OLYMPIC
Year:2004 | Volume:11 | Issue:3-4 (SERIAL 24)|Papers Count:16

The aim of study the 1factors prohibiting female students in Khorasgan Azad (Esfahan) University to participate in sporting activites. In the main study 498 female students were selected which 300 individuals were as participants and 198 individuals were as non-participants. The constraint factors in this study included 9 factors which named, lack of money, lack of time, lack of facilities, transportation, social (lack of partner), lack of interest, unawarensess, skill/ abilities, health/fitness. Data was analysed in computer software (SPSS/10) and Cronbach Alpha was used to test reliability of the instrument. The results were shown for both participants and nonparticipants were constraints in sporting activities. For the participants group, lack of facilities, social (lack of partner) and for non-participants, transportaion, unawareness, health/ fitness, and skill/ abilities were the most constraint factors.

Flexibility is recognized as an important component of physical fitness, and some tests of flexibility is included in most physical fitness batteries. The inclusion of a test of flexibility is due to the belief that a lack of flexibility may contribute to athletes ` performance or perhaps be the cause of many injuries. The sit - and reach and toe touch tests are most often employed to assess flexibility of hamstring and low - back muscles. These are widely used in many fitness center, schools, and universities. Despite the use of these tests in many centers, it is a crucial question whether limb length differences may be an important factor on measuring leg and lumbar muscles flexibility. Some investigators suggested that limb length is still controversies and the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between limb length and the assessing the muscles flexibility by sit & reach and toe-.touch tests. One hundred male students ranging in age form 19-25 years, Volunteered to be subjects limbs (arm, leg. Trunk. Etc) were measured in a relaxed standing position by a tape measure in centimeters. After measurements a 5 min, Warm up was carried out by the subjects. The sit-and-reach test was administered using sit - and-reach box subjects were positioned on step then they were as described in Hugger et al. Toe- touch was administered while the asked to bend forward and push the moveable scale with straight knee as far as possible. Three trials were taken and the average was used for analysis. The results indicated the significant relationship between the height of the subjects and the muscles` flexibility in the sit and - reach and the toe- touch tests. The results also showed no significant relationship between trunk and arm length and the sit - and- reach and toe - touch tests. There was a significant relationship between the leg length and responses in both leg tests. According to these findings it should be kept in mind that the flexibility measurement of hamstring and lower. back muscles by the sit - and - reach and toe- touch test is in relationship with the height. In recognizing the effect of upper and lower extremity muscles flexibility, the results indicated that the flexibility than the trunk and arm lengths. Therefore, it seems that these tests should be used solely as a measurements of hamstring muscles and if the measurement of low- back flexibility is of interest, however, a new field test should be developed.

TQM has the dominant position and the significant acceptance in the advanced world . This tend to change management method and create responsibility choice and the decision making power in every level and subdivision. This article is to examinate the situation of the TQM in PEO. The satistic population constst all sport experts employed in PEO . That satistically were 115 . Sample constisted 79 ployer selected amony employer. There after, TQM questionnaire with & items of 6- choice distributed between them . The results of this research were that there were no knowledge about TQM & Its principle of application in higher management of quality . There is no strategy planned to aim the quality . Employees aren t identified and trained to aim the quality in services. Also team works arent attentioned to aim the quality

In the present study the effects of glucose and insulin infusion throughout a prolonged intense exercise on energy expenditure and substrate metabolism were examined. Eight male cyclists performed ergometer with 70% intensity for 120 min on two separate occasions under either an intravenus glucose clamp(G)at10 mmol/l,or a glocose(10mmol/1) and insulin clamp (GI) at 40 mU/segm/ min.Fasting venous blood samples were taken at rest both pre and post clamp and during exercise were analyzed for glucose, insulin and NEFA concentrations Expired air also, was collected for detemination O__24 uptake and CO__2 production over each minute to calculate energy expenditure and substrate oxidation Blood glucose concentration increased significantly and was maintained at 10 mmol/I in both trials The prime infusion of insulin caused plasma insulin concentrations to rise significantly (P<0.001). Plasma insulin were significantly higher during exercise in the GI trial compared with the Gtrial (p<0.05). Plasma NF-FA concentrations decreased between 67% and 76% from rest to the end of the exercise (P<0.01). Energy expenditure rise significantly during exercise in both trials, but infusion of insulin made no difference to energy expenditure during exercise The relative contribution of CHO to energy expenditure increased significantly up to 15 min of exercise (p<0.001) and thereafter increased gradually in the 70% GI trial up to 120 min (p<0.05). Insulin infusion made no significant difference to substrate oxidation (CHO, fat and protein metabolism). The results of this study confirm that low concentrations of NEFA, together with high plasma glucose and insulin concentrations respresents a condition that facilitates a rate of glucose utilization by active muscle and increases the contribution of CHO to energy expenditure. However, we conclude that glucose and insulin and intense exercise act synergistically to enhance energy expenditure and to maintain CHO oxidation throughout the exercise.

