncoscope or tracheal tube can not be passed down the stenotic area, during broncoscopy or tracheal intubation in these patients the stenotic area of subglotic ring may be exposed to repeated mechanical trauma and postoperative airway obstruction which is the subject of the present research.Methods: During a triennium, children escheduled for broncoscopy or tracheal intubation were investigated for the presence of subglotic stenosis and the development of postoperative airway obstruction. Frequency of postoperative airway problems were compared between the patients with and those without subglotic stenosis using Chi-Square method.Results: Fourteen cases of subglotic stenosis were identified which all of them developed some forms of postoperative airway obstruction. Eighty six percent of these patient had a positive history for previous tracheal intubation. Nine patient out of 14 with subglotic stenosis required endotracheal intubation and seven of these patients underwent tracheostomy.Two patients died of accidental tracheal extubation.Discussion: Broncoscopy and tracheal intubation in patients with asymptomatic subglotic stenosis is very dangerous and may lead to severe postoperative airway obstruction due to mechanical trauma of repeated broncoscopy or tracheal intubation. Therefore it is logical to manage the high risk patients (those with previous tracheal intubation) with extreme caution and preferably by an experienced physician.

Introduction: Environmental problems due to hazardous wastes production are increasing everyday. Laboratories of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences produce hazardous wastes in their daily research avtivities. These hazardous wastes are produced from laboratory animals" carcasses, which were used in educational and research activities. These carcasses are mixed with other wastes while they are contaminated with pathogenic organisms, toxic and chemical agents. These wastes can contaminate environment and threaten human s health. So, carcasses produced in laboratories should be collected and handle with a specific method in order to destruct in an incinerator.Methods: In this study, methods of collection, storge and destruction of laboratory animals" carcasses in Isfahan university of medical Sciences were evaluated during four months. Specific questionnaires were used for data collection. The mean weight of carcasses of each labratories, produced within a week, were calculated. DRE (Destruction and Removal Efficacy) in different Temperatures in the incinerator were calculated.Results: Mean weight of laboratory animals" carcasses produced during a week in all the laboratories were 20kg. DRE in the incinerator were 9S.39% in 750.C temperature during 1 hour, 94.20% in 850°c temperature during 30 minutes, 94.10% in 950°c temperature during 20 minutes and 94.80% in 1000°c temperature during 15 minutes.Discussion: According to laboratory animals" carcasses contamination with pathogenic organisms, toxic and chemical agents, present methods of collection, storage and destruction aren"t standard and healthy.Also, due to low amout of carcasses daily production, everyday destruction of these carcasses isn"t economic. As a result, carcasses produced everyday should be stored in a collecting box under zero temperature and destruct at the end of the week in the designed incinerator in 1000°c temperature .

Introduction: Inhalation induction is a common method in pediatrics anesthesia . There is not suitable clincial guide for assessmen depth of anesthesia before intubation, in this study adequacy of Jaw thrust as a guide for this assessement was evaluated.Methods: In a clinical trial study 90 pediatric patient, ASA1 & 2, six month to 5 year old age, were divided in case and control groups. Inhalation inductions were done by 4% Halothane, 4lit/min O2 and 4Lit/min N2o under spontaneous ventilation. In case and control groups, Jaw thrust and ordinary methods were utilized respectively for assessment of depth of anesthesia befor intubations. Changes in HR, SpO2, end tidal of halothane and duration of induction, duration of laryngoscopy, reactions to intubations and complications were measured and then analyzed by t - test and Chi squar statistical tests.Results: Duration and complications of larynogscopy were greater in case than control group. Conclusion: Jaw thrust alone is not a good clinical test assessment of depth of anesthesia before intubations in inhalation anesthesia. Probaly one and half to two minutes after negative respones to jaw thrust is a suitable time for intubations in pediatrics inhalation anesthesia .

