OLYMPIC
Year:2006 | Volume:14 | Issue:2 (SERIAL 34)|Papers Count:13

Main purpose of this study was "Evaluation of efficiency in physical education's faculties and departments by data envelopment analysis". The required quantitative data were collected from 25 public universities around the country in the area of education, research and services. By performing the model in three different cases, expected efficiency was calculated for each department. The set of references, "departments that have output consistent with input", were identified too. Moreover, the model was able to indicate the procedure of Improvement efficiency for the departments that were not efficient. It should be notice that, the order output indices was: faculty and staff the first and budget the second. While, the order of output indices was: services the first, research the second and education the third. Therefore, results showed the efficiency of education and research within the internal environment (department), as well as the effectiveness of services within the external environment (university and society).        

The aim of the present research was study the effect of resistance training on pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a and IL-6) and insulin resistance index in obese men. For this purpose 16 obese male (age 35-48) voluntarily selected and randomly assigned to two groups: resistance training and control group. Blood samples were taken in fasting state from all subjects. The experimental subjects received resistance training for 13 weeks, 3 sessions per week. In this time, the control group did not receive any treatment. The resistance training was done in circuit fashion with 11 stations. Each training session included 4 sets with 12 maximal repetitions in every station done with 50-60% intensity- of one maximum repetition (IRM). Results showed that in training group, serum TNF-a and IL-6 concentrations and insulin resistance index were significantly lower than control group (p < 0.05). In all subjects there was a significant and positive correlation between serum TNF-a levels and insulin resistance index (r = 0.507) and between serum IL-6 levels and insulin resistance index (r= 0.456). We concluded that resistance training caused a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in obese men: This decrease can be associated with an improvement in the insulin resistance of these obese men.      

The purpose of this study was to compare participation motivation in sport activities in school and university boy student athletes and its relationship with their sport goal orientations. The samples of this study consisted of 150 middle school students (age mean=13.85), 150 high school students (age mean= 16.6) and 150 university students (age mean=22.02) all of which were athletes. The Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) and Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) used to asses the motives for participation in sport and sport goal orientation of athletes respectively. PMQ factor analysis showed five factors: affiliation/ team work, enjoyment and fun, extrinsic motivations, excitement/competition and skill improvement and learning. The finding showed that main motive of participants was skill improvement and learning. The result of MANOVA showed the different motives and goal orientation existed between the groups. The comparison of the three groups showed that university students were highest in enjoyment and fun (intrinsic motivation) and lowest in extrinsic motivations. In excitement/competition factor, a significant difference was found between high and middle school students. High school students did better in this factor. Also, there are positive and significant correlation between task goal orientation with dimension of intrinsic motives and ego goal orientation with extrinsic motives.      

The purpose of this study was to investigation the relationship between strength and leg length with step length, step rate and sprint velocity during sprint running. Thirty healthy senior high school athletes (Age: 16.8±1.29 year, height: 173.8±5.01cm, weight: 71.18± 5.2 Kg and sport history: 3.2 ±0.45 year) were selected randomly for this study. Leg length and 1RM for quadriceps femoris (leg press) and triceps surae muscle (calf raise) were measured. Also sprint velocity, step length and step rate were measured during performing maximal - effort sprints by chronometer and camera. Collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods and Pearson correlation coefficient in the level of P≤0.05.The results of this study showed a significant relationship between leg muscle strength with step length and sprint velocity; and also between leg length and step length. Whereas there was significant negative relationship between step length and step rate. The result of this study propose that for their hereditary characteristic of leg length and step rate, sprint runners should increase sprint velocity with improvement of step length by promotion of leg muscle strength.      

The purpose of the study was to compare the social development among three groups of non athletes, athletes in the individual sports and the athletes of the team sport events. A total of 240 junior high school boys, 80 in each of the three subgroups, were randomly selected in the city of Esphahan and the Whaitsman Social Development Scale was used to collect the data. According to the statistical analyses performed on the data, the social development means and standard deviations of the non athletes, individual and team sport athletes were found to be 13.58±1.74, 17.57±0.96, and 12.78±1.85 respectively. ANOVA statistical technique was used for comparing the subgroups means. The overall F for the three subgroup means was found to be significant at P<0.01. Post Hoc comparisons on the subgroup means by Scheffe technique revealed significant differences between non athletes and the other two groups of athletes at p<0.01. Further follow up comparisons between the individual and team athletes proved that the team athletes were socially more developed (P<0.01).      

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of an aerobic training course on the pregnancy outcome. Samples were divided into 4 control and experimental groups, each consisted of 10 women in the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Findings showed no significant difference between the length of pregnancy, weight of the birth and the APGAR score of the fifth minute in both experimental groups1, 2 and the type of the delivery in the groups1 and the APGAR score of the 1st minute in two groups 2, while on the comparison of the mean of the scores of the 1st minute in groups1 and the type of delivery in groups2 significant difference was seen (p <%5). Consequently, doing a suitable exercise not only has no damage for both mother and fetus, but also helps mother for a safe, easy delivery and a sound birth of babies.      

The purpose of this study was to find out the amount of ergogenic substance prevalence and evaluating of male body building athletes awareness about the side effects of this substance by the help of a self-reported and researcher-centered questionnaire on 300 athletes in five provinces (Tehran, Isfahan, lorestan, khozestan, Qom) distributed by cluster sampling. After omitting incomplete questionnaires, 259 questionnaires were marked by a code and they were analyzed by SPSS software by the help of descriptive & inferential statistics. The results showed that 164(%63.3) from 259 samples of this study have taken these ergogenic substance at least once. Also, the average of prevalence's total score of these substances was 7.54 (MAX=45), the average score of awareness of their side effects 55.98(MAX=100), and the average score of knowledge of ergogenic substance 20.11(MAX=50). The analyzing of information indicated that the prevalence of ergogenic substance has a completely significant relation with the record of body building, the championship level, the amount of awareness about side effects of this ergogenic substance and knowing them(P<0.05). But it hasn't any significant relation with education level, and the clubs & provinces distribution (P>0.05). Our achievements show the high prevalence and low awareness of athletes about the side effects of ergogenic substances.      

Changes in workload are evident during many physical activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of order of exercise intensity on metabolic responses in nonathlete female students during exercise of mixed intensity. The females volunteered to serve as subjects for the study. Each subject completed a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test and two submaximal exercises of mixed intensity on three separate laboratory visits. During each submaximal exercise trial, subjects performed a 15-min (high intensity) exercise at 70% (VO2max) that was followed by another 15- min exercise at 50% (VO2max) (H/L), or a 15- min exercise at 50% (VO2max) that was followed by another 15-min exercise at 70% (VO2max) (L/H). Metabolic variables were measured every 5 min throughout exercise and for one hour during recovery period by gas analyzer. Fat oxidation was higher (P < 0.05) both at the entire trial and recovery period in H/L than in L/H. Carbohydrate oxidation was higher (P = 0.035) at the entire trial in L/H than in H/L. There was no difference in energy expenditure between the two trials.