Year:2002 | Volume:- | Issue:13|Papers Count:14

The main purpose of the survey is examining the ethical conducts between athlete and non-athlete females. Among specific objectives, the difference between these two groups in punishment and obedience, instrumental and relatively interpersonal concordance, respect to law and order, social contract, and universal ethical principle variables have been examined. The random sampling method of survey was implied and 60 female athlete students aged 19-30 among member of university teams with at least 5 year - club activities were selected. Also, 60 female non-athlete students aged 19-30 who have had no sports activities were selected. In this survey, these two groups of athlete and non-athlete students were compared. The researcher found no significant differences between these two groups with regard to punishment and obedience, instrumental and relatively interpersonal concordance, respect to social contacts, respect to law and order. But there was a significant difference indicating that non-athletes have superiority than athletes to variable of universal ethical principle.

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of eight weeks aerobic and anaerobic trainings on estrogen and LH hormones and %fat of nonathlete female students of shahid Chamran University. 30 nonathlete female students from different colleges aged 18-25 was voluntarily selected and were randomly divided into aerobic, anaerobic and control groups. The effect of 8 weeks aerobic and an aerobic trainings on a number of factors such as estrogen, LH hormones and %fat were evaluated. Hormones were measured by hormonemetric laboratory of AHWAZ Golestan Hospital. Before conducting training, %fat by using Skinfold Callper and other relevant factors were measured. After 8 weeks of aerobic trainings at the pulse %65-%75 of max heart rate and anaerobic training at the pulse %80-%90 of max heart rate the needed measurements were again taken.The research showed that both aerobic and anaerobic training resulted in a significant incensement in estrogen (PS0.001) in which the increase was more in aerobic group. There was no significant difference among LH hormones of different groups (P≥0.278) But the amount of LH increased more in training groups. Although the %fat of aerobic group reduced more in comparison with anaerobic and control groups, but there was no significant difference among them (P≥0.127). No significant correlation was found between estrogen and %fat changes of all different groups.Findings of this study revealed that training, especially aerobic training can positively affect estrogen, LH hormones and reducing %fat.

The purpose of this research has been determining the amount of base of the subjects, self esteem, self efficiency, attributional style and achievement motivation at pre-test stage by means of questionnaires. The next step has been determining the amount of their progress as a consequence of training for a period of eight weeks through the control complex, goal-setting-based and attributional retraining based programs. This research is semi-experimental and applied to that end. 240 students were selected from guidance schools in kermanshah. They were randomly divided into four groups named goal setting, attributional retraining, complex and control. Using the data obtained from the two stages of the test, the researcher by means of computer software (SPSS) carried out the necessary statistical operations. The following result has been achieved: There is no significant difference among the effects of goal setting, attributional retraining and complex program on increasing self efficiency and achievement motivation. Complex and attributional retraining programs had more effects than goal setting program on increasing self esteem. Goal setting program dose not have any significant effect on changing attributional style.

The purpose of this research is to find out "The correlation between personal characteristics and bum-out among managers in faculties of Physical Education Universities". The, Two personal characteristics and bum-out questionnaires include: J. Personal characters questionnaire (researcher-made) 2. Bum-out questionnaire of Hassles and Maslash. On the other hand, 44 physical education and 88 non-physical education and 30 university managers answered to the questionnaires. There was a significant correlation between age and the bum-out in both university managers and non-physical education managers. There wasn't any relation between the years spent in .\port and bum-out level, but there was a significant relation in case of physical education managers conversely. There wasn't a significant correlation between the education level and bum-out level among managers. There was a significant correlation between the employment career and bum-out in managers. There was a significant difference among university managers. So a significant difference has been shown in university, non-physical education and physical Education managers respectively and also this case is in the vice of managers too.

The purpose of present study is an evaluation of undergraduate physical education program from the point of view of Markazi graduates. A valid and reliable instrument that was developed by author, was used. The content of this instrument included 16 items about educational, basic, special, theoretical and practical courses and some items about goal application and shortcomings of this program.The sample of this study was 105 received questionnaires from 118 graduates. Descriptive statistics was used to describe data. Anova (repeated measure and between subject design) was used to compare courses among different towns.

This study examined the influence of carbohydratic vitamin C supplementation versusplacebo beverage ingestion on the circulation lymphosyte subpopulation responses to exhaustive exercise on the treadmill by Physical Education Faculty students. Twenty physical education college male students were selected randomly. Their age average was (20.8±t1.56) years; weight (67.50 ±t7.04) kilograms; height (175.77±t6.33) centimetres; Vo2max (50.60±t5.64) ml/kg/min. Sample students receivedplacebo or 500 mg vitamin C and 200ml solution 5% sacarose 24-h, 2-h immediately before bruse test and executed bruse test. Then exhaustive exercise ingestion supplementation or placebo continued for 2 weeks later and again was bruse test. Performed Blood samples were collected zero time, before and after each test. The distribution of leukocyte subpopulation contains: number of CD4, CD8, CD56 and CD4/CD8 ratio were measured by flow cylometrically. The Results indicated that nutritional manipulation effects on the lymphosyte subpopulation.

Goal programming is a powerful technique for multiple objective decisions making. Resource allocation in the sport sector is a multiple objective decision making. In this paper we review the application of mathematical programming in resource allocation and then formulate a goal programming for it in the sport sector. GP with its abilities could bring up trade-off between goals and minimize the sum of deviation from goals.

The aim of this study is to compare the body density prediction (BD) and body fat percentage (BF%) in Iranian men using Skinfold (SF) and Criterion method .Hydrostatic the subjects selected for the research test are 310 male students in shahid Chamran university, Ahwaz. (X‾±SD: 21.9±2.82 Age (year), 73%±56% height (meter), 62.2±9.63 weight (kg)). The body density estimated by under water weighing (UW) is used as a criteria on for the method. In Skinfold (SK) method, body density (BD) prediction is estimated by five valid European equations such as: Three Jackson - Pollock equations (three and seven position), Sloan equation (two positions) and Durnin - Womersley equation (four positions). The body fat percentage (BF %) in Skinfold (SK) method is estimated by the formula "Siri". Statistical analysis contains constant errors: Examination (CE), Standard Error Estimate (SEE), Total Error (TE), Correlation Coefficient (r) and Dependent T-test (P≤0.50). The results of this research showed that in order to estimate body densityprediction in Skinfold method (TE-0.0041 g/cc, R=0.9, P=<0.022). Only lacson-Pollock equation (three position: chest, triceps, subscapular) is approved. With glee Te=0.0041, r= 0.931 and P≤0.022 also to estimate body fat prediction. The same equation in Skinfold method is accepted. To estimate BD more precisely, regarding the ethnic group and the phenotype of Iranian male students, two equations in Skinfold method (two and four position) were designed. These equations are proposed as appropriate alternative equations.

One of the most fundamental topics in the behavioral sciences within the field of management is the concern about the leaders' decision-making on the various organizational situations in order to achieve effectiveness so that the style taken by the leader will do with the situation efficiently. Consequently, determining all the factors in the situation and recognizing the externally interfering powers that affect the organization and the managers, creative thoughts will be accomplished.This study aimed at determining the relationship between the leadership styles, effectiveness, and creativity of the sport managers in universities. The investigation is carried out on the basis of descriptive analysis. The sample comprised the sport managers of all the universities where physical education is offered as a university degree. The researcher used the Hersey-Blanchard LBAII Questionnaire and the Randsip Creativity respectively. The finding manifested the relationship among the managers' effectiveness, leadership styles as well as their creativity Analysis of the interaction of the research variables implied a significant relationship.