Koomesh
Year:2012 | Volume:13 | Issue:4 (44)|Papers Count:17

Introduction: Atrophic vaginitis is one of the most common complications in menopause. Different hormonal replacement therapy methods are available that can relief this status. The objective of this research was comparing the therapeutic effects of tibolone and continuous hormone replacement therapy on the vaginal maturation index and vaginal maturation value.Material & methods: 150 healthy women in postmenopausal period were randomly enrolled in this controlled clinical trial. Women were allocated in the three groups; tibolone, hormone replacement therapy and Ca+D tablet. Vaginal maturation index and vaginal maturation value were determined by Pap smear test before and six months after the treatments.Results: Wilcoxon test revealed the percentage of parabasal cells, superficial cells and vaginal maturation value were different before and after the treatments in hormone replacement therapy and tibolone groups (P=0.001). Mann-Whitney test show that the percentage of parabasal cells was lower in hormone replacement therapy group in comparison within tibolone (P=0.002) and Ca+D groups (P=0.001).Also this variable was lower in the tibolone group in comparison within the Ca+D group (P=0.001). The percentage of intermediate cells was more in hormone replacement therapy group in comparison within the tibolone (P=0.03) and Ca+D groups (P=0.001), but there weren’t significant difference between tibolone and Ca+D groups. In this regard, the percentage of superficial cells and maturation value were more in tibolone and hormone replacement therapy groups in comparison within Ca+D group (P=0.001), but these variable weren’t different between hormone replacement therapy and tibolone groups.Conclusion: Therapeutic effects of tibolone on vaginal maturation index and vaginal maturation value were similar to hormone replacement therapy. Due to side effects and possible risks of classical hormone therapy, more attention to these points is suggested to medical team and health care providers for the best choose treatment in menopausal women.

Introduction: Family base association test (FBAT) is widely used in study of genetic association of allele of genetic markers and different phenotype for locating genes locus. The present study attempted to investigate the genetic association of some candidate microsatellites with HDL-C, triglyceride, and waist in order to find chromosomal area locus of effective genes in metabolic syndromes in Persian and Azari people of Iran.Materials and Methods: in this study 107 families were selected from participants in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Each family had at least one member with metabolic syndrome (according to ATP III) and at least two members with reduced HDL-C level. The genetic association of HDL-C, triglyceride, and waist with some candidate microsatellites in chromosome 8, 11, 12, and 16 was studied using FBAT.Results: the data covered 107 families consisting of 483 individuals. For Persian individuals, study of Chromosome 8 revealed significant association between D8S514 and HDL-C and between D8S1743 and triglyceride (P<0.05). For Azari individuals, association of D8S1132 and D8S1743 in Chromosome 8 to HDL-C was significant (P<0.05).Discussion: FBAT is robust against confounders such as misspecification of genetic models and population stratification. By finding microsatellites affecting HDL-C, triglyceride, and waist, the results found in this study may be helpful in determining predisposing genes in metabolic syndrome.

Introduction: An uncontrolled pain in infants can lead to permanent damage of the components of cognitive growth and development and change in response to painful stimuli. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of oral sucrose %20 and %50 on biobehavioural pain response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine injection in term newborns.Materials and Methods: In this triple blind clinical trial study, which was performed in Semnan Amir- Al-Momenin Hospital, 91 term infants were selected and randomly divided into three groups. Two minutes prior to immunization with HBV vaccine by intramuscular injection, 2 ml of 20% or 50% sucrose solution was given to the infants in, experimental groups, while, the infants in the control group were orally received only 2 ml of sterile distilled water. The pain response was measured by using Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) tools before the administration of sucrose, immediately after injection and 5 min after injection.Results: The results showed that the administration of 50% sucrose significantly reduces pain response in newborns immediately and 5 minutes after HBV vaccination (P<0.05). But the administration of 20% sucrose was effective only 5 minutes after HBV vaccine injection.Conclusion: The administration of 50% sucrose can effectviley reduce the pain due to HBV vaccination in infants.

Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common type of malnutrition in the world and more than 30 percent of Iranian women suffering from that. Increasing of knowledge with education of population can be an effective program to preventing this problem. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of education on mother's knowledge about preventive methods of iron deficiency anemia.Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study as before and after study, 336 students’ mothers from 8 schools of Tehran participated in 2011 year. The knowledge about IDA before and after education was gathered by a researcher made questionnaire. The educational contents were presented as a lecture in 45 minutes.Results: The knowledge score of participants increased after education in all of understudy subjects and the significant difference was seen between the mean knowledge score before and after study (p<0.0001).There was significant and positive correlation between mothers’ educational level and the program effect (r=0.169, P<0.002) and negative correlation between number of children with program effect (r=-0.140, P<0.007). There weren’t any significant association between educational program effectiveness with mother’s age and her occupation, father’s age and his occupation and children educational level.Conclusion: This study indicated that educational program even a short-term training is an effective knowledge strategy to promoting mothers’ knowledge about IDA.

Introduction: Season of birth is one of the environmental factors that may affect birth weight. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between seasonal patterns and birth weight in an educational center in Iran, 2010.Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, the check list was used for checking of 3076 women that delivered on vaginal method (NVD). Exclusion criteria included twin delivery, intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), abortion in current pregnancy and delivery by caesarean.Results: 81.2% women were primiparous and 53.3 percent of newborns were boys. The gestational age of 7.4, and 92.6 percent women was preterm and term, respectivly. Average neonatal birth weight was 3248.18 ± 458 and women mean age was 25.33 ± 5.7 years. There was a significant relationship between seasonal changes and the mean birth weight (P=0.018) as the highest weight was in spring and lowest in summer. The highest average birth weight term was the 21 March to 20 April and the lowest month was the 23 August to 22 September (P=0.064).Conclusion: Although birth weight can be different with seasonal changes, the role of other environmental factors should not be ignored.

Introduction: Effects of carbohydrate administration, either oral or intravenously, on the course of labor and its coseqences has been less studied. The objective of this study was to compare effects of intravenous normal saline with and without dextrose on length of labour and delivey outcomes in nulliparae.Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 97 primiparous women who divided into normal saline (NS) and dextrsose 5% in normal saline (D5NS) groups. The solutions were injected intraveouly by a machine in rate of 120 ml/min and stages of parturition were monitored.Results: Of 97 subjects enrolled, 80 met inclusion criteria and completed the study. There was a significant difference in the time (min) to complete dilation between groups (NS: 291.5+89.38; D5NS: 163.73+39.5) (P=0.000), and length of stage II labor (NS: 58.88+23.13; D5NS: 33.58+10.48) (P=0.000). There was a significant difference in terms of the need for oxytocin between two groups (P=0.019), but no significant differences were observed between two groups in terms of cesarean section rates, Apgar score at the one and five min after birth, and neonatal hypoxia in the first and two hours after birth.Conclusion: Our findings indicate that intarvenous dextrose solution can reduce effectivly delivery time in nulliparous women.

Introduction: Hypoglycemia is one of the most prevalent problems seen in neonates and can lead to irreversible brain damage if not to be diagnosed in time. Today, the blood glucose is mostly checked by laboratory methods that have a significant delay and can result in many adverse effects such as vessel rupture. The goal of this study was to evaluate the value of the glucometry device in diagnosis of hypoglycemia in neonates.Materials and Methods: This study has been conducted over 156 hospitalized neonates in Amir al momenin Hospital, Semnan, Iran. The blood glucose in all cases has been simultaneously measured by both laboratory methods (glucose oxidase as the golden standard) and glucometer. These measurements along with the relevant data for neonatal risk factors were recorded in the checklist. The blood glucose measurements of less than or equal 35 mg/dL in first two hours after birth, less than or equal 40mg/dL in 3 to 24 hours after birth, less than or equal 45 mg/dL in more than 24 hours after birth are considered as hypoglycemic.Results: 58 neonates (37.2%) were hypoglycemic. The measurement of blood glucose levels via glucometer for hypoglycemia detection had a high precision (Area under curve=0.941, Standard error =0.018, P=0.0001). The optimum cut-off point yielded to equivalent of 51mg/dL. So that for fasting blood glucose of less than or equal 51mg/dL, sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values were, respectively, 94.7%, 81.6%, 75.3%, and 96.4%.Conclusion: Findings show that, blood glucose levels measured by glucometry have good accuracy for diagnosis of hypoglycemia in newborns. Thus, it is recommended that in case of screening and frequent need of monitoring neonatal blood glucose, this device be used as a suitable replacement of laboratory methods.

