OLYMPIC
Year:2009 | Volume:17 | Issue:1 (SERIAL 45)|Papers Count:15

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction among all men employees of physical education organization in Fars Province. Participants completed the job stress survey which was developed by Spielberger & Vagg (1999) and Specter's job satisfaction survey (1997). Results indicated that participants experience high level of job stress. "Inadequate salary" ranked highest factor in perceived severity and frequency. "Insufficient personal time" ranked as lowest factor in perceived severity and "noisy work area" in frequency. Results also showed that frequency has stronger effect than severity. Co relational analysis revealed a strong inverse relationship between the constructs, with stressors related to lack of organizational support being more strongly associated with job satisfaction than stressors related to the job itself were. There also were significant differences (p£/05) in correlations between satisfaction and intensity of stressors, suggesting that frequency of stressors had a greater impact on participants, job satisfaction than did intensity of stressors.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of cycle ergometer aerobic training program on FVC and FEV1, exercise tolerance and dyspnea rate in lung chemically injured veterans with exposure to mustard gas. Methods: fourteen moderate lung chemical patient (age 44.89±8.08yr, body mass 77.41±12.57 kg, FEV1 61.81±9.42 predicted %) were randomly assigned to either a control group and experimental group. Subjects performed pretests of dyspnea rating, pulmonary function tests and exercise tolerance test (6MWD). Then performed Bruce maximal test to obtain HRrnax. The experimental group (TG; n = .8) performed 12 exercise sessions three sessions per week, for 4 weeks, on a cycle ergometer, each session consisted of 20- 30 min of continuous cycling at 70-80% HRrnax achieved in a maximal test, and load increases based on dyspnea scores, and the control group (CG; n = 6) with no intervention during the protocol period. Patients performed these testes after the training period.Result: Statistical analysis (P<0.05), showed significant improvements in FVC, FEV1 in the TG but no between group significant differences were observed in this variables. TG showed significant improvements in 6-min walking distance test and dyspneatest. Concision: This study was showed that cycle ergometer aerobic training program was not effect on FVC, FEV1, but was effect on exercise tolerance and dyspnea rate in lung chemically injured veterans.

The purpose of this study is to survey the effect of organizational communications system on the conflict in physical education offices of west Azerbaijan province. The research methodology of this research is a descriptive and survey study. All employees working in physical education offices of west Azerbaijan province were included in the sample for this study (N= 153). Researcher made questionnaire and demographic questionnaire were used as investigation instruments. Reliability and validity of study instrument was confirmed through physical education experts and university professors' opinions; the pilot study as well as its internal validity was found significant by cronbach's alpha coefficient (0=0.936). Results showed that there is formal communications in physical education offices of west Azerbaijan and there is neither freedom of act in communication nor efficient information. Binomial test showed that there is Interpersonal conflict in physical education offices. Based on the result, the existing conflict is arising from governor organizational communication in these offices. It has suggested that offices managers can develop and make more effectiveness the working reducing the existing conflict entrusting leadership style, to authorities and improvement situation between unites.

The role of the referee is filled with stress and anxiety. Therefore, the determination of sources of stress has been seen necessary. The aim of this study was the determination of sources of stress in professional football referees. The subjects include 86 Iranian professional football referees that referee in current year at primary and first football league, composed samples of this research. Individual characterize and consent form, and Iranian football official's sources stress survey were used to getting information. The referees that participate in conference meeting accomplished the questionnaire and forms. Exploratory factor analysis revealed four correlated sources of stress factors (technical performance, interpersonal conflicts, evaluation and time pressure) according for 65.37% total variance. In general, Iranian football referees stress is in low level. The referee’s whole stress was not significantly correlate whit age, experience in officiating, and level of education.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the GH and IGF-I concentration's changes to different rest intervals between the sets in resistance training. Therefore, fifteen bodybuilders men served as subjects (Mean±SD, age=22±2 years, body mass= 84±8 kg). Subjects performed two heavy-resistance training protocols (5 sets of 10 RM bench press and squat) that were similar in terms of total volume of work (sets x reps x loads), but differed in terms of rest period between sets (I vs.3- minutes). Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 1-hour, after the protocols for determination blood lactate concentration and GH, IGF-1 concentrations by radio immunoassay method (RIA).Two way analysis of variance with repeated measures demonstrated that both protocols led to the greater acute increases (P<0.05) in serum GH and blood lactate concentrations. Indeed, the GH and blood lactate concentrations were significantly larger in short rest than long rest interval between sets protocol. Post-exercise serum IGF-1 concentrations were not significant.However, IGF-1 concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) increased during 1-hour post exercise. Results of this study support rest interval length as an important concentrations and it must be noted that short rest (1 minute) period between sets induced greater increase in anabolic hormones than long rest (3 minute) period.