It is mostly accepted that muscular system, as well as connective tissue and neural system are involved in the pathophysiology of clinical low back pain. Low back pain is associated with balance imparments. Most of the previous studies have been focused on the static balance measurement. In this study, the balance impairments of the low back pain patients are assessed and compared with healthy subjects in various dynamic conditions in which vestibular system, visual system and properioceptive system have been challenged. Twenty one low back pain patients of between 20 to 40 years old and 19 healthy aged matched females voluntarily participated in this experiment. A dynamic stability platform system (BIODEX) was used to evaluate the deviation of center of gravity (COG) in overall (total), anterior -posterior (AP) and medio - lateral (ML) directions under various conditions which involved manipulation of visual, vestibular and properioceptive input. These tests were Performed on an instable platform in two different stiffness mode. Multivariate analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. Results showed that the deviation of,the COG in LBP patients was significantly greater than that of the normal group in all conditions (P=O. 001). The influence of the manipulation of all balance systems resulted in larger COG deviation in patients than in normal group Conclusion: dynamic balance of low back pain patients was affected removal of visual information, manipulation of heads normal position and instability of base of support resulted in more balance abnormalities in LBP. There was an interaction between visual. vestibular and properioceptive manipulation factors.

The purpose of present in vestigation was to determine associations between physical and motor fitness tests that used for physical education volunteers with skill fitness and educability tests. Subjects were 127 (M=21.46 yrs) male volunteers who were participated in the physical education universities entrance test. Pullups, Situps, Standing long jump, Shuttle run, 600 run, Soccer heading, basketball drubbling and short service in badminton tests were used. Multiple regression, discriminat analysis and Mann - Withney U tests were used to anaylysis data. Findings showed that, skill fitness (r=0.19, P<0.01) is significant predictor for educability and motor fitness (r=0.34, P<0.01) is significant predictor for skill fitness. In addition, significant predictors for pass/fail examination were, physical fitness (F=0.97, P<0.01) and skill fitness (F=0.97,P<0.01). Mann- Withney results showed that passed volunteers have significantly higher score than failed volunteers on physical fitness (Z=-4.64, P<0.01), motor fitness (Z=-3.39,P<0.01) and skill fitness (Z=-2.95, P<0.01) but there is no significant difference on educability test (Z=1.57,P<0.05). In conclusion ,current tests battery that used for selection of volunteers in physical Education ,are not significantly efficient to discriminate qualified and non-qualified volunteers according to educability and skill tests, and it is necessary to change them and add skill into current tests battery.

The students readiness for learning educational aims is called: academic background. Research findings reveal that the motor experiences and some academic background indecis have a significant role in the educational performance. The aim of this research is to study the role of motor experiences and academic. backgrounds indecis including university entrance exams score (theoretical courses), the Grade Point Average ( GPA), and type of high school diploma, on the educational performance of physical education students at state universities of the country during 2000-2001. The research results show that there is a significant and positive statistical correlation between university entrance exams score and the score of physical fitness test educational performance of students. In addition, a significant and positive statistical correlation between GPA and the university enirace exams . score variables with the students scores at university. The method of this research is causative - comparative and its statistical sample is 460 phyiscal education students at BA level from state universities, which have been selected through random - cluster method. The statistic regression analysis, t. student correlation, and coefficiency have been used for data analysis.

In this article, the reserchers has tried to define the concepts of aggressiveness and violence with regard to behavior of footbal fans. Then, a major question have been posed and scientifically answered. What is the violence in sports and what sociolgical factors are effective in its emergence Empiricall, based on a combination of Clareks social pathology and structural functionalism viewpoint, a descriptive - causal model is designed and tested to study the pathological dimensions of football fans bahavior in Tehran - Iran. Findings of this research indicate that, in chief, variables such as importance and sensitivity of games rsults, violent and aggressive behaviors and action of players during the games, and the quality of judgment have some effects on verbal aggressiveness of football fans. Variables such as age, amount of control and suprevision of family, and socio - economic status have negative effect on fans tendency about the aggressive and violent bahaviors and activities. Furthermore, variables such as quarrel background, tension background in family, criminal bad record, having friends and peers with bad record, relationship with criminal kinsfolk, societal departure to stadium, relationship with club and its authorities, and maladjustment between sport expectations and the instruments that supply those, have positive effect on violent and aggeressive tendency of football fans