Introduction: Pregnancy outcomes and infant health is an important issue. Considering the existing contradictions about the impact of maternal body mass index (BMI) on these outcomes, the present study was conducted to examine the relationship of BMI with neonatal outcomes in Gilan’s pregnant women.Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted based on existing data on 511 pregnant women in Gilan province. Data collection was based on their health record information in health centers.Neonatal Outcome was studied on based BMI pre- pregnancy.Results: In this study, the average of maternal primary BMI and newborn weight were 25.69±4.88 kg/m2, 3272.09±388.86 gram, respectively. Also the born babies were mostly male gender. Statistical tests between mother’s primary BMI and infant weight showed a statistically significant relationship, and also, there were not showed a significant difference relationship between mother’s primary BMI and the variables of height and head circumference of new born, jaundice, respiratory distress, and sex of infant.Conclusion: According to the results and the effect of BMI on some of neonatal outcomes, it is necessary that educational, advocacy and counseling programs for mothers to be done to ensure mother’s good physical condition before pregnancy. Thus, it is caused the promotion of the mothers’ health and infants are provided.

Introduction: In speech therapy, treatment efficacy includes 3 specific fields as treatment effectiveness, efficiency and effects. Treatment efficiency compares two approaches or more with each other. The aim of this study was to compare of two approaches: general language stimulation and developmental-descriptive approach.Materials and Methods: It has been done as an interventional-longitudinal study with14 participants (primary school students with hearing loss) for two educational years. All changes in different parts of language were assessed by decontextualized language test, storytelling, action verb and sentence writing in the end of each year.Results: Total number of affixes in storytelling, derivational suffix in action verb test, expression of prepositions and adverb (location) as well as perception superlative adjective in decontextualized language test had statistically significant changes (P<0.05).Conclusion: Findings show developmental-descriptive approach has more positive effects because of specificity of language treatment goals.

Introduction: The motor skill has the important role on the individual skill, such as activity of daily living and learning in the children. Obviously, the social and educational skills can be affected by motor impairment. The purpose of this study was to determine the motor skill differences between normal and mental retard children mental aged 6-7.Materials and Methods: This analytic-descriptive study was done on 104 children including 66 normal children and 38 mental retard children. The normal subjects were selected among the Behzisty kindergarten and first grade of primary school by cluster sampling and mental children by a census sampling. Each subject was individually assessed by Lincoln-Oseretsky motor development scale.Results: The findings showed that there was no difference between these two groups on objects balancing, hand and leg coordination, hand motor dexterity, and eye- hand coordination. A significant differences between two groups on body balancing (P=0.024), throwing and taking (P=0.0001), jumping (P=0.0001) and total score motor skill (P=0.0001) was found.Conclusion: Although, the real and mental age in the mental retardation children are different and they have more opportunities in environmental interactive, without any treatment and learning, they have incapability in the motor skills in comparison with the normal ones.

Introduction: During recent years, evaluating the relation between mechanical properties of the arterial wall and cardiovascular diseases has been of great importance. On the other hand, motion estimation of the arterial wall using a sequence of noninvasive ultrasonic images and convenient processing methods might provide useful information related to biomechanical indexes and elastic properties of the arteries and assist doctors to discriminate between healthy and diseased arteries. In the present study, a block matching based algorithm was introduced to extract radial motion of the carotid artery wall during cardiac cycles.Materials and Methods: The program was implemented to the consecutive ultrasonic images of the common carotid artery of 10 healthy men and maximum and mean radial movement of the posterior wall of the artery was extracted. Manual measurements were carried out to validate the automatic method and results of two methods were compared.Results: Paired t-test analysis showed no significant differences between the automatic and manual methods (P>0.05). There was significant correlation between the changes in the instantaneous radial movement of the common carotid artery measured with the manual and automatic methods (with correlation coefficient 0.935 and P<0.05).Conclusion: Results of the present study showed that by using a semi-automated computer analysis method, with minimizing the user interfere and no attention to the user experience or skill, arterial wall motion in the radial direction can be extracted from consecutive ultrasonic frames.

