OLYMPIC
Year:2009 | Volume:16 | Issue:4 (SERIAL 44)|Papers Count:15

The aim of this study was to investigate epidemiology of anterior cruciate ligament in Iranian male professional soccer players. Information related to anterior cruciate ligament injuries (time of injury, mechanism of injury, zone of injury) from 15 clubs in Iran who participated (N=390) in soccer professional league (2005-2006) were collected by interviewing with injured athlete (Means±SD; age 22.7±2.5 year, weight 71.4±5.9 kg, height 1.78±5.9 m) and team physicians using modified questionnaire of Fuller and co-worker (2006). The results of this study showed that in total from 390 players of 15 clubs, 33 of them occurred anterior cruciate ligament injury. There was a significant difference in incidence injury between match (75.8%) and training (24.2%) (P<0.05). More injuries occurred in second half of the game (56%). Incidences of injuries in away games (52%) were more than home games. There was a high incidence injury in end of season (51.5%) than other times. Incidence injuries in preferred leg (66.7%) were more than non-preferred leg. Incidence of non-contact injuries (84.85%) was significantly more than contact injuries (15.15%) (P<0.05). Also incidence of injuries in midfield was grater than other zone game. Incidence of injuries in midfield players (54.5%) was significantly more than other posts. There was a significant difference in injury incidence between new injury (75.8%) and re-injury. Also most injuries for treatment, was need to surgery (93.9%). The main results of this study were high rate of anterior cruciate ligament. Data from this research can be helpful for designing prevention programme for professional soccer players.

This study assessed the effect of caffeine on metabolic and cardiovascular responses to submaximal exercise in lean and obese men. In double blind randomly designed, six lean and six obese [body mass index (BMI), 18.27±1.35 and 29.55±1.22 kg/m2 respectively] sedentary, young men (age 21.83±1.32 and 22.50±0.83 yr, height 175.17±4.75 and 174±9.12cm, weight 56.1±5.58 and 89.31±8.85kg, fat percent 11.35±3.92 and 26.38±3.62 respectively) performed 30 minutes of treadmill running at similar exercise intensities (60% VO2max) 1 hour after caffeine (5 mg/kg body weight) and placebo ingestion. Gas exchange was measured by open-circuit spirometry indirect calorimetry. Blood pressure (BP) measured before and 1 hour after caffeine ingestion and immediately after exercise. A repeated measures ANOVA indicated that caffeine increased energy expenditure (p<0.05) but did not change respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in both of lean and obese groups. Systolic and diastolic BP significantly elevated following caffeine intake at rest. No significant differences were observed in heart rate during exercise. For each of the metabolic and hemodynamic variables examined, the effects of caffeine were similar between lean and obese groups. This data illustrate that caffeine’s mild thermogenic effect can be mediated without a major shift in substrate oxidation mixture in both of lean and obese men. Caffeine at this dosage level alters cardiovascular dynamics by augmenting arterial blood pressure. However, it seems that differences in fat percent can not affect on influences of caffeine during submaximal exercise.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the endurance, resistance and concurrent training on the heart structure. 39 untrained female students (aged 24±2.58 yr, height 161±8.2 cm, weight 56.8±14.61 kg) were randomly divided into four groups; Control (C; n=9), Endurance (E; n=10), Strength (S; n=10) and concurrent (SE; n=10). E training consisted of running %65 MHR for 16 minutes during the first week, reaching %80 MHR for 30 minutes during the 8th week. S training consisted of having four leg-press, bench-press, pull down curls, and legs curls. During the first week, the training was done at %50 1RM in two sets with 10 repetitions. The intensity of training was increased to %80 1RM in 3 sets and 6 repetitions, during the 8th week. The SE training included a combination of two S and E training in the same manner of each respective group. Left ventricular end diastolic and systolic diameters, post-wall thickness, mass and the left ventricular mass index, septum wall thickness of subjects were measured by the m-mode and 2-D echocardiography as the structural parameters. Results showed that the end diastolic diameter in two E and SE Groups, the ventricular end systolic, left ventricular mass and the left ventricular mass index of the SE Group after the training compared with pre-training significantly increased (P£0.05). Comparing the averages of four Groups indicated that only the increase of the end diastolic diameter in the SE Group compared with other groups was significant (P£0.05). Consequently, taking into account the increase of some heart structural parameters in the SE Group, which is probably resulting from the nature of the SE training, does not result in significant changes in the heart structural parameters.

