OLYMPIC
Year:2004 | Volume:12 | Issue:1 (SERIAL 25)|Papers Count:24

The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of 7 organizational stressors, 8 administrative stressors; and other stressors (9 Factors) among teacher-coches in city of Rasht. For this purpose a questinnaire was used including 50 questions with reliability of (93%). The questionnaire, which 132 of them were Completed (63 males, and 69 females). The chi^2 test and Spearman correlation coefficient in a significant coefficient in a significant level (P<0.05) were used in order to analyze data. The results of this study indicated that there is a low, positive, and significant correlation to organizational and administrative; however the relationship between all the former factors was more (0.52). Of the level of prevalence of organizational stresseors was more than the administrative ones. The organizational stressor: organization structure and reward lack of cooperation of teachers and lack of attention to job individual characteristies of teachers, indicated that there is no significant difference in the prevalence of stressors among male and female teachers; PE and non-PE teachers; experienced and non-experienced teachers; teachers employed in No. 1 and 2 districts of the city; teachers of junior and high schools; and teachers with lower B.S degree and higher degree teachers. However the pravalence of organizational factors between the teachers with less than 30 years of age was higher than the ones with 31-40 years and 41 years.

This research aims to study the rate of success among Iranian wrestlers over the past 50 years of national level. A number of statistical procedures were used for this study, namely: analyzing the variance Analysis (ANOVA) tukey Test, Execl for windows, and Pearsons r to compate group coefficient correlation. The research shows that is a significant relationship in the age-groups and the success of National Iranian teams of wrestling. In addition, the results of the study show a significant difference in age-range and zone of success of National Iranian wrestling team and International indexes including the world championship and Olympic Games. Furthermore, there are significant differences between the wrestlers and the time they achieve their success. Accordingly, this success is usually seen between the three areas of 14 to 16. But in general, successful Iranian wrestlers showed a gradual reduction in their age-range of success about 50 years ago. And this requires more thorough study.

The present research attempted to investigate select athletes team sports self motivation of high school in Isfahan Proviance. The research method was a field study and the statistical population was 167 select athlete (90 males and 67 females) from the high school of Isfahan Proviance that included 6 individual sport include (table Tennis and Track and field boys and swimming "badminton" physical fitness and chess girls) and 4 group sport include (football "handball" volleyball and basketball boys and volleyball and handball girls). In this study statistics samples equally with statistics population. For collecting data the self-motivation questionnaire (SMI) of Dishman and Ickes was used. Following the pilot study 30 item that had validity and reliability were selected. In this study for testing assumption independent T-Test and analysis of variance were used. The results of the analysis showed that: There is no significant difference between the self-motivation of select athletes in sex "age" field and place of education (P>0.05). There is a significant difference between the self-motivation of girl select athletes (swimming "chess" physical fitness and badminton, P<0.05).

The purpose of the present research is to study the effect of a selected weight training program on body composition and skinfold fat changes in different body sites of non-athlete females. For this purpose 20 non-athlete females with mean age of 36±2.6 years were selected randomly. Subjects attended in 4 weeks of weight training; 3 sessions per week, and 50 to 60 minutes per week. Variables under study were accordingly; Weight; height; skinfold fat (abdomen, thigh, triceps, subsapular, under-scapulae, supraillum and posterior lower leg); Percent body fat; and lean body mass. Mentioned Variables, before the beginning of training period, and after the end of program were measured in pre and post tests - Acquired data were analyzed by using t-student test. The results of this study indicated that selected weight training program had significant effect on variables under study (P<0.05). Therefore we can conclude that program of weight training can have effect on body composition, especially on level of body fat.