Introduction: Acheiving accelerated clinical response is desirable in patients with acute manic episode. We conducted a prospective study to compare the rate of clinical response of oral loading sodium valproate versus standard dose titration.Methods: Fourty - two patients who met DSM - IV critevia for current manic episode and who had a "Young mania rating scale "score between 20 and 50 were randomly assigned on a double blind basis to recieve valproate oral "loading"(N=21) at a dose of 20 mg/kg in divided doses for 7 days and valproate "non -loading" at a starting dose of 10 mg/kg followed by standard titration which at day 6 , they recieved 20 mg/kg valproate. Patients were scored at day 0, 3, 5 and 7 by a blindraterusing YMRS.Results: There was no significat differences between the groups in advers events and useing of adjunctive tranquilizer .The efficacy of valproate in both two groups was similar but " the rate of improvement on YMRS" over the first 3 days was significantly greater in loading group. Conclusion: Valproate oral loading with sodium valproate can induced a more rapid clinical response in acutely manic patient.

Spontaneous quuadruplet pregnancy is a very rare condition.1.2 A 29 year-old female patient with G2 with the previous experience of loosing twins in the 22nd week of pregnancy admitted in the Alzahra hospital with the detection of preterm labor. She terminated in the 29th week &2 days. Of the four children born two girls & one boy are in good health & the other boy becauuse of the respiratory distress syndrome has died.

Introduction: Diabetes melliuts is a chronic, metabolic disease that involves the macro and micro vascular complications and one of its maer ascular cowplications is the cardio vascular disease, as ,the risk of cardiovascular disease is 2-4 folds in diabetic patients in comparison with non diabetic individuals.The researches have demonstrated that the risk factors of the cardio vascular disease are formed at childhood. Therefore the preventive measures must begin from early childhood. So the present study was planned with the goals to determine and compare the cardia-vascular risk factors in the diabetic children with type 1 of diabetes mellitus.Method: This was an analytic, cross sectional study that has been done in two groups (case-control). In this research, 148 children, suffering from the typel diabetes mellitus being supported by the metabolism and endocrine research center, were chosen in the continues case manner and for the control group, 148 children, matched with the study group (according to the age and the sex), at 6-18 years old from the schools in Isfahan city randomly and at 2-6 years from the neiborhoods of the case group. The data-gathering tool was the questionnaires includes lipid profile, blood pressure, weight and height. To analyze the data we used the analytic (t student and logistic regression) and descriptive (mean and standard deviation) statistic methods and SPSS.Results: Findings revealed that the means of Lipid profile, systolic blood pressure and body mass index had not statistically significant differences in the two groups. But the mean of diastolic blood pressure and the mean arterial blood pressure in the control group were more than the case group and this difference was significant. The mean, 75 and 95 percentiles for cholesterol and LDL in all the age groups, mean, 75 and 95 percentile for triglyceride in all the age groups except the age group of 1-4 years in the diabetic and non diabetic groups were more than the standard values, but the HDL value in the two groups were less than the stanard values.Discussion: On the base of the findings, we can suggest to begin screening and appropriate teaching programs in the field of prevention for cardio vascular risk factors from childhood in our community and all the students must be screened for hypertension periodically.

Introduction: Tetanus Neonatorum is due to The infection of umbilical cord That Causes mortality rate of neonatal tetanus is 5-60 in 1000 live births that can be prevented by joint vaccination of mother.Objective: The determination of factors involved in "how joint vaccination is carried out in qualified women.Method: According to a case control study In side, each Health center random sampling That data were collected from 300 women of which 150 with a perfect vaccination programme, and 150 without vaccination programme or with an imperfect vaccination programme) who turned to 12 Health & Care Centres in Zahedan to vaccinate their babies, and the impact of (vaccination recording system, women"s information - care unit - the number of births -care frequency during pregnancy–mother"s age and education) on the way in which joint vaccination is carried out (perfect-imperfect and without vaccination) were investigated in two groups.Result: the results indicated a significant correlation with vaccination recording system ,care unit during pregnancy ,the frequency of care by health centre during pregnancy and the number of pregnancies. and on the basis of logestic.Regression The main reasons associated with vaccination Condition first was recording system, second was care unit during pregnancy.Discussion: In order to improve the vaccination condition of qualified women it is necessary 1-to run refreshment courses on "how to carry out vaccination programme using the most recent directions and instructions" for Health personnel. and to have an efficient recording system. 2- to have a monitoring and controlling system on the part of officials with regard to efficient implementation of affairs.

