Journal of Paramedical Science and Rehabilitation
Year:2020 | Volume:9 | Issue:3|Papers Count:12

Purpose: The study of bilingualism is often separated from the study of language abilities in monolinguals. However, a comparative study can provide better and more comprehensive results. The purpose of this study was to find the bases and compare the ability of semantic fluency function in healthy Arabic-Persian bilingual and Persian monolingual subjects. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was performed on 58 Arabic-Persian bilingual and 60 Persian monolingual adults aged 20-40 years by Convenience sampling method. Semantic verbal fluency task was used to compare naming skill in both bilingual and monolingual groups. In this task, the subject was asked to name fruit and animal categories in one minute. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22). Results: All variables, apart from number of fruits, had significant difference between Arabic and Persian in bilinguals (P<0. 05). The difference in mother language between the two groups was statistically significant in all semantic fluency tasks (P<0. 05). The difference in mean semantic fluency in Persian language between bilingual and monolingual subjects was significant except for the two variables of fruit number and cluster size. Conclusion: Bilinguals performed better in their second (Persian) language. There was a significant difference between the mother language of bilinguals and monolinguals in semantic fluency. However, in Persian language there were no differences between the two groups in the two variables of fruit number and cluster size.

Purpose: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder in childhood. Children with ADHD have problems such as motor coordination and agility. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise and group play therapy on the coordination and agility skills in children with ADHD. Methods: The present study was semi-experimental. In this study, 26 children (4 girls and 22 boys) were recurited. Then they were randomly divided into two experimental and control group. The experimental group was divided into the aerobic exercise group (9 children, weight (kg) 24. 2± 12. 3, age 7. 9± 2. 1 years old and height 126 ± 3 cm) and group play therapy group (9 children, weight (kg) 23. 8± 9. 2, age 7. 3 ± 1. 9 years old and height 121± 2 cm). Each experimental group received 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session 45-60 minutes, aerobic exercises program and group play therapy. The control group (8 children, weight (kg) 25. 4± 6. 4, age 8± 2 years old and height 127± 3 cm) did not do any specific activity during this time. Upper limb coordination, bilateral limb coordination, and agility in all three groups were respectively assessed with Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Skills Scale 5, Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Skills Scale 3 and Zigzag Test at the beginning and end of the study. Analysis of variance with repeated measures at 5% error level was used for data analysis (p<0. 05). Results: The results showed that play therapy significantly increased the upper extremity coordination (p<0. 001) and bilateral coordination (p<0. 001) and agility (p<0. 001) in children. Aerobic training significantly increased upper extremity coordination (p<0. 001) and bilateral coordination (p<0. 001) and significantly reduced agility (p<0. 001). In addition, the children in the play therapy group had significantly higher upper extremity coordination and bilateral coordination and agility than the aerobic group (p<0. 001). In control group there was no change in upper extremity coordination (p=0. 621) and agility (P=0. 590) and bilateral coordination significantly reduced (p=0. 002). Conclusion: Group play therapy had more significant effect than aerobics exercise program on improving these Upper limb coordination, bilateral limb coordination, and agility. Therefore the group play therapy should be suggested.

Purpose: Reading is one of the most important basic skills that students achieve at elementary school. There is always a high percentage of students who suffer from reading disabilities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of an auditory training program on improving phonological skills, auditory discrimination, and articulation in students with dyslexia. Methods: In this study, twenty four students from the fourth and fifth grades of elementary school (including 6 girls and 18 boys) were selected and divided into two groups of experimental and control lists. The students of both control and experimental groups were chosen from those referred to Gohare mehr and Talash learning disorder institutes in Tehran. To evaluate auditory discrimination, phonological analysis and articulation in pre-test and posttest, the Persian Version of Language Development Test (TOLD: P3) was used. The intervention program which included 8-hours of auditory training was conducted and performed in the summer of 1397 in above-mentioned centers for students in the experimental group, however, the control group have received any special program. Analysis was performed using the analysis method of variance with duplicate measurement and Bonfroni follow-up test at the error level of 5% on phonological skills, auditory discrimination and articulation. Results: The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed a significant increase in subjects' ability in phonological analysis skills, auditory discrimination and articulation (p<0. 001). However, there were no significant differences between the scores of pre-test and post-test of the control group students (p <0. 05). Also, after the intervention, the mean scores of the experimental group students were significantly higher than the control group (p<0. 001), while before the intervention there was no significant difference between these two groups (p <0. 05). Conclusion: It can be concluded from the research findings that cognitive rehabilitation method is effective on stuttering severity and increases executive functions in children with childhood onset fluency disorder and can be used as a treatment method.