Introduction: Endurance training increases capillary density in skeletal and heart muscles. But the molecular mechanism of these processes is not yet clear. Substantial evidence indicates that the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, angiogenic factor) and endostatin (antiangiogenic factor) might play key role in this process. Therefore, we investigated the effect of endurance training on serum levels of VEFG and endostatin in wistar rat.Materials and Methods: The study was performed in 20 male wistar rats, which were aged between 64 ± 6 days. All rats were subdivided into two groups randomly: endurance training group (n=10) and sedentary group (n=10). Therefore, the training group received 8 weeks of treadmill endurance training. At the end of endurance training program, the rats were anesthetized with halothane, and then blood sample was drawn from the descending aorta for measurement of serum levels of VEGF and endostatin. Serum levels of VEGF and endostatin was measured by ELISA method.Results: Results of the study showed that endurance training increased serum levels of VEGF and decreased endostatin significantly. Furthermore, with adaptation to endurance training VEGF/endostatin ratio increased significantly. Also, VEGF has not significant correlation with endostatin.Conclusion: These finding suggested that with adaptation to endurance training the balance between angiogenic and angiostatic factor switched to angiogenic factor. These finding may provide new insight into the mechanisms relating to capillary density increment in response of endurance training.

Introduction: General anesthetics during critical periods of brain development may cause some serious malformations or side effects. Anesthetic drugs can involve in the brain development and synaptogenesis at the critical period of development. There are some controversies with regards the effects of (neurodegenerative or neuroprotective) barbiturates on brain. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible relation between repeated induced thiopental (a GABAA agonist) anesthesia at the postnatal period and pentylentetrazol-induced convulsions and pain responses in adult in the Wistar rats.Materials and methods: 40 male neonate rats were divided into experimental and sham groups. The experimental group (n=20) was deeply anesthetized with thiopental (30 mg/kg daily) during 10 to 20-days of post- natal period and physiologic serum was used for sham animals. After maturation of male rats, the PTZ- induced seizures were induced by daily interapritoneally injection of PTZ (45 mg/kg), and the latency of the appearance of generalized epileptiform behaviors was recorded. Pain responses were also evaluated using tail-flick and formalin tests.Results: No significant differences were found in the lantency of the appearance of behavioural convulsions and pain sensitivity between experimental and sham groups.Conclusion: Our findings indicate that prior exposure to thiopental during nenonatal stage has no effects on PTZ-induced seizures and also pain responses after maturation. Developmental compensatory mechanisms may protect the brian against the possible damage that induced by repeated thipopental during neonatal period.

Introduction: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an efficient technique that high intensity electric pulses in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs are applied to tumor cells. The most important unpleasant sensation of electrochemotherapy is muscle contraction. To resolve this problem, there are two solutions: first, increasing the repetition frequency of electric pulses above the tetanic frequency; and, second, reducing the voltage amplitude. ECT using 1 Hz or 5 kHz frequency at high amplitude examined and no difference response of the tumor treatment was observed. But the role of frequency in low amplitude ECT not examined. Therefore, the present study compared the anti-tumor effectiveness of electrochemotherapyusing electric pulses with frequencies of 1 Hz and 5 kHz at 70 v/cm amplitude.Materials and Methods: ECT of spontaneous mouse mammary tumor (SMMT) transplanted in Balb/c was performed with intratumoral injection of bleomycine and applied four different electric pulse protocols: 1- a train of 8 pulses with duration 50 ms, 1 Hz frequency and 70 v/cm amplitude, 2- a train of 4000 pulses with duration 100 ms, 5k Hz frequency and 70 v/cm amplitude, 3- a train of 8 pulses with duration 100 ms, 1 Hz frequency and 1000 v/cm amplitude, 4- a train of 8 pulses with duration 100 ms, 5 kHz frequency and 1000 v/cm amplitude.Results: Our data demonstrate significant differences in tumor volumes between mice treated by 70 V/cm and 5 kHz frequencycompared to1 Hz frequency but inhibited tumor growth in high amplitude with 1 Hz and 5 kHz is comparable. Based on these results, the pulses with 70 v/cm and 5 kHz frequency are most effective.Conclusion: On the basis of these results the frequency effect of electric pulses is important in low amplitude ECT.