Introduction: Toxaphene is a persistent chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide which can bioaccumulate in foodweb and cause serious public health and environmental problems. The technical mixture of toxaphene contains over 800 different congeners with different toxicity and resistance to degradation.This study was carried out to determine the toxicity of toxaphene residues from soil on housefly and the persistence of toxaphene in soil.Methods: Toxaphene residues were extracted from soil samples taken on zero day, 60 days, 1 year, 2 years and 3 years following field application of toxaphene and analyzed by using a gas_liquid chromatography. Then their toxicity as topical lethal doses for 50 percent of the animals (LD50 Values) were determined in houseflies.Results: Field soil with an original Toxaphene residue of 7.1 ppm declined to about 3.5 ppm after 3 years. The ratio of the LD50 (lethal dose for 50 percent of the animal) of zero day, 60 day, 1 year, 2 year and 3 year soil reidues to the LD50 of of technical toxaphene were 1.07, 1.11, 1.23, 1.31 and 1.36.Discussion: The results obtained clarify that the degradation and detoxification of this pesticide in soil is very slow and that toxic components my persist for long period of time.

Introduction: The relationship between the degree of lumbar lordosis and chronic and purpose low back pain (LBP) has long been speculated, but there is discrepancy in findings of previous researchers.The purpose of this of this study was to drtermin differences between lumbar lordosis in asymptomatic and LBP subjects.Matherials: Lumbar lordosis of 420 patients with chronic LBP and 420 asymptomatic subjects was measured by two examiner. A flexible ruler was used to measure lumbar lodosis in all subjects.Results: The averagr degree of lumbar lordosis for all subjects was 37±13°. Females had greater lumbar lordosis (42 ±15°) than males (32±100) and elderly subjects had lesser lumbar lordosis than younger and middle aged subjects.Conclussoion: The degree of lumbar lordosis was not differet between normal subjects and those with LBP. It seems that effects of lumbar lordosis on LBP and treatment programs need to be reevaluated.

Introduction: Meaurment of glycated hamoglobin is the accepted indicator of long therm glycemic control. This study wase done to evaluate the relative value beetwen plasma glucose at different time point and glycated gemoglubin.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This is a descriptive cross sectional study on type 2 diabetic patients who reffered to Isfahan endocrin and reaserch center. Each two week or month giycemic pofiles . le, plasma glucose at prebreakfast (8:00 AM) 2 hour postprandial and Extended post Lunch (5:00PM) times points plasma glucose were compared with measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) after 3 months. Result were analysed by multiple linear regression and pyerson correlation confidence.RESULTS: Mean plasma glucose for Fasting, 2 hpp, 5 PM and HbA1C was 147.3±57.08 1999.83 ± 52.99, 178.68 ±68.17 and 9.35 ±1.5 and corelation confidence between plasma glucose and HbA1C 0.316 , 0.460 and 0.548 Respectively. Multiple regression between plasmaglucose and glycated hemoglobin was 0.651 with p< 0.0001.Conclusions: in type 2 diaabetic patients extended postlumch (5:00 PM) plasma glucose and 2 hour postprandial are beter correlation with HbA1C than fasting plasma glucose.

Introduction: Hearing impaired Persons have disorders in Communication. Theu are not able to learning many aspects of language Structures in Paroper time; quantity and quality. They can not Process these factors as same as Partners. In this research we going to assess and comparison opposite word in hearing and hearing impaired Student in fifth grade. This is a semantic research.Methods: Subjects of this research were hearing impaired students in fifth grade in tehramwohad + 70dbheaing loss in Best Binaural Average and in order to comparison with them, we selected hearing students in fifth grade. In this research four non linguistic factors were investigated (age, sex, words of Farsi language). The subjects must read these words and write an opposite Word in front of it. In this examination the quantity of types: right, false and without answers.Findings: The sequence of right answers had significant different in two group. The Sequence of learned words had significant different two groups. The time of processing in hearing students was shorter than hearing impaired students. The female subjects gave right answers more than male subjects. Discussion: The differences between bearing and hearing impaired students were in the quantity of answers specially in right answers and time of doing the test. probably these differences were due to lack of proper lexicon words and/or poor of it. The hearing students had more right answers and were shorter in time of processing.

Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common tumor of head and neck. According to clinical stage of disease, radiotherapy and/or surgery is (are) used for treatment of these tumos. Although improvement of treatment results has been reported with chemoradiotherapy , still some controversy exists about the benefit of adding chemotherapy. This study compares chemoradiotherapy vs. radiotherapy alone.Materials and methods: One hundred and fifty five patients with squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck were categorized into two groups randomly. The first group was designed to receive conventional fractionation radiation therapy (90 Patients) , ranging from 50 to 70 Gy (5fractions per week and 2 Gy per fraction) and the other group was planned to get combined chemoradiotherapy (65 patients) .Chemotherapy regimen consisted of Cisplatin (100mg/m2) and 5,f-u (750 mg/m2), given 3 weeks concurrent or after radiotherapy. For statistical analysis Fischer exact test and independent T-test were used.Results: Initial response was seen in 69.4% following radiotherapy and 85.7% after chemoradiation (p=0.031). Recurrence (Locoregional or distant) was seen in 46.7% and 26.2% of patients in radiotherapy and chemotherapy group, respectively. Mean time for recurrence after treatment was 8.58 and 7.17 months in 2 groups, respectively.Conclusion: Addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy causes decrease in recurrence and increase in initial response rate in squamous cell cancers of head and neck.

Introduction: Headaches are the common cause of refferals to physicians, and among them, tension headache is the most prevalent. There is not consens us on the effectiveness of a specific therapeutic procedure. However, the purpose of this study was to identify the effects of relaxation training in comparison to pharmacotherapy in treatment of tension headache.Procedures: The study employed an experiment design with two treatment group (N=12) One treatment group gaticipated in a relaxation training program over an 8-week period. A second treatment group was only given Amitriptyline. Data collected over a 2 - week period before and after treatment by using a dialy headache scale used by patients and visual analog scale used by one of the patient"s relatives. Back depression scale and zung Anxietys scale were used for evaluating levels of depression and Anxiety in patients.Results: Mean score of improvement in relaxation training was significantly higher than that of Amitriptyline group (t=3.85 , P<0.01) Also the relaxation group demonstrated lower mean score of headache peak than that of peak than that of Amitriptyline  group (t=2.6, p<0.01). However, regarding to visual analog scale there was no statistically significant difference between two groups.in respect of distribution of patients among different improvement levels, the relaxation training group was significantly better than Amitriptyline group (x2=6.66, df=2, p<0.01) Discussion: The relaxation training was more effective than Amitriptuline in decreasing headach for patients with tension headache.

Finding a universally approved system to restore pulpess teeth has been a goal of many of dental researches. The restorative system should have enough ability to withstand masticator forces, while preserving as much tooth structure as possible.The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of light and heat curing composite with light curing composite restoration method on fracture resistance of restored teeth. Forty healthy maxillary premolar teeth were chosen, in thirty of samples endodontic treatment performed and MOD cavities were prepared as to weaken tooth structures, the specimens were divided to 4 groups containing 10 specimens as follows.Group 1: Unprepared Group2: Restored with direct light curing composite resin.Group3: Restored with light and heat curing composite resin as inlay without cementing surface treatment. Group4: Restored with light and heat curing composite resin as inlay with cementing surface treatment. All samples were subjected to compressive load by testing machine. The mean fracture load in KGF for groups 1,2,3 and 4 were 98.96, 58.72,54.04,78.36 KGF respectively.From this study it may be concluded that the use of light and heat curing methods and cementing surface treating compared with light curing and light and heat curing method without cementing surface treating will more increase fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary premolars.

Introduction: It is assumed that the process of schizophrenia effect on patient"s cognitive functions. The aim of this study was to examine and to compare cognitive profile of patients with that of control group.Methods: 40 patients with schizophrenia were selected from Isfahan Noor Hospital. 40 non-patients as control group were selected and matched on the base of age, sex, education, economic status. Cognitive functions of two groups were assessed by WAlS-R.Results: Results show that schizophrenic patients appear at a lower level of IQ than control group. Nonverbal IQ was more impaired than the other kind of IQ in patients. Cognitive profile analysis reveals that patients had low scores on all of the WAlS-R subscles except information and word subscales. Discussion: These findings show that schizophrenic patients in the first episode of theire illness reveal a remarkable impairment on inteligence performance. Cognitive profile analysis indicates that schizophrenic patients performer significatly at a lower level in comparison with control group, in: abstraction, visual - special perception, verbal and non-verbal conceptualization, social judgment, attention, motor-visual organization and mental flexibility.