This research has been conducted on the basis of the exchanged passes among the players before scoring goal in 4 season of Iran Premier League.In order to carry out this study, the researcher has selected his statistical samples from the 4 seasons Premier League incidentally but systematically. Apart from the total matches which were 844, he has analyzed 84 matches. The method of research was observatory and researcher has recorded his required information after watching the film of each match in special sheets which already have been prepared. The results of research showed that the 77.5% of scored goals has been scored by exchanging 3 continuous passes, 16.5% of goals by exchanging 4 or 5 passes and only 4.5 percent by more than 5 passes done. Also the result of this research showed that if a team can posses the ball longer in 1.3 defense zone of opponent team, goal scoring will be increased and if the exchanged passes to be fewer in 1.3 defense zone of the opponent the chance for scoring goal will increase. If a team can increase the number of getting back the ball in 1.3 defense area it will score more goals. The numbers of the goals 15 minutes of each match were close to each other.

Oxygen free radicals are highly reactive species that are produced in increased quantities during strenuous exercise and can damage critical biological targets such as membrane phospholipids. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acute ascorbic acid supplementation on exercise-induced free radical production in healthy subjects. Sixteen healthy male, unfamiliar with the exercise protocol, randomly received either antioxidant (AO) (1000 mg vitamin C) or placebo (P) 2h before a 30-min treadmill run at 75% Vo2max (0% gradient). Vitamin C and Malondealdehyde (MDA) were measured by HPLC and Creatin Kinase (CK) was measured by Autoanalyzer. ANOVA repeated measures with Bonferroni correction was used to compare results over the times and independent t-test was used to determine between groups differences Plasma vitamin C concentration increased significantly 2h after supplementation, immediately and 2h after exercise in AO group (P<0.05). Serum Creatine kinase increased significantly immediately and 2h after exercise in both groups (P<0.05) and 24h after exercise only in P group. Malondealdehyde increased significantly 2h after exercise only in P group (P<0.05). The results indicate that acute ascorbic acid supplementation prevented exercise-induced oxidative stress and muscle damage in these subjects.

The purpose of the present research was studying the relationship between organizational mission (strategic intent & direction, goals & objectives, vision) and organizational consistency (coordination & integration, agreement, core values) among experts of Physical Education Organization of I.R. Iran. In order to achieving the research goals, a questionnaire (Denison & et al. 2006) has been used. The validity and reliability of questionnaire in the target population examined and approved. It was distributed among 241 members that involves all of experts in the under study population. For data analysis some statistical techniques (like: k-s, Pearson correlation, linear regression and correlation matrix analysis) were used. Findings imply that the measure of organizational mission and consistency are: 50.46%, 52.45% respectively. Significant positive correlation (r=0.768, p<0.01) observed between organizational mission and organizational consistency, also among related variables. The findings of this research insist on organization mission as way to increase organizational consistency among experts of Physical Education Organization.

