Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Year:2006 | Volume:16 | Issue:50|Papers Count:32

Background and purpose: Achillea (Asteraceae) comprises 115 species, which are mainly distributed in Europe, Asia, and North Africa and as introduced plant in the New World. The genus Achillea, generally named Bumadaran in Persian, is well known for medicinal properties such as anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial effects. Achillea has long been used in traditional medicine for treatment of neuralgia and rheumatic pain. Achillea talagonica and Achillea tenuifolia are two of nineteen herbaceous species growing in north of Iran. In previous studies A. talagonica showed a strong in vivo immunosuppressive activity and A. tenuifolia had an antimicronial effect. Materials and methods: In this study, we examined the cytotoxic activity of the ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous methanol extracts of the aerial parts of these two species using Brine Shrimp Cytotoxicity Assay, which is a well known screening method in order to find the active natural products using Artemia Salina eggs. Berberine hydrochloride used as a positive control (LC50=26µM). Results: The results showed that ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of both plants have a good cytotoxic effect against the larvae of A.salina. The minimum lethal concentrations of aqueous methanol extracts of them are more than 1000µM. EtOAc. Extract of A. talagonica is the most effective extract (LC50=413µM). Conclusion: EtOAc and MeOH extracts of Achillea talagonica and A. tenuifolia show cytotoxic activity on the active larvae of A. salina. High polarity extracts of both species showed low cytotoxic activity.  

Background and purpose: In spite of discovering new antipsychotics in the past years, many patients of schizophrenia don’t response to none of them and are resistance to treatment. In this case, clozapine, ECT or some combination of drug mostly be used, but there are many patients of schizophrenia who are resistance to them. In recent years, of combination of ECT and clozapine has been suggested for these patients with promising results in primary studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination of ECT clozapine in treatment of resistance schizophrenia in comparison with clozapine and ECT administered reparately and double blind. Materials and methods: Eighteen resistance schizophrenia patients were selected and divided into three groups. The first group took clozapine, the second group took ECT, and third group took a combination of ECT and clozapine. The responses to treatment evaluated with PANSS and analysed with ANOVA and t-test. Results: The rate of decrease of PANSS scale in three groups of clozapine, ECT and combination both of them were 46%, 40%, 71% respectively, with significant difference (p<0.05). Combination of ECT and clozapine showed faster response than ECT and clozapine alone. Conclusion: Combination of ECT and clozapine was effective and safe in treatment of resistance schizophrenia.  

Background and purpose: In this Dysmenorrhea is one of the main causes of girls and women visiting the gynecology clinics. Experimental and double blind study the effect of vitagnus in treatment of primary dysmenorrhea was determined in students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Materials and methods: During this investigation 60 students suffering from primary dysmenorrhea, were randomly divided in two groups as case and control. Results: Each group was given 40 drops of vitagnus or placebo for three months. Three questionairs were used for collection of data. Conclusion: The results showed that the severity of pain reduced to 70% in the case group, so we are recommended to case vitagnus as an effective drug for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.  

Background and purpose: Osteoarthrisis is the most common disease of mobile and axial joints, its etiology is not clearly known yet. Biomechanical and biological theories are suggested for its etiology. The relationship between proximal femoral anatomy and osteoarthrisis of the hip is under controversy. Materials and methods: 73 individuals, 34 with osteoarthrisis and 39 control cases were included in the study. Both groups were matched for age, occupation and weight. Then neck-shaft angle in both groups was measured. Results: Mean neck-shaft angle was 133o, which did not show statistically significant difference from that of the control. Conclusion: Aa a results of expensive joint exchange in osteoarthrisis patients and its side effects, measurement of Neck-shaft angle in Iranian race is a necessity.    

Background and purpose: Chitin, a natural polysaccharide, which is widely existed in the Arthropod shell such as crab, clobster, shrimp and fungi. Chitin and its derivative chitosan, a mucopolysaccharide like glycoaminoglycan have been reported to be useful for biomedical applications like wound healing and dressings, drug delivery agents, anti- cholesterolemic agents, blood anticoagulants, anti- tumor agents and immunoadjuvants. It is predicted that chitosan will be one of the most demanding material in 2005. About 75% of this key material will be used in biomedical areas. Materials and methods: In this study chitin and chitosan (deacetylated derivative) were prepared from shrimp shells of Iran. Shrimp shell powder was treated by an appropriate acid in a proper condition. After filtration the precipitated impure chitin was washed and purified. The precipitate was treated with NaOH and chitosan was obtained in this stage. The product was mixed with hot KOH. Chitosan was purified after filtering and washing with acid and alkaline treatment. Results: Chitosan was prepared in a good yield from shrimp shells and it was confirmed by analytical methods such as IR, NMR and electrophoresis. Deacetylation value of the solvable chitosan was calculated by using of IR and NMR. Conclusion: Massive production of chitosan in pharmaceutical grades is possible with these techniques.  