Introduction: Todetermine the rate of contamination With head pedicolosis, find infected students and their families, help to improve the controlling program; this stady was prformed. Methods: The 68968 patients from khomeini-shahr school students in 2000-2001 were screened by standard qustionnaire. The demogrephic data and related rariables were gathred, using interview and observation of the organism or its nymph on the hairs of the cases. Atlas, they were analyzed in computer by SPSS, X , and t-test. Results: 461 (68%) of patients were infected. 36% of them were from rural and 82% from urban areas. No significant differences were seen between sex, age, education level of the samples and their parents, their using common measures, the number of taking bath per week and following personal sanitation and the rate of contamination. (P<0.001) Among the factors, no personal sanitation had the largest effect. The frequency of infection in the families was 42.31%. Discussion: Considering the per sent data, the rate of infection in male students doesn"t seem important. But, equal amounts of contamination rate in female students of primary and secondry schools are demonstrated. In addition, the necessity of special attention to these levels and health system improvement in these groups seems important for the first time. In spite of effectiveness of drug therapy in its control, health education in school with cooperation of their families. in addition to in the society is of prime importance.

Introduction: Sufentanil is a potent but short-acting analgesic that used intrathecally to manage postoperative pain. The goal of study is determining the effect of transdermal nitroglycerine on duration of analgesic effect of spinal sufentanil in lower extremity surgery .Methods and Material: In a clinical trial study with convenience sampling ASA (I), ASA(II)patients in 18 -65 old -age condidated for lower extremity surgery in Isfahan st. AlZAHRA medical center in 2001-2002 were randomized to one of four groups. (each group contains ten patients) Patients received 15 mg bupivacaine 0.5% plus 2ml of the test drug intrathecally (saline or 10 mic.gram sufentanil). 30 min after the spinal puncture, a transdermal patch of either 5mg nitroglycerinor placebo was applied. The control group (A) received spinal saline and transdermal placebo. The sufentanil group (B) received spinal sufentanil and transdermal placebo. The nitroglycerine group (C) received spinal saline and transdermal nitroglycerine patch. Finally, the sufentanil-nitroglycerine group (D) received spinal sufentanil and transdermal nitroglycerine. Pain was evaluated using a 10 - cm visual analog scale. Results were analyzed by ANOVA and chi-square tests.Results:1- The four groups showed no differences regarding ASA, gender, age, weight and height .(P>0.05)2- Mean and standard deviation of painless time in (B) group (268.5 ±59.7 min) and (D) group (297.7±43.8 min) was longer compared with (A) group (246.3±4.1 min ). (P<0.05)3- There is no differences regarding mean and standard deviation of painless time between:a) (C) group (218.5 ± 52.9 min) and (A) group (246.3 ± 44.1). (P>0.05)b) (D) group (297.7 ± 43.8 min) and (B) group (268.5 ± 59.7min). (P>0.05)c) (C) group (218.5 ± 52.9 min) and (B) group (268.5 ± 59.7 min). (P>0.05)4- Mean and standard deviation of painless time in (D) group (297.7 + 43.8 min) was longer compard with (C)group (218.5 ± 52.9in). (P<0.05)5-Mean and standard deviation of the pain VAS score was similar among (A) group (7.5±1) , (B) group (8 ±0.8), (C) group (7.2 ± 0.78) and (D) group (8 ±0.66). (P>0.05)6- Mean and standard deviation of changes mean blood pressure 5,10,20,30,40,50,60 min after the spinal injection were also the same in all groups. (P>0.05)In this study, respiratory arrest and decrease of consciousness (complicatications of intrathecal opiate) was not seen.Conclusion: In the same previus study in Brazil show that transdermal nitroglycerine significantly prolonged the analgsic effect of spinal sufentani (10)This study was performed in minor operation. (Arthroscopy) (10) That did not cause sever tissue trauma and postoperative pain.(2) (10) Our study showed that: Transdermal nitroglycerine has no effect on prolongation of analgesic effect of intrathecal sufentanil. Our study performed in patients with osseous fracture that can cause sever tissue trauma and postoperative pain. (probably reason for this difference) Also, our study showed that: Transdermal nitroglycerine alone (5mg/day) did not result in postoperative analgesia itself.