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-specific protein that is inversely related to adiposity and positively correlated with insulin sensitivity. Exercise has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity even without body weight loss. There is interest in the effect of exercise training on adiponectin and whether this peptid may provide better understanding of how exercise improves insulin sensitivity. We aimed to determine the effect of training intensity on plasma adiponectin concentration as well as insulin resistance.Thirty-two male rats randomly divided into four groups. High intensity (34m/min ~ %80-%85 Vo2max), moderate intensity (28m/min ~ %70-%75 Vo2max), low intensity (20m/min ~ %50-%55 Vo2max), and control groups. All experimental groups performed 12 week exercise program consisted of treadmill running for 1 hr/day, 5 days/week and 0 gradient. After 12 weeks adiponectin, insulin, glucose, and insulin resistance were measured. Insulin resistance was assessed using the homeostasis model assessment ratio (HOMA-R). Statistical significance of differences between groups after intervention was determined by one-way ANOVA, and LSD test was used for post hoc analysis. Adiponectin concentration increased significantly at high and moderate intensity groups (p<0.05). Insulin and glucose levels were not significantly different between the groups, and there was a negative significant correlation between plasma adiponectin with HOMA-R (r=-0.43, p<0.05) and insulin (r=-0.46, p<0.01). These results suggest that 12 weeks of moderate and high intensity training improved plasma adiponectin level in healthy male rat without chang in body weight. Thus exercise intensity appears to be important parameter that increase plasma adiponectin levels.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 9-weeks high intensity (70%-80% of maximal heart rate) aerobic exercises on hormonal concentration and Marker of metabolism of bone formation in young women. 22 non- active healthy women in Urmia city aged (27.13±3.69) volunteered for this research and were divided into two groups randomly. The experimental group performed an aerobic exercise for 9 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session lasted 45 minutes with intensity 70% to 80% of maximal heart rate, but the control group did not participate in any intervention. For measure enzymatic and hormonal factors, from experimental and control groups blood samples were taken just before and after exercise program. PTH and ALP activity measured by ELISA and DGKC methods respectively. We also used Paired t-test and ANCOVA to analyze the data. The results were shown that 9 weeks high intensity aerobic exercises increased significantly in both PTH and ALP (P<0.001) in the experimental group in comparison with the control group. Research findings shows that 9 weeks aerobic exercises causes outstanding changes in PTH and ALP. In our results suggested physical activity programs with specific intensities utilized in recent research, can be used as a prevention factor of osteoporosis in young women.

The aim of present study was to assess the effect of dehydration on Maximal Fat Oxidation (MFO) and Fatmax. Ten nonathletes male college students(age, 21.3±2.2 yrs; weight, 71.0±8.3 kg; height, 172.5±4.1 cm; BMI, 23±1.3 kg/m2; body fat, 18.3±4.6%; VO2max, 38.8±4.2 ml/kg/min) performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion on a treadmill in two separate sessions. In control session they were euhydrated and in dehydration session were dehydrated induced sauna exposure before testing. Fat and CHO oxidation were determined using indirect calorimetry during exercise protocol. For each individual, maximal fat oxidation (MFO), the exercise intensity at which MFO occurred (Fatmax) and crossover point were determined. The result of paired t-test indicated that MFO in Dehydration trial was significantly lower than which in Control trial (0.24±0.05 vs. 0.31±0.08 g/min; p£0.05). Also Fatmax was significantly lower in Dehydration trial compare with control trial (40.4±8.3 vs. 46±7.8 %VO2max; p 0.05). Crossover point was shifted to lower intensity due to dehydration (44.8±9.2 vs. 53.4±6.7 %VO2max; p£0.05). These findings demonstrated that dehydration is associated with decrease in relative fat oxidation due to increasing CHO oxidation during exercise, also induced shift in the Fatmax and crossover point to lower exercise intensity. This shift may have been one cause for the decrease in time to exhaustion for the Dehydration trial.

The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between runnings based anaerobic sprint test (RAST), 300 yard shuttle run field tests and Wingate anaerobic test to measure anaerobic power of indoor soccer players. Thirty indoor soccer players of Tarbiat Modares University were tested. Anaerobic power of these players was measured with running based anaerobic sprint test (RAST), 300 yard shuttle run and Wingate anaerobic test. The Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to be evaluated the correlation between these. There were significant correlations between peak power (PP), minimum power (MP) and average power (AP) in Wingate and RAST tests [r1=0.59 (p<0.01), r2=0.64 (p<0.01), r3=0.45 (p<0.05), respectively]; but there was not any significant correlation between fatigue index (FI), and between two tests. There was also no significant correlation between indexes measured in Wingate test and time duration of 300 yard shuttle run test. A significant negative correlation between indexes measured in RAST test (PP, MP and AP) and time duration of 300 yard shuttle run was not seen[r1=-0.43 , r2=-0.53 , r3=-0.63, respectively]; but there was no significant correlation between fatigue index(FI) measured in 300 yard and RAST tests. The results of this study showed that RAST test is a valid for measuring the anaerobic indexes of indoor soccer players, and there is a possibity of replacement of these two tests. However, 300 yard shuttle test wasn’t valid to measure the anaerobic indexes of indoor soccer players and it is probably due to their different natures.