Background and purpose: Injection of supplemental iodine to pregnant women has been shown to prevent cretinism and neuromotor disorders in the offspring. Many researches were done; regarding the administration of supplemental iodine to toddlers. This study was done to evaluate the effect of parenteral iodine in primary school children of Amreh village (vicinity of Sari) 2.5 years after supplemental iodineinjection namely in 1999. Materials and methods: This study was performed in two descriptive and analytic sections. All children born in Amreh village between 1989 and 1991, who have received the lipidoil injection in 1996 were earolled for the study. Weight and height were measured and SD score (SDS) of weight and height was their calculated. Based on these data BMI was also calculated. For the statistical testing paired t-test was used and p<0.05 was reported as significant. Results: 105 children (55 male, 50 female) 6-8 years old at the time of injection were included. The effect of lipidoil on height was significant, mean SDS of cases increased from 0.59 ± 0.8 to 0.31±0.8 (P<0.0001). The effect was also seen on weight, but it was not statistically significant (p<0.3). Conclusion: These results show that injection of supplemental iodine in childhood in iodine deficiency regions can at least result in improvement of height development.    

Background and purpose: Hyperhomocysteinemia is common among patients with renal failure and the risk of cardiovascular diseases increases with hyperhomocysteinemia. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two doses of folic acid (2 and 7.5 mg/day ) in decreasing plasma concentration of homocysteine in ESRD patients receiving regular hemodialysis therapy. Materials and methods: In this randomized trial, 14 hemodialysis patients were enrolled according to prestudy homocysteine level in Imam Khomeini hospital in July 2003. They had been treated with 1-5 mg/day folic acid with pyridoxine and then received 15 mg every other day folic acid with duration of at least two months. After the first and second month of treatment, blood samples were assessed for homocysteine and hemoglobin concentration, albumin, HDL and LDL. Patients were assessed for folic acid complications especially nausea and dizziness. Results: The mean age and hemodialysis were 50.92±18.6 and5.28±4.25 years respectively. The homocysteine level with higher dose of folic acid were significantly lower than with lower dose (23.98±6.87 vs. 33.89±16.28 μmol/L respectively, P=0.008). There was also a significant increase in plasma albumin concentration in high dose period compared to low dose period (4.75±0.94 vs. 4.32±0.30 gr/dL respectively, P=0.004). There were no significant differences between hemoglobin concentration, HDL and LDL with different doses. No side effect was noted among patients during treatment periods. Conclusion: This study showed 15 mg every other day folic acid in hemodialysis patients was associated with greater dent of homocysteine level than doses less than 5mg/d. According to the relationship between cardiovascular events, cerebral vein thrombosis and high plasma levels of homocysteine, better correction of it is necessary. In conclusion we recommend that this dose may be more beneficial to hemodialysis patients.  

Background and purpose: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a multifactorial disorder with over 250 different known risk factors. Advancing age, male gender, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cigarette smoking are the major and independent risk factors for CHD. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between anthropometric and clinically observed variables relative to the severity of CHD in 260 angiographic defined patients. Methods and Materials: Subjects with one or more lesion that narrowed the lumen of any coronary artery more than 70% were considered to be CHD cases, whereas those without any significant narrowing (£10%) were taken as controls. The severity of coronary occlusion was scored on the bases of the number and the extent of lesions. Fasting serum concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, total and HDL cholesterol were determined. Anthropometrics parameters were collected by questionnaires. The Framingham scores, relative and absolute risks for CHD were calculated on the basis of the Framingham's points for the major risk factors. Results: The group with CHD was older than the group without CHD (57.0 ± 10.2 vs. 51.1 ± 10.3, P£0.000). CHD was more prevalent in men than women (78.2% vs. 51.6%, P£0.000). There was no statistically significant difference between two groups in body mass index, education and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The prevalence of hypertension, physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus was more in CHD+ cases than controls. Patients with CHD compared with the controls had increased serum levels of triglycerides (231.7 ± 180.1 vs. 176.3 ± 101.9, P£ 0.003), total cholesterol (205.2 ± 60.8 vs. 193.9 ± 41.0, P£ 0.08), LDL cholesterol (128.8 ± 59.2 vs. 119.8 ± 33.6, P£ 0.2) and decreased serum levels of HDL cholesterol (42.3 ± 13.3 vs. 39.7 ± 11.3, P£ 0.1). The higher prevalence of major cardiovasular risk factors were found in the subgroup of patients with more extensive CHD. The Framingham scores (8.7 ± 4.4 vs. 5.7 ± 4.8, P£0.000), relative risk (2.5 ± 1.3 vs. 1.6 ± 0.7, P£0.000) and absolute risk (14.8 ± 8.6 vs. 8.1 ± 6.7, P£0.000) were higher in CHD patients than controls. On multiple logistic regression analysis, the best markers for discriminating between CHD and control subjects were age (OR=1.06, P£0.001), male gender (OR=4.51, P£0.000), smoking (OR=3.56, P£0.05), diabetes mellitus (OR=7.76, P£0.000) and cholesterol (OR=1.009, P£0.02). Conclusion: The results suggest that the major cardiovascular risk factors and Framingham's risk scores are associated to the severity of CHD continuously and graded.    