Purpose: Due to the significant effect of motor skills on developmental areas in children with visual impairment, the need to measure gross motor skills and the lack of valid and reliable tools in this field is essential. This study conducted with the aim of determining psychometric characteristics of the second version of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) in children with visual impairment aged 7-10 years in Tehran. Methods: In this descriptive and psychometric analysis study, criterion-related validity and Spearman correlation were used. Concurrent validity was assessed using the second edition of Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2). In previous studies, content and face validities were performed and construct validity was not possible to measure because of the limited sample size. To evaluate the reliability of the TGMD-2, a one blinded researcher measured the gross motor skills of 50 girls and boys aged 7-10 years with visual impairment with a one-month interval in three schools of visual impaired children (Mohebbi, Khazaeli and Narjes). Cronbach's alpha for internal reliability and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for external reliability were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 with a 95% confidence interval and a significance level of 0. 05. Results: Concurrent validity of the sub-scales of TGMD-2 and MABC-2 tests were significant (P <0. 05) in a high level. Pearson correlation coefficient between subscales of locomotion and balance and between object control and aiming-catching of the TGMD-2 and of MABC-2 were 0. 80 and 0. 75, respectively. Internal and external reliability of TGMD-2 were confirmed. Cronbach's alpha for the locomotion and object control subscale were 0. 97 and 0. 96, respectively. The Intra Class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of the TGMD-2 was 0. 97(P <0. 05). Also, inter rater and intra rater were 95% and 97%, respectively for TGMD-2. Conclusion: The TGMD-2 can be a useful tool for measurement of the gross motor skills of children with visual impairment in 7-10 years old. This tool can be used in clinics and treatment centers; it can also be used for research purposes.

Purpose: Autism spectrum disorder is usually accompanied with impaired motor skills, motor coordination, especially visual-motor coordination, and behavioral disorders. This study is aimed to investigate the effect of the selective video-interactive exercises on gross motor skills, eye-hand coordination, and severity of disorder symptoms in children at the age range of 6-9 years with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: 30 children at the age range of 6-9 years with autism disorder were selected form the care centers of Mashhad. They were divided into two groups of experimental and control groups bases on random selection. In addition to the Autism Center's daily training and rehabilitation program, the experimental group participated in three interactive video games for 12 weeks and three 40-minute sessions each week, and the control group only dealt with the center's daily training and rehabilitation activities. The participants were assessed through Ulrich test of gross motor development-2nd edition (TGMD-2), Purdue Pegboard eye-hand coordination test, and autism symptoms severity questionnaire on pre-test, post-test and followup sessions. The data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The results showed that the experimental group had a significant improvement in gross motor skills, and eye-hand coordination compared to the control group (P<001) which was also constant in the follow-up test. However, there was no significant difference between two groups in terms of the severity of the disorder symptoms (p=0/424). Conclusion: Using video-interactive games is a new strategy for children with autism spectrum disorders that can affect many aspects of the disorder, such as gross motor skills and eye-hand coordination. But investigating the impact of these games on the severity of symptoms of the disorder requires further research.

Purpose: Ankle sprain is one of the most commonly damaged lower extremities. More than 70% of people with ankle sprain experience chronic ankle instability. However, some people are well adapted to this damage (Coper people) and do not suffer from chronic ankle instability. The aim of this study was to compare the balance in healthy athletes with chronic ankle instability and coper during one leg standing. Methods: 13 athletes with chronic ankle instability with mean age of 22. 3 ± 2. 21 years, weight 57. 07 ± 7. 48 kg and height 166. 76 ± 5. 8 cm and 10 Cooper athletes with an average age of 22. 3 ± 2. 21 years, weigh 56. 5 ± 5. 78 kg and height 165. 9 ± 7. 4 cm and 11 healthy athletes with an average age of 24. 44 ± 4. 3 years, weight 57 kg ± 97. 7 kg and height of 165. 72 ± 27. 57 cm were participated in this study. Each participant maintained their single-foot balance on the 3rd and 12th balance points of Biodex for 20 seconds. The results of the study were analyzed using MANOVA at a significant level of 95% and alpha less than or equal to 0. 05. Results: The results showed that the balance index did not differ significantly between healthy and Coper groups However, in the group of chronic ankle instability, the internal-external balance index and the overall index were significantly higher than the healthy group (p≤ 0/05). Conclusions: The chronic ankle instability group has poor balance, especially in the internalexternal direction, which can be due to damage to the ankle ligament and some deep receptors located on the ankle ligament of the ankle.

Purpose: Drop-landing is one of the tasks performed in many sports skills. Lower limb injuries have the highest prevalence in sports where jump-landing is repeated frequently. In this condition, fatigue is one of the components that can be influential from biomechanical and pathomechanical points of view on different parameters of landing motion. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fatigue on some indicators of ground reaction force in healthy young active men during drop-landing task from a platform. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 20 healthy young active males were participated. Wingate test was used for fatigue protocol. The ground reaction force components information was collected during drop-landing from a 40 cm platform before and after fatigue. To collect data, a Kistler force plate was used, and the parameters of peak force, time to reach maximum peak force, loading velocity and time to reach stability were calculated. These data were analyzed using a series of Paired-sample T tests at a significant level of 0. 05. Results: According to the findings of this study, there was no significant difference between the pre and post fatigue states for peak force, peak time, and loading rates in vertical direction. However, the time to stabilization in post-fatigue mode was significantly higher than that before fatigue. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it seems that after fatigue healthy young men reach a stable level later compared to the state of pre-fatigue.