The main aim of this research was testing a model in which some variables consist of pre-contextual variables, the variables connected to the police, satisfaction of situation factors, using of mass media, involvement in mass crowd of the fans are defined as independent variables, and vandalism and hooliganism are specified as dependent variables. The method of the research was descriptive and its type was survey and correlative. The reliability of the measurement scales on the basis of a pilot study which is carried out among initial 40 cases, have had the alpha coefficient over .70. The validity of the scales are acceptable based on the content and face validities. The statistical population consists of 80000 viewers of the football match between the teams of Esteqlal and Persepolis. The match was played on Farvardin month in 1386. Statistical samples were 384 cases that are selected based on a accessible layers sampling method. The results indicate that, generally, 12 sub-variables including excitement searching and knot releasing, Team loving, being impressed by peer groups, experience of fighting and conflict, mental interestedness of the family, watching violent TV movies, mass crowd, crises and life events, record of deviant behavior and incentives of sport press have positive and direct effect on the degree of vandalistic and hooliganistic behaviors among the football fans. The major part of the independent variables' variances can be explained by the mentioned independent variables. The final result showed that the tested model was able to explain the dependent variables' variances up to 80 percent.

The aim of present research is the comparison of the medals and results that athletes of five world continents have got in during 28 Period of the Olympic Games. Method of Research is the attributive and library. For this purpose, required data got by gathering, classify and analyzing Persian and Latin books, articles, reports and resource that have published about Olympic Games. Statistical society included European Olympic Committee, Pan American Sport Organization, Asian Olympic Council, Oceania National Olympic Committee and Africa National Olympic Committee Association that are 202 National Olympic Committees. Research results showed in divided 12706 medals in the Olympic Games, was 8003 medals for European athletes, 2898 medals for American, 1049 medals for Asian, 477 medals for Oceania and 279 medals for African athletes, therefore Europe, America, Asia, Oceania and Africa respectively became first to fifth in generic categorization table of the Olympic Summer Games Medals. European athletes got more medals in ever period excluding (1904 Saint-Louis). 43 European countries, 26 American, 27 Asian, 4 Oceania and 22 African countries got medal in the Olympic Games. Also five medaled sports are track and field, rowing, swimming, wrestling and gymnastic in the Olympic Summer Games that More 50 percent medals were for those in the Olympic Summer Games. Europe and America have got more its medals by these five sports (especially by woman’s athletes).

Purpose: the aim of present investigation was to examine the relationship between the running velocity at the lactate turn point (vLTP) and the time at which VO2max can be sustained (T VO2max) during a constant run to exhaustion at a minimal running velocity that yields VO2max (v VO2max). Methods: eleven endurance runner, (mean age±SD, 24.36±1.1 y), from national team participated in three test on treadmill. The first test was to determine the VO2max, vVO2max; the second to determine the Tlimv VO2max, T VO2max, TA VO2max; and the third to determine the vLTP. Results: Pearson's correlation coefficient was showed that the relation between relative vLTP (% v VO2max) and T VO2max was insignificant (r=0.33, p = 0.48). The correlation between T VO2max, Tlimv± (r = 0.91, p = 0.0001), and between Tlimv ± and TA± (r = 0.80, p = 0.01) were positively significant. Conclusion: this investigation has demonstrated that relative vLTP may not influence the T VO2max, although a lack of statistical power probably influenced these findings.