Background and purpose: Intensive care unit is a subspecialty ward that manages critically ill patients. Scoring systems have been developed in intensive care medicine to predict the outcomes of patients admitted with severe illnesses resulting in significant mortality rates as well as to improve resource allocation and to assist in clinical decision-making. This study was conducted to determine how multiple organ dysfunction score (MODS) would predict outcome and mortality of critically ill patients. Materials and methods: This was a prospective, observational and cohort study. One hundred patients who underwent mechanical ventilation in 2004 in the general ICU of Imam Khomeini hospital center were induded in the study. Each component score provides a quantitative measure of physiologic function over 24 hours, such that zero represents normal function, and 1,2,3, and 4 represent increasing physiologic derangement. Data were collected prospectively using forms and analyzed. Results: The mean age of the patients was 48.63 years. The mean age of patients were 41.66±16 in discharge patients and 55.6 ± 17 in dead patients. Mean discharge scores have been less than mean dead scores. Mean change scores have been reduced in comparison with baseline score (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our study showed that MODS have significant correlation with prediction of mortality. A significant correlation between age and mortality was also noted. It means that the mortality increases with age as mean change scores have been reduced in comparison with baseline (P<0.05). The results indicate that therapeutic measurement was effective in correlation with indicidual score.    

Background and purpose: Patients with acute vague abdominal pain or acute atypical abdominal pain may undergo operation without definite diagnosis and may be treated or discharged after some hours or days of observation without definite results. Laparoscopy, a new diagnostic and therapeutic method, can help in diagnosing the definite cause, as a minimal invasive technique. Materials and methods: 28 patients with acute vague or atypical pain with no definite diagnosis after 18-24 hours under went diagnostic laparoscopy. Results: The abdominal disorder was diagnosed and treated in nearly 70 percent of these patients after laparoscopy. Conclusion: Abdominal disorder was diagnosed in 40% of the patients by laparoscopy method in the first 24 hours of being admitted (sensitivity 89.3%- specificity 85/7%), hence it is recommended to use diagnostic laparoscopy instead of observation in these patients.    

Background and purpose: Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) infection causes an acute self-limited hepatitis associated with high mortality in pregnant women. Study and information on HEV infection especially in children and young adults is laking in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of HEV in children and young adults in Sari-Iran, using a community-based survey. Materials and methods : Randomized serum Samples from 1080 subjects were studied: The population apparently healthy 2 to 25 years old individuals from all regions of Sari district (urban and rural) representing all socioeconomic levels were enrolled and their anti-HEV IgG was determined using un ELISA method. Results: Anti-HEV antibodies were found in 25 (2.3%) individuals. Serporevalence increased with age from 1.17% in children younger than 10 years to 7.3% in persons 20-25 years of age (P=0.009). In comparison between urban and rural areas, earlier exposure to infection, and more infection rate were noticed in population residing rural area. Risk factors for infection included living in runal community, low educational levels and family size. Conclusion: HEV infection is endemic in Sari-Iran. Age, type of community, education levels and sewage disposal systems were identified risk factors for HEV infection.    

