OLYMPIC
Year:2001 | Volume:9 | Issue:1-2 (SERIAL 19)|Papers Count:12

In this level of awareness of P.E. specialists with regard to historical and social aspects of Modern Olympic Games were investigated. For this purpose 153 P.E. specialists were selected within the country of Iran in a non-random method. The questionnaires were mailed to the following universities; Gilan, Zanjan. Tarbiat Moallem - Tehran, Elm'O' Sanat. Shahid Beheshti. Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Shahid Chamran- Ahvaz, Kerman, Sistan & Baluchestan and University of Tehran. In this study, P. E. especialist is reffered to someone who has a B.S. degree or higher in physical education and has been an instructor in the university. The questionnaire included 18 questions regarding historical issues and 15 questions regarding social issues. before final preparation of questionnaire as a pilot study they were first distributed among the PE faculty members of the University of Gilan; and them it was reorganized. From total of 153 subjects there were 108 males and 45 females. From total of 63 B.S. degrees there were 41 males and 22 females; and from total of 13Ph. D. degrees, there were 11 males and 2 females. On front page of questionnaire, scientific and practical expertise of the subjects were also questioned. After collection of all information and data, and Computation of Statistical Analysis the following results were concluded:1. In response to all the historical and social questions, among the correct answers of female and male P.E. specialists, accordingly the mean values of 52.6% and 52.95% and within B.S. and master subjects specialists, accordingly the mean values of 50.55% and 57.7% were found and no significant difference was observed between them (P <0.05). 2. In response to historical questions only, among the correct answers of female and male. P.E. specialists, accordingly the mean values of 39.1% and 41.1%, and within B.S. and higher degree specialists accordingly the mean values of 39.4% and 45.2% were found and no significant difference was observed between them (P <0.05) 3. In response to social questions only, among the correct answers of females and males, accordingly the mean values of 66.1% and 64%, and within the B.S. and higher P.E. degree subjects accordingly the mean values of 61.7% and 69.15% were found and no significant difference was observed between them (P <0.05) According to total acquired Values and statistics from this study, it is concluded that among the male and female and specialists with B.S. and higher P.E. degrees in regard to historical and social questions in total and everyone separately, the correct responses were in the average and almost were level. Totally it could be stated that P.E. specialists are not very familiar with historical and social of Olympic Movement.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two kinds of active recovery and rest on Creatin Kinas (CK) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) of venous blood and (Po2), (Pco2) Bicarbonate ion(HC03-), PH and Base Exess (BE) of arterial blood after a maximal Bruce Treadmill exercise on young trained men. Twenty six young man the members of national or clubs teams of Iran (age 23.5Yr., Weight 71.9 Kg, Height 174.9 Cm) gave informed consent to participate in the study. All of subjects participated in Bruce maximal Treadmill exercise to exhaustion. In recovery time subjects were divided in three groups randomly. 9 subjects were in running group (RG) and to run with 4 Km per hour for 15 minutes immediately after exhaustion. 8 subjects were in walking group (WG) to walk with 2 Km per hour on treadmill for 15 minutes immediately after exhaustion and 9 subjects were in sitting group(SG) to sit for 15minutes,of recovery on a chair. After this period all groups sat for 30 minutes. Arterial blood samples for P02, Pco2, PH, HCO3-, BE, and venous blood samples for CK and LDH were taken for four times: before exercise(pre), after exercise(post), after 15 minutes of exhaustion(l5m) and after 45 minutes of exhaustion(45m). No-significant difference was observed in CK and LDH between 3 groups in none of the periods. P02 difference was significant between RG and SG only in post(P=0.05) and Pco2, PH, HCO3- and BE differences were significant between SG versus RG and WG in 15m and 45m (P=0.01).The values of these variables in WG were lower than RG in 15m but in 45m the WG values were nearest to rest values. This study suggests that running at 40- 50 percent of maximal workload is the best kind of recovery when there are 30 minutes or less between two contests or exercises and when there more than 30 minutes between two contests or exercise walking with 20percent of maximal workload is the best kind of recovery.