Introduction: one of oral disorder in childhood period is Nursing Dental caries. Causes of this disorder are Multiple. Aim of this proposal evolution of effect affectional Interaction mother & child is on Nursing dental caries.Method: For this proposal 250 children 2-5 years were randomly simple sampling selected & divided two equal group (case & control) Mother two child group filled design questionaire & data of this proposal was analysed.Result: There were not significant difference between affectional Interaction in two groups. Discussion and Conclusion: The result of this study shows the affectional Interaction has not effect on Nursing dental caries but for precise Judgment have necessary studding as longitudinal study. Pedodontic Depart dental school university medical sciences Isfahan, Iran.

Background: Depression is one of the most severe disabling disorders in the world in view of teachers occupational stress, this study was desinged to measure the magnitude of depression among them.Methods: 291 Teachers from 21 primary schools in esfahan city were enamined by means of beck"s test.Results: This study revealed that 89% of the teachers suffered from afferent degrees of depression i.e ,33% mild , 28.3% moderate and 27.2% sever the degree of depression decreased as the level of education increased and with age the degree of depression increased. Conclusion: In view of their occupational roles, teachers are rulencable and more attention must be paid to their needs.

History and Objective: Since acute appendicitis occur as a surgical emergency and should be operated as soon as possible, our experiences showed some fluctuations of appendicitis in Various mouth. We Performed this study to define the frequency of it in 1418 - 1420. Material and Method: Affected Patients In all ages, and aged from 15 - 70 years old which tolerated fasting were enrolled in this study Age. sex and the number of operated patient in each month were considered. Results: Total number of docummended appendicitis Were 414 - 423 - 407 for the years of 1418, 1419 and 1420 respectively. The ratio of M/F=1.2:1 and total frequency was 110/100000.ln the Moharram and Shawal of 1418-20 the number of patients were 49-48-46 and 54-47-47 respectively, which was higher than other months Rmadan had the least frequent patients in these years (20-25-17 ) there was no significant difference in the number of patient among other months. Conclusion: The frequency of acute appendicitis is decreaed in Ramadan significantly which was most likely due to the fasting and diatary states of the ptients althouqh other nivestigation is rocommended.

Back ground: Every teacher must know about the normal, emotional and affectional growth and development of adolescent students. Methods: The research is a survey study with the main purpose to study the rate of Knowledge of the teachers about emotional characteristics of adolescence. In our study, we selected 140 male teachers in boys high schools and the samples were selected by simple random and stratified Sampling. The data were collected by a questionnaire. Results: The majority of the samples had a moderate knowledge about emotional characteristics of adolescence. Among the variables of this study multi regression analysis showed that only the variables of relationships and years of service influence the knowledge of teachers in each step. Conclusion: Findings of this study revealed that it is necessary for educational authorities, teachers training centers and staff specially teachers to be acquainted with changes and affectional characteristics of adolescence more than ever.

Introduction: Some studies suggest that immunogenicity of HBV vaccine is low in HCV positive persons. This study is performed in hemophilic patients (which many of them are HCV POSITNE) for rule out or rule in of this subject. Methods: In this analytic field trial, 33 HCV negative and 37 HCV positive hemophilic patients were randomly selected. There was not more than 3 years from the last vaccine (3 dose, each dose 40 U.G.). Sampling for HBS antibody titer was done. Results were annaunced as: Negative <10 MIU), low positive (10-100 MIU),and high positive (> 100 MIU). Results: Non response was observed in 3.33 (%9) of HCV negative persons and in 2.37 (%5.4) of HCV positive persons (PV = 0.446).P.value was not significant. Discussion: In this study, there is not difference in antibody response between two groups. This may be due to higher dose of vaccine in this study.