The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of spouse abuse among students in the Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon. All married students in different departments completed the spouse Abuse Questionnaire (n=327). The results showed that 306 students (255 female and 51 male) reported having experienced of some types of abuses. 299 (91%) of the cases reported emotional abuse, 180 (55%) physical abuse and 138 (42%) of the students reported sexual abuse. The results showed that 16.6% of male reported emotional and physical abuse, 16.8% sexual and emotional abuse and 19.5% physical and sexual abuse. Also, 253 (83.4%) of female reported physical and emotional abuse, 251 (83.2%) physical and emotional and 173 (80.5%) sexual and physical abuse. The results also showed that males committed more spouse abuse than females (P<0.05). In addition, there was a relation between addiction and spouse abuse (P<0.001) and spouse abuse was more frequent among young couples (P<0.01). It was found that spouse abuse was more frequent in early years of marriage (P<0.05) and decreased with higher education. There was no significant relationship betweeb spouse abuse and the number of children, illness, income, and employment status.    

Background and purpose: We can examine the language abilities of a person through five parameters of speech quality including speech fluency, speech complexity, speech exactness, speech rate and lexical accessibility. These parameters are examined by the secondary parameters including mean length of utterance (MLU), mean length of five long utterances, mean number of verb in sentence, mean number of bound clause in sentence and richness of vocabulary. We have examined four parameters except the speech exactness in normal Persian children of 4-5 years old in Semnan, Birjand and Tonekabon cities. These parameters were then compared between children. Materials and methods: 90 children were selected nurseries through testing and they were divided into three groups including 30 subjects from. After examining the children’s speech, they were analyzed and secondary parameters were determined. Finally we compared the results through statistical tests. Results: Semnani children’s MLU of descriptive speech exceeds tonekaboni children. Semnani children’s mean length of five long utterances of free speech exceeds Birjandi children. Semnani children’s mean number of verb in sentence of free speech exceeds Birjandi children, Birjandi and Toneckaboni children’s mean number of bound clause in sentence of descriptive speech exceeds Semnani children. Birjandi children’ richness of vocabulary of free speech exceeds Semnani and Toneckaboni children. Birjandi children’s speech rate of free and descriptive speech exceeds Semnani and Toneckaboni children. Conclusion: Dialect contributes to speech quality parameters therefore we must consider them in assessment, diagnosis and treatment of language disorders in children with different dialects.  

Background and purpose: The national report system on the Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) in order to have better understanding and control has been designed and used in many countries including ours, but it is poorly excluded because of lack of reporting and feedback. In this study we have tried to analyse the knowledge, attitude and performance of the Medical Doctors (MDs) on the ADR to Finf out the familiarity and ability of MDs was performed to smoothly work with the national report system (The Yellow Card). Materials and methods: This cross sectional study using a classical questionnaire designed by the European Food and Drug Administration. The questionnaire was completed by 350 MD'S (General & specialist) in city of Sari. Results: The recognition level of MDs from the yellow card system was about 24.9% from which 88% were general practitioners and 12% were specialists. 87.4% of all MDs have diagnosed some adverse drug reaction in patients under their supervision but only 25% of them did report on it. The major reasons for not reporting are as follows: 63.5% for the lack of recognition and understanding of the national report system, 42.2% for having casual attitude toward ADR, 36.1% for the uncertainty that ADR had a relation with the medication used. 51.3% of all MDs had an acceptable knowledge in the recognition of ADR. Conclusion: The result of this study shows that in most of the cases the reason for not reporting ADR in the first place was due to the lack of information and understanding of such system and secondly the lack of desire to report due to lack of time and confidence in the system. Another interesting point in this study was the lack of knowledge of MDs about the ADR. It was worse specifically among specialists and specially the surgeons.  

Background and purpose: Psychological health is one of the most important social and scientific subjects in the world. Patients with somatic and particularly dermatological diseases are at risk of psychological disorder. This study was performed to evaluate psychological health problems of patients with skin disorder attending the dermatological clinics in Sari in 2004. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive study performed on patients with dermatological diseases in Sari using GHQ-28 and demographic questionares. The data were analysed by chi-square test using SPSS program. Results: 404 subjects (325, 80.4% female) were enrolled in this study. The mean age of the subjects was 28.72 years (range 15-65). Incidence of psychoccognitive disorders was 52/6% in patients aged 46-55 yr, 41.2% in womens, 40.8% in single patients, 46.2/% in rural subjects, 62.5% in illiterate or lessliterate people, 57.8% in jobless individual, 65/8% in subjects with positive past history of psychological disorders and 63.6% in patients with diffuse skin lesions. The most common diagnosis in the sample population was acne (28.2%), pigmentation disorder (20%), androgenetic alopecia (7.4%) and dermatitis (6.7%). The incidence of psychocongective disorders was 44.4% in