New Page 1 One of the most effective way to increase anabolic hormone concentrations is exercise training. Based on previous studies, exercise can stimulate endocrine system. Physiological adaptations depends on the type of exercise endurance training is due to develop cardiovascular functions, whereas, resistance training is dealing with keeping and Promote mascular mass. At Present, we have insufficient informations about the responses of anabolic hormones to resistance and endurance trainings. In this field, most of researches concentrated on the responses of some hormones to resistance training or the responses of testosterone to resistance training. The aim of this research was to study the responses of GH, IGF-I, IGFBPs and testosterone to an acute bout of exercise. Thirty non athletic students with the means of aged 18.75±O/8yrs, weight 62/3±9/27 Kg, and height 174/16 ± 6/13cm, Participated in this study.  They were tested before and after the acute, exercise regarding the blood sampling in the over night fast state. The blood samples were analysis in the laboratory with Radio Immuno Assay (RIA) methods for measurment of GH, IGF-I, IGFBP1, IGFBP3 and testosterone. For statistic analysis, we used paired sample t-test and statistical significance was set at the p< 0/05 level. The results of the research showed that after an acute bout of exercise with %80 of maximal heart rate reserve and 30 minuts duration, a significant increase in GH is existed. Also significant increase in IGFBPs is observed, But in other factors we could not find significant differences.

The purpose of this study was to compare the athlete and nonathlete students stressors and their relationship with their mental health. 273 male and female athletes and 147 male and female nonathletes by staged random sampling were selected as samples of this study. Two scales, the students stressors questionnaire (SSQ) and symptom checklist-25 (SCI-25) were used to test the proposed hypotheses. The reliability and Validity of these two instruments are reported to be significant in various studies. Testing the proposed hypotheses at the P<.05 showed the following results: No significant difference was reported between female and male athlete and non-athlete students in their responses to the stressors. Significant differences were reported between athletes and nonathletes in their responses to dormitory stressors. The comparison between male athlete and non-athletes stressores and their mental health did not show a significant difference at P<.05. There was a positive and significant relationship between female and male athlete stressors with their mental health, but this relationship was significant for male non-athletes and was not significant for female non-athlete. A multi-comparison between stressors and mental health showed that two factors (academic setting and living in dormitory) were considered to be better predictors of men athletes mental health. But factors like graduation and living in dormitory were better predictors of women athletes mental health. Therefore, it is recommended that universities and scientific organizations prepare suitable conditions for continuing education, academic setting and living in dormitory in order to reduce the students stressors and increase mental health of them.

The purpose of this research was to look over correletion among the tests of 1 mile track jog, shuttle run and queen step for Vo2max estimation of 16-17 years old school boys studying in the district 2 in north of tehran. To this mean, 30 students of 16-17 years old boys who were volunteer to Patricipate in this research were chosen. During 3 weeks each of them was tested on the basis of queen step test, 1-mile track jog and shuttle run. Maximum oxygen uptake (Vo2max) of each these 3 tests was estimated seperately. The results indicate that, there is a significant and direct correlation between there tests (1-mile track jog and queen step r=0.87 P<0.01, 1-mile track jog and shuttle run r=0.74 P<0.01, queen step and shuttle run r=0.67 P<0.01).

There are still many unanswered questions in relation to the amount of aggressive behaviors and the time they occur in sport situations. Research, also produced conflicting results, and need for illumination exist, especially when a different population is under investigation. The present study designed to describe aggressive behavior in term of their types and frequencies, in five different sports (volleyball, basketball, handball, football, and footsal for both sex). All matches in nation high schools championship (including 302 matches and 1531 players). Were closely observed and all aggressive behaviors were recorded. Results indicated that both sex committed more goal aggressions in loose, win, and equal situations, respectively. The difference between loose and win with equal situation was significant. In win situations, girls committed more instrumental aggression, and boys committed more assertive behavior. The results are discussed in relation to their significance in the context are discussed in relation to their significance in the context of frustration-aggression. Hypothesis and indicates that aggressive behavior also occur to prevent loosing.

Motor programming process is one of the issues that has not been defined exactly yet and still there exist more question on it. The results of studies done on by parameter precuing technique have shown the relationship between reaction time (RT) and number and nature of precued parameters, but there exist some different explanation on the cause of the effect of different precued parameters on RT.The present research was performed in order to test the hypothesis that RT is a function of degree of the overlap of muscle neuronal representations in motor cortex of brain. A mixed 3 factional design was performed on 16 (8 male & 8 female) volunteer, non-athletes, right-handed students ranging in age from 20 to 25. Using "parameter precueing apparatus", subjects performed a total of 2400 trials over 5 session on successive days (4 blocks of 120 trials blocks per session) under different conditions of precueing. The task required production of defined isometric force (3 or 6 kg) toward inside or outside, with right or left upper limb as quickly and accurately as possible after displaying precue followed by stimulus. The subjectsRT in different levels of independent variable were analyzed by using a 3 factor design (degree of overlap* gender* session) with repeated measures on 2 of the factors (degree of overlap & session). The results indicated that RT in this task was a function of degree of overlap of muscle representations in the motor cortex (p < . 05).These results are consistent with the cortical cell assembly theory of motor programming (Wickens, et al. , 1994). The effect of gender on RT was not significant (p> .05); but interaction of degree of overlap and gender, and main effect of session was not significant (p < . 05).The resultsare discussedin relationto the cortical cell assembly theory

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of encountering with the failure Situation on motor Learning and Performance at the moment of shooting skill Learning. 63 Subjects selects from physical education students of Urmia University and arranged in two experimental and one conrtrol groups with block randomization method. All subjects participated in three days practice of gun shooting. Independent variables of research including success and Failure situations exerted on two experimental groups through augmented verbal feedback that emphasized on motivational role. Controlgroup no received any Feedback. The performance test of shooting was conducted in the end of per day of practice. Experimental groups completed Casual attributions questionnaire in the end of 3th day of practice and determined the Cause of his performance and its dimensions. All of the subjects participated in retention and transfer tests after 48 hours practice less period. The results of performance, retention, and transfer tests and casual attributions questionnaire analyzed with one way variance (ANOVA)and repeated measure of variance, t test at the (a=0/5)Level. The Findings suggested encountering with Failure situation in acquistion time of motor Learning can be effective on the level of performance and learning because a significant changes on attribution style and cognitive, emotional and motivational deficits and finally taking place of Learned Helplessness.

This study is a attempt to investigate three aspects of class management. The questionraire was modeled on an article by Ann Mc Cormak (1997) with the reliability of 70 Perecnt. This instrument has been validated by eight assistant professors in related fields, measuing.classroom management influences, classroom management problems and classroom management strategies. Thirty P.E. teachers participated in a pilot study and the reliability of the questionnaire by Cronbach alpha Reliability was estimated to be 87 percent. This questionnarie Was, subsequently, sent to P.E. teachers in guidance schools and highschools of Rasht, of which 89.33 percent (128 questionnaires) were returned. After collecting the data, descriptive statistical methods were utilized for analysis and testing hypotheses. Spss and chi-square were used at the level of P<_0.05. The results of the study indicated that the problems of classroom management influences were most prevalent in relation to student behavior. Of these factors preservice training as well as school welfare had the highest priorities of classroom management problems, physical aggression and disobedience were found to be two most common behavioral problems. Among different class management strategies, the preventative and supportive strategies were found to be most commonly ones employed by the teachers.

The purpose of this study was to describe the elements effective in productivity of female P. E. teachers, School principals and P. E. officials of Ministry of Education from their point of view. The subjects were selected randomly out of three mentioned populations. 300 subjects belonged to female P. E. teachers, 300 to the school principals and 35 to the P. E. officials of Ministry of Education of Tehran. To collect the data a Validated questionnaire including 41 questions ( likert -type) where distributed to the subjects. The questionnaire consisted of four parts regarding the effective elements in human resources productivity: personal, environmental, motivational and socio - economical elements (Cronbacha= O. 89). Analyzing the data through factor analysis by using inferential statistics and kruskal - wallis tests showed: - There is a significant difference among subjects concerning the personal and socio- economical parts of the qustionnaire. - The most important elements according to their value are: enviromental,motivational, socio -economical and personal elements.

The purpose of present investigation was to assess the effect of three warm up programs on simple and choice reaction time. 32 nonathlete girl students (19-23 yr) of Tehran university were selected and randomly assigned to four groups: static, dynamic stretch, compound (slow runing, stretch and dynamic movement). All groups performed a simple and choice reaction time test with SW8 instrument before and after of performing warm up protocols. The results of analysis showed that there is no significant difference between prestest and posttest scores means in SRTof groups. But there is a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores means in CRT of dynamic stretch and compound groups ( p < 0/05) and there is no significant difference between pretest and posttest scores means in CRT of static stretch group. In addition, there is a significant difference (p < 0/05) between all groups in CRT (post test) The results of present study showed that warm up may improve CRT,meanwhile compound wann up program is more effective than two other, but totally warms up does not affect on SRT.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare health - related quality of life (HRQL)between active and sedentary lecturers in Sabzevar Universities. Sample include 103 subjects (femal: N=21, male: N=82) that were selected from among the volunteers. Considering the subjects physical activity level and amount of exercise per week, we placed them in an active group (N=34) and a sedentary group (N=69). HRQL was estimated using a Health - related quality of life questionnaire (SF- 36) The data was analyzed by U- mann whitnery. Results indicated that physical activity limitation and pain were significantly lower in active subjects,compared to sedentary subjects ( P

Research purpose is to study the P. E. managers perspective concerning privatization policy in athletics. Coming up with the purpose, eight main groups of managers were selected to be questioned. Research method was library studies and survey research along with a questionnrieas a means of gathering informationon privatization to be studied. Validity and reliability of the questions questionnrie were examined Questions were classified in eight group to survey the research hypothesis. Based on the results, 89/3 percent of managers believed in transferringgovernmental services to the private sectors.In this regard 94. 8 percant hold that we should do somemodifications in laws and rules regarding bankingfacilitations taxes and customs. Meanwhile managersmaintained that transferring athletics affairsfrom P. E. Orgnaiztion to the national Olympic commiteeis logical in least percent

New Page 1 The studies implies that personal, social, cultural & environmental factor are affected job satisfaction (Mullins 1996). Every organization holds a unique set of values and beliefs as a formula for its success and survival. member of an organization accept, adopt, and act upon these values in their work. these values shaped the organizational culture. Organizational culture affected attitudes about job (Rob bins 1991). Purpose of this survey study was investigate relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction professionals employed in central area of Physical Education Organization. The population of this study was all of men and women professionals of Physical Education organizational (n=182) and sample was 134 professionals. organizational culture was quantitatively measured by The organizational Culture Assessment Questionnaire (Sashkin 1996) and job satisfaction was measured by Job Feeling Scale (Wysocki & Kromm 1991). Statistical analyzed (with SPSS software) revealed that mean and standard deviation value of professionals ratings of job satisfaction was (119/4±43/68) and value of professionals ratings of organizational culture was (87/36 ± 17/1) that there is in average level. Other result reveal that there is significant correlation between organizational culture and job satisfaction of professionals (0/0l). Final conclusion reveal that strength of organizational culture and experience are best factors that predict job satisfaction of professionals.

The purpose of this research was the study of the effects of the wrestling intensive training in maximal intensity of 85% of heart rate reserve for during of 10 weeks, on salivary IgA concentrations of the young wrestlers. In this investigation, 30 young wrestlers were divided into two test and control groups, took part. The test group performed particular exercises and the control group did not do so. Salivary samples were taken from both groups and the concentration of S-IgA was measured by SRID.At the end of 5thweek wrestling exercises the concentrations of S-IgA in the test group significantly (39%) decreased (p=0.087). At the end of 10thweek of exercises (p=0.632) and the end of the recovery period (p=0.244) the concentrations of S-IgA of two groups were not different significantly. Results of this research show that, under the effects of the wrestling intensive exercises at the end of 5thweek, secretory immunity (S- IgA) of the young wrestlers experience some changes so that, S- IgA concentrations decrease. But regarding to returning these variations in the recovery, its importance is not completely to returning these variations in the recovery, its importance is not completely clear. However, there is probably reduction of body defense against to pathogen injuries, and also incidence of infection diseases (URTI).

The distribution patterns of sports behavior or the probability of sporting differs amongst different classes of society and can be explained by factors such as (1) economic capital, (2) cultural capital, and (3) free time. In other words, the relationship of a person with their own body-which is a symbol of their class differentiates the working class from the middle and upper classes of the society. The working class have an instrumental relationship with their bodies and suffer various kinds of pain toward a pattern of "body for others": Whereas, upper classes deal with body as a "goal in itself" and turn towards sports for storing social capital and responding to their own aesthetic and ethical tastes. In a research-which this article is extracted from-the above mentioned issuse are examined following Pierre Bourdieu"s social capital approach.

Aims: This study accomplished for measurment of Physical and motor abilities and also providing physical fitness norms for Birjand university students. Methods: The subjects were 361 students (159 boy and 202 girl) who had selected general physical education course (I) in the first terms of 1990-2000s. After data gathering and statistical analysis via descrptive methods, physical fitness norms were provided. Then a Comparison between physical abilities of these students and the students from Tehran & Kordestan was made. Results: Based on the results, in general, because of relevant programming for recreational times and being sedentary during study course (Specially among female stadents), remarkable weaknesses in some of the physical abilities are seen.

The present study investigated the effect of warm up on relationship between Ck and LDH in recovery period. Twenty one trained female volunteers were divided randomly into two groups. The number of control group was 11 (the means of age 21.81±1.32 years, weight 60.72±6.57kg, height 163.18±3.91cm) and the number of experimental group was 10 (the means of age 22.20±1.24 years, weight 55.70±6.63kg, height 158.80±3.91cm). Control group performed 80 eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors and experimental group before eccentric contractions performed static stretching as warm up. Blood levels of CK and LDH measured before, immediately after, 24 and 48 hours after contractions. Pearsons correlation coefficients, fishers Z and t test, were used for analysis of results. There were significant correlation between CK in both groups, LDH in experimental group and CK and LDH in recovery period on experimental group. It show the warm up has a significant effect on CK and LDH correclation in recovery period. The results showed warm up prevented the muscular cramp and decrease the pain of cellular damage, also the warm up changes the depelation pattern of CK and LDH after sterneuses activities.

Identifying behavioral patterns and their relationship with the organizational effectiveness and efficiency and effective personnel management has been one of the key points in management. The present study attempts to examine to what extent biographical factors, such as age, managerial experience, academic degress, specific management courses, do influence decisions made by school deans or heads of P.E. departments. To do so, a questionnair was prepared on the basis of Leader Behavior Analysis (LBA). Out of 100 questionnaires distributed among deans and heads of department of Ph.E. in Iranian universities, only 59 were completed. After collecting the data, and preparing distribution frequency tables, the results obtained were compared and contrasted with LBA norms, using Chisqure and co-efficient correlations. The results indicate that the effectiveness scores were lower than those of flexibility style. In determining behavioral styles, the main focus of the testing attitudes was on selling and participating styles. These styles were the domineering and first management styles. The supportive and developmental styles were chosen as participating and delegating styles, respectively. The effect of the four biographical factors on the effectiveness of the management styles of testing sample at α = 0.05 and certain degress of freedom was meaningful.

The aim of this study was to measure and compare BMD of dominant and non-dominant arms (radius) of female athletes participating in racquet sport and non-racquet sport. The result was also compared with the standards of the world for non athlete female. The female, all members of Iranian national sport team, were selected. Subjects were selected, who were active at least 3 days a week for 10 years. The BMD was measured by best method. The standard values of world for non athlete female of same situation were considered. Findings of this study showed that the BMD in both arms of female athletes in Iranian national teams is lower than the standard values of BMD for non athlete female in the world. Comparing the difference in BMD of two grms, between athlets in the racquet sport, non-racquet sports and standard of non-athletes in the world, showed that it is more in racquet sports.

In this research, the amount and the way of spending leisure time of Islamic Azad university students and the role of sports in spending the such time have been surveryed. for this purpose, (3284 of male and 2716 of famle students) in under graduate level in Islamic Azad university have been selected. These persons have answered to two questioairoes. The results showed that the average leisure time of Islamic Azad university students have been 275 minutes that the minutes that the most leisur time of the students have been 17 - 20 minutes. The most important leisure time of the students regarding available facilities during the semester have been as follows watching T.V, listening music, studing noncourse books, speaking with friends and exercising; more over, the results of research showed that average time of exercising of students has been 188 minutes. The femals students were intrested in swinming, walking, volleyball, body building, horse riding, basketball and for male students were football, swiming, . body building, ecipal exercise, volleyball, climibing.