The general physicians have an important role in health care servies in their community. The view of recently graduated young physicians is an useful tool to change the medical education curriculum. A questionnaire was undertaken to assess the view of the medical interns in the last year of medical education about their professional career in the future. The other factors that might be. affectad their views also considered such as degree in medical comprehensive and medical basic examination, their personal interest in medicine, professional satisfaction, socioeconomic status, and continuing medical education. In 212 completed questionnaires, 95 (45%) staited that their interest in medicine were high, but in only 635 (16%) their professional satisfaction were high. Their satisfaction about socioeconomic status as general physician in the community were low in 102 (48%) and 159 (75%) respectively. Only 32 (15%) of them declared would not abandon medicine if they found better situation in a domain other than medicine in the future! This study showed the medical interns were worried about their professional career in the future!The view of recently medical graduate provide precious information about the curriculum. Their unsatisfaction from the socioeconomic status as a general physician, professional situation, and toward changing their job could affect the quality of health care services.

An Injury of the caudal equine has been suggested to be an unique type of spinal injury than other types of penetrating spinal injuries. However the role of surgery as a method to speed or improve recovery is unclear. The 33 war wounded reported here represent approximately 15% of all penetrating spinal injuries related to Esfahan province. The average age was 23 years they were admitted at first in urgent centers near the war border and then in hospitals in different parts of country they received spine films and syelography. Deficit were Complete. if total loss of function existed and were "incomplete" if any function remained below the level of injury. Improvement at the end of follow up (after two years) was defiend as any recovery of motor strength or sensory level. Early neurosurgical intervention for pentrating injuries of caudal equine may be beneficial but carries an increased risk of complications.

Introduction: Athrosclerosis and cerebrovascular events are from the main causes of human modality and disability. The purpose of this paper is to investigate atherosclerotic plagues and stenos is in carotid and vertebral arteries in patient with history of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) Methods: In a cross -sectional study, 100 patient who had history of CABG in last 2 years were evaluated by duplex sonography for carotid and vertebral artery pluge and stenosis and result were analyzed by spss 10. Results: 25% of patients had carotid plague and 20% of them had vertebral plague. The only difinit risk factor for carotid artery stenosis was aging (P<0.05). Discussion: Periodic cervical artries examination with duplex sonography in patient with history of coronary artery bypass grafting is essential.

Introduction: Dental radiographs are occationally too dark because of different reasons such as over exposure, high concen-tration of developing solution and over development.Different chemicals are used to lighten these radiographs. In this research the undiluted fixed solution for the first time are tested and efficiency time of this solution in reducing the density of dark radiographs were evaluated. Method: Use of a dry mandible containing some teeth and 98 E speed periapical radiographs were prepared as foolow: A film wasexposed with 0.4 S... as positive control (ideal). 97 films were exposed with 1.8 S (dark and unreadable). Out of 97, one radiograph kept as positive control and remaining films prepared for study. All of radiographs developed and fixed with automatic processor in the same conditio. Out of 96 dark radiograph, 3 was used for pilot study and inserted in the undiluted fixing solution in different time. (2.5, 3 and 3.5 hrs). The result of pilot study showed that aii3 radiographs showed reductionin density and radiographs with her reduction time was closest to positive control for density and diognostic quality and radiograph with 2.5 hrs reduction time and 3.5 hre became darker and lighter as compared to positive control. The remaining 93 high density radiographs were divided into 3 groups, 31 in each group (group 1,2 and 3) first group 2.5 hrs, second 3 hrs and the third group 3.5 hrs were kept in undiluted fixed solution. for this, disposable glasses were used and in each glass a radiograph were inserted. The research time was spring and the temperature was about 2609 (without coolant). Evaluation of radiographs: For evaluation of radiographs 2 methods were used: First method used was: Densitometry: By this method the density of total lightened radiographs, positive control and negative control were determined. Another method was determined diagnostic quality of radiographs visually by radiologists, throng this way: Special application form were prepared and requested their opinion about the result of radiographs by observation and comparing them with positive and negative radiographsand give them score from Ito5.Result: The result of densitometry showed that the density of all radiographs after inserting in undiluted fixing solution were decreased. All dentists who compared the lightened radiographs with positive control and negative control has the same opinion that: The radiographs have desirable diagnostic quality. Discussion: Totally the undiuted fixed solution is a suitable solution for decreasing the density and giving the diagnostic quality to dark radiographs and prevents reexposure of patients and decreases the extra costs.