OLYMPIC
Year:2006 | Volume:13 | Issue:4 (SERIAL 32)|Papers Count:11

This study examined the Magill and Hall (1990) hypothesis about contextual interference in males and females. The participants (N=60) were divided with regard to gender differences (N =30 males, N =30 females) and two practice conditions (Blocked, Random) randomly. They performed a sequential timing task. The experiment had three phases: (1) acquisition, (2) delay retention and (3) delay transfer. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures on the block of practice. The results showed that the blocked practice was better than random practice in females for generalized motor program learning. However, for males the finding was  reversed. Probably, the cause of different results may be concerned how information was processed and so spatial working memory capacity and spatial working memory size. Also, the results showed that there is no significance differences in parameterization component between groups. Therefore, the findings supported Magill and Hall (1990) hypothesis.  

The aim of this study is to investigate the difference between single and two bouts intense exercise in the same day on salivary IgA and Cortisol concentrations in elite female swimmers. The subjects were 8 elite female speedy swimmers who were the members of the Tehran's Hajab club with aged (14.7±1.09) years, height (161±6.23) Cm, weight (52.2±5.55) Kg, and fat percentage (15.87±3.59).Their swimming mean record was (2.28±2) in 200-meter. In the first day at 16.00PM, the swimmers swam 200-meter 3 times with maximum rate of speed and with one minute rest period. One week later, this exercise was done 2 bouts in a day (one bout at 11.00AM and one bout at 16.00PM). Their salivary samples were collected unstimulatedly in three phases; before, immediately after, and 2 hours after the exercise. The findings of this study showed that: One and two bouts intense exercise don't lead to significant difference in salivary IgA (P>0.05) and Cortisol (P>0.05) concentration levels in elite female swimmers. As well as the significant correlation levels obtained in elite female swimmers immediately after one and two bouts intense exercise in a day (P≤0.05). This correlation was not significant 2 hours after one and two bouts intense exercise in a day (P<0.05).  

Objective: To study the effect of aerobic training on serum adiponectin and insulin resistance index in obese men. Research methods and procedures: 16 male subjects (age 35-48) from among the employees of Sabzevar Tarbiat Moallem University participated in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Aerobic training group (n=8, age years 41.33±5.09, %BF 22.83±1.88, BMI 27.93±2.17, VO2 max mL/kg per min 23±6.36). Blood samples were taken in fasting state from all subjects. The experimental subjects received aerobic training for 13 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The aerobic training program included continuous running, 15-30 minutes per every session, with an intensity of 75-78% maximal heart rate. Results: The Aerobic training caused a significant decrease in insulin resistance index, body fat percent, HBAIC and insulin in experimental group in comparison to the control group. In addition aerobic training caused a significant increase in VO2max. However these activities did not significantly change serum adiponectin. There was a significant and negative correlation between serum adiponectin with body fat percentage, WHR, BMI, and insulin resistance index. Conclusion: Aerobic training caused an improvement in insulin resistance but this improvement no associated with increased adiponectin levels in these men.  

In present study using a semi-experimental field method, of the whole pregnant referring to the prenatal clinics of Qom province, 40 women were selected and divided in test and control groups. At the beginning and the end of program, all participants completed the Quebec Back Pain Questionnaire, while an special training program with a heart rate of 50- 65%, of maximal was applied for a period of 2 months in test group. Also weight measurement both before and after the delivery was carried out. Analyzing showed significant reduction of back pain in test group in the 2nd trimester (p<%5). Weight increase in control group of 3rd trimester and two control groups were at the normal range.  

social values and norms are reviewed and practiced by individuals membership in sport teams. This provides the promotion of social solidarity. According to the Nickson and Fray who are two pioneers of sport sociologist, the results of "Socialization through sport" causes learning and making individual believes, attitudes, skills improvement, role socialization and gender identity. These learnings are transmitted to the other aspects of athletic life, and cause many success in its realm of collective and group activities. In other words, these learnings lead to other life athletic situations. This study deals with scientific co-authorship which is concerned as an index of socialization through sport. The method of this study is content analysis and comparison of specific journals of athletic and non-athletic researchers and writers. In this paper 931 papers from 114 journals written in 1370s and early 1380s were studied with respect to the collaborative research and co-authorship. The result of this study shows that there are significant differences between two groups of athletic and non-athletic with regard to scientific group work. The graduated students of physical education in M.A and Ph.D degrees are much more than the others in sociology and economics. This survey indicates that educated women in sport major are more successful in scientific group work than other women in sociology and economics.  

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between CK and LDH changes and mtDNA deletion in human blood leucocytes after an exhaustive aerobic exercise. Forty untrained healthy and non-smoker completed an incremental cycle ergometer test until exhaustion. The initial workload was 50W at 60 rpm for 5 min. Then, workloads were increased by 25W every 5 min until exhaustion while, the rpm was constant. Blood samples were collected 1 hour before and immediately after exhaustive exercise. mtDNA deletion were analyzed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Although, all subjects were fairly young and the possibility of mtDNA deletion before exercise was unlikely, however, to be certain, all blood samples were also analyzed for detecting possible deletion at normal condition and excluding those subjects who had deleted mtDNA prior to the study. These findings demonstrate that there is a common deletion in human leucocytes after an exhaustive aerobic exercise bout (P<0.01), and there is no significant relationship between these deletions and CK and LDH changes.  

Cardiorespiratory preparation is one of the most important aspects of physical fitness is which has special importance in society, member's health, and in some exercise, too. The purpose this research is thus, to determine of relationship between aerobic tests of one mile run, Queen step and non exercise model for maximum oxygen uptake estimation, among male students of physical education of university of Isfahan. This research is descriptive and correlative. Target population included of all male students of Physical Education Faculty of Isfahan University. The purposeful sample included 30 male active students, of 20-25 years old, who were available to participate in this research. First, some physical parameters, such as age (22±1/67), height (175±6/62 cm), weight (68/ 86±7/11kg) and body mass index (22/29±l/56 m/kg) were estimated. Then during two consequent weeks each of the subjects was tested on the basis of one mile run & Queen step tests for estimating V02max. It should be noted that the subjects had to fill a questionnaire about the physical activity rating (PA R) and the perceived functional ability for estimating V02max non exercise, just before taking these 2 tests. The results of data analyses showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between aerobic tests (one mile run and Queen Step r=0/67, P<0/01, one mile run and non exercise model r=0/76, P<0/01, Queen step and non exercise model r=0/57, P<0/01) given the positive relationship found among the three tests, they could be used interchangeably. Therefore we can use these 3 tests instead of each other if it is needed.