Purpose: Parents with autistic children need training in therapeutic interventions and rehabilitation for their children. Mobile applications are one of the new ways to teach parents with an autistic child. The aim of this study was to determine data requirements and technical capabilities of an educational system for parents of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Methods: This research was a descriptive developmental study. The first step was to determine the data elements and technical capabilities of the educational system by search the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Guidelines about Autism. In the second step, psychiatrists and pediatric neurologists were asked about the requirements and data elements of the educational system with a questionnaire. Results: Three categories of requirements, including demographic, clinical data elements, and technical capabilities for system design, were determined. Data elements included demographic information of the child and parents Includes 7 items (78%), clinical information including autism training, self-care, and anxiety and worry reduction, and rehabilitation strategies, including the presentation of interventional techniques including 10 items (83%). The system's technical capabilities also included presenting reminders for in-person visits, introducing specialists and medical centers, receiving parental problems, and providing motivational messages including items (50%). Conclusion: The requirements and data elements for the design and implementation of an educational mobile system to support parents with an autistic child were obtained. Parents' training rehabilitation and self-care skills are the most important data elements of the educational application. By identifying the technical capabilities and data requirements of an educational application, can help educate and enhance the self-care and rehabilitation skills of parents of autistic children and reduce their parents' problems and concerns.

Purpose: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent disorder debilitating central nervous system disorder in young people. The present study aims to investigate the effect of six weeks walking exercise in two water and water-land environments on balance, walking speed, and fatigue in the patients with this disease in Kerman. Methods: forty female patients with MS were randomly assigned into two groups of water (n=20) and water-land exercise group (n=20). The exercises were performed for three sessions a week, each session for 70 minutes. In the pre-test and post-test, the Berg balance test (Berg) was used for balance assessment, the fatigue severity scale (FSS) was used for assessing fatigue and the 25-foot walk test for speed assessment. Data analysis was performed using the variance analysis method with reiterative sizes and generalized estimating equations in error level of %5 and using SPSS software version 22. Results: walking exercises have caused significant changes in the improvement of the fatigue and balance of the patients in both groups of exercise in the water and water-land (p<0. 05), but there were no significant changes in the walking speed of the patients (p>0. 05). Also, no significant difference was observed in the fatigue, balance, and walking speed between the two water and water-land environments. Conclusion: Six weeks of walking exercises in the water and water-land environments improves balance and fatigue. But it doesn’ t impact the patients' walking speed. Also, there is no difference in the extent of the impact of these exercises in two environments.

Purpose: Hyperkyphosis is one of the most common postural abnormalities. In this anomaly, the anterior chest muscles such as pectoralis minor and major muscles tend to be tight (overactive) and the posterior muscles of this area such as spinal extensors tend to be weak (underactive) which may lead to muscle imbalance in the upper trunk. One way to correct this anomaly is to use sports protocols, which have a special place in correcting this anomaly. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to review the Corrective Exercise Protocols in People with Hyperkyphosis Disorders. Methods: Internal and external search engines include Scopus, Semantic Scholar, Google Scholar, Pubmed, ISC, SID, Magiran, Irandoc, Doaj with a time limit of 2013 to 2020 and the keywords of Round Back, Hyperkyphosis, Corrective Exercises, Protocol. The present study is a systematic review method (PRISMA). Results: A total of 10 articles were selected based on the criteria. These studies mainly examined the effect of corrective exercise protocols on kyphosis angle, forward head angle, balance, physical function, sacral angle, incline angle, abnormality, well-being and flexibility in people with hyperkyphosis abnormalities. Conclusion: Studies that include the patterns of movement and function that people use in their daily activities seem to be more effective in correcting physical disorder.

Purpose: The aim of this review study is to investigate the relationship between tinnitus and speech processing and to explore the possible pathways of involvement in this disorder. For speech processing, all the pathways of the auditory system are involved from the peripheral to the center and cognitive and attention systems. Given the overlapping path that causes the tinnitus and the path to which speech processing comprehends, it seems tinnitus causes speech processing to be disturbed by effect on peripheral to center path of auditory or the presence of tinnitus with effects on attention and cognitive systems can interfere with speech processing. This paper reviews behavioral and electrophysiological evidences in both bottom-up and top-down theories. Methods: In this review, we use from keywords” the tinnitus and Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE), tinnitus and Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR), tinnitus and Middle Latency Response (MLR), tinnitus and waves p300, tinnitus and Mismatch Negativity (MMN) waves, tinnitus and verbal auditory memory, the tinnitus and processing of temporal information, tinnitus and central auditory processing, tinnitus and psychoacoustic evaluation, tinnitus and behavioral auditory evaluation “ in the databases Google scholar and Science Direct and Scopus. New and related articles were selected. After reviewing the 76 articles and 6 book and 1 thesis, the review study was extracted. Results: In explaining the influence of tinnitus on speech comprehension, two theories can be suggested. A theory supports damage to the low levels of brain and brainstem (Bottom-up theory). And another theory, the reduction of speech perception due to the involvement of cognitive and attention systems (Top-down theory). Each of which has its own evidence of support. Conclusion: In people with tinnitus, behavioral and electrophysiology evidences showed involvement of both speech processing pathways, bottom up and top down.