The purpose of the present study was to determine and to comparison the effects of three and five ses ion of the intermittence aerobic training on high sensitive creative protein (HS-CRP) in rats. For this aim, Fifty-six rats of the female’s wistar with strain 14848 (with 325.6±4.93 gram and -21.5 months old that at least was expired 3 month from fertility period) were prepared and were divided randomly into three groups. These groups include: control group and 5 and 3 sessions on of the continuous and intermittence aerobic training groups and including subgroups pretest, midtest and posttest. Protocol was performed 12 weeks, 5 and 3 days a week, with the progressive speed (12 to 23 meter per minute) and duration (10 to 80 minute). The blood samples of the fasting were drawn in three phases including: the baseline level, after.6 and 12 weeks of training. HS-CRP was measured via Immunoturbidimetric assay. The data was analyzed via analysis of variance (ANOVA) and repeated measure tests and the Post Hoc tests of Shepheh. The results indicate: HS-CRP levels both 5 and 3 session on of the intermittence aerobic training groups were decreased insignificantly in the first 6 weeks and showed decrease significantly in the HS-CRP levels of 5 sessions after 12 weeks but HS-CRP level control group were increase significantly in the 6 and 12 weeks. ANOVA and Shepheh tests and LSD were showed the difference of HS-CRP in the control, three and five session on of the intermittence aerobic training groups after 6 and 12 weeks only were not significant between 3 and 5 Session on of the intermittence aerobic training. However difference of HS- RP in the control and intermittence groups after 6 and 12 weeks was significant. These findings suggest that although the effectiveness of 5 session training in a week is generally more than 3 session training in a week, training duration is more important than the times of the training. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the association between greater physical fitness and lower serum CRP levels is explained, at least in part, by long-term regular exercise reducing body fat.

The aim of this study was to comparison of fat oxidation rate in range of exercise intensities to determine exercise intensity (Fatmax) that elicits maximal fat oxidation (MFO) with using an incremental exercise protocol. Fifteen untrained collage students (age, 21.3±2.2 yrs; weight, 71.0±8.3 kg; height, 172.5±4.1cm; BMI, 23±1.3 kg/m2; body fat, 18.3±4.6%; VO2max, 38.8±4.2 ml/kg/min) from Guilan University performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion, with 3-min stages on treadmill. Fat oxidation rate was determined using indirect calorimetric during exercise protocol. The ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferoni pair wise comparisons was used to compare the fat oxidation rate between 7 intensities. Also, results of the test were used to construct exercise intensity versus fat oxidation curve for each individual. Fatmax was equivalent to 40.4±8.3 % VO2max and 52.3±8.0 %HRmax. The Fatmax zone was located between 31.8±5.3 and 46±8.0 % VO2max. The contribution of fat oxidation to energy expenditure became negligible above 84.9±12.2 % VO2max (90.1±5.5 %HRmax). In addition, a heart rate range between 49.6±6.5 and 58.4±9.5%HRmax are in Fatmax zone in this group. The results of this study showed that with increase exercise intensity, fat oxidation rates increase up to peak value in Fatmax; however, at exercise intensities above Fatmax, fat oxidation rates drop markedly.

Optimal cardiac rehabilitation program length and the time course of changes in relevant outcomes are unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in functional capacity of post myocardial infarction patients after 4, 8 & 12 weeks of cardiac rehabilitation. In Quasi- Experimental Study, fifty-cardiac patients (aged 64.6±6.3 years; 53.33% men and 46.67% women) enrolled in phase II cardiac rehabilitation and exercise program after a six months cardiac event have been randomly selected and after initiation of their risk by a cardiologist were stratified into one low risk group. After the primary evaluation of patients by a cardiologist they were asked to fill the information forms. Then they were permitted to enter the study. Then, they were given. the symptom limited exercise test based on Naughton protocol on treadmill, underwent 12 weeks of cardiac exercise rehabilitation program (with the intensity of 65- 85 percent of maximum heart rate, three times a week and each session lasting 60 minutes) under the supervision related experts. At the end of the cardiac exercise rehabilitation program, patients were once again put through measurement of the mentioned variable. Significant improvements were seen in functional capacity (+28/4%, +43/28%, 55/45%, P<0/001); RHR (-1109%, -1/54%, -3/37%) and Peak HR (+10/61%, +16/18%, +29/46%, respectively) in 4, 8, and 12 weeks than in start. Significant improvements were found in all factors included functional capacity, weight, BMI, RHR, Peak HR measures after participating- in the cardiac rehabilitation program. Although, significant improvements occurred in physiological characteristics beyond the traditional 12-weeks CR program length, this data suggest that 4-weeks cardiac rehabilitation program significantly improves exercise capacity and other physiological characteristics in patients with low and mediate levels of risk. Therefore, optimal duration of participation may vary according to the outcome of interest.