Rapid journeys to distant places across time zones produce a general malaise that lasts for up to one week. It can reduce an athletes peak performance and disrupts training schedules and preparations for competition. It results from the slow adjustment of the body clock to the new time zone. Methods for reducing the severity and duration of these negative effects-for use before, during, and in the days after the flight-are described and their scientific basis is explained.

The purpose of this study was comparison of physical fitness of girls and boys of selected provinces with National Norm. The method of research, background and social statistics of research were provinces of the country where with simple and cluster random Sampling method / all tests are chosen. Khozestan, Khorasan, Tehran, Ilam and Eastern Azarbayjan formed statistical samples. Statistical method used in research at reference statistical part of "t" test has been a singular sample for society. Measurement tools for this research have been pull-ups in the form of sleeping/sit-ups, so that two hand are on the chest in the form of a cross 540m running and sit and reach test. Through 360 thesises and subthesises in the groups of 9 to 17 ages boys and girls of all around the country were tested based on four tests. Sum 295 thesises mean 82 percent in the level of p<0.05 were significant. up to these significant sums at 138 cases/47 percent/ were for National Norm average and 157 cases/53 percent/ were for the favorite of province Norm.

In this research, having used the Torrance Test (TCAM) Creative thinking in practice and Movement the researcher has compared the variables of creativity (fluency, originality, imagination) among the experimental and the control groups. the sample population was chosen through random selection. 360 students were considered as the sample population. Through the random method 180 students were considered as the experimental group (90 male and 90 female) and 180 students were considered as the control group. All the subjects both in experimental and control groups, having passed the training period were individually tested by the testers by means of Torrance Test of Creativity. Using the Factor variance analysis, the method of comparing the means through Dankens multi- tailed- test researcher extracted the data and analyzed them through the SAS,SPSS computer programs.  RESULTS  Regarding the specific objectives of the research, the researcher concluded that: 1. Regarding the variable fluency there is a significant difference between the students (male and female) experimental and control groups.2. Regarding the variable of originality there is a significant difference between the students (male and female) in the experimental and control groups.3. Regarding the variable of imagination there is a significant difference between the students (male and female) in the experimental and control groups. 4. It is proved that there is no significant difference between Torrance Standard Scale and fluency of students in the experimental group; however there is a significant difference between the Torance Standard Scale and the originality and imagination of the students in the experimental group.  

There is extensive vasodilatation of arterial vasculature in Heart and active skeletal muscle during exercise. considerable knowledge concerning mediators of this vasodilatation which act directly on vascular smooth muscle has been acquired. Less well understood is the role that mediators that act via vascular endothelium may play in exercise-induced vasodilatation in vivo. Nonetheless, many studies have been conducted, both on blood vessel in vitro and in resting animals in vivo, since the discovery of endothelial-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) in 1980. In fact, several EDRF have been defined, of which nitric oxide (No) appears to be most important. Release of No from vascular endothelium can be induced by two general classes of stimuli, pharmacologic and physical of the former class, a physiologically relevant example is nor epinephrine. In the latter class, elevated shear stress due to increased blood flow associated with exercise could be a stimulus for No release. This article examines the role that endothelium may play in vasodilatation of the coronary and skeletal muscle circulations during acute exercise. It also addresses the question of whether exercise training modifies this role of vascular endothelium.

In order to made a comparison of the maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max) in the morning and afternoon training, 10 junior wrestlers of Gilan province were selected non-randomly these individuals were in good Health and age, weight and height of them were respectively19.4:t0.6 Years, 73.49.97 KG and 174.4 5.27 cm with at least 5 years sport background. As an activity BRUCE test was conducted using a treadmill. Exhaustion in two successive days (morning and tomorrow afternoon). Condition and variables of laboratory such as moisture and temperature in morning and afternoon were recorded separately and compare together. Results showed that Vo2 max in 7 subjects was better in the afternoon than morning and only Vo2max two subjects was better in morning than afternoon. And finally in a subject on change of Vo2  max between morning and afternoon was found. However, the Vo2 max values showed no significant difference (P<0/05) between the morning and afternoon training sessions. Therefore, we conclude that aerobic power in wrestlers don’t difference in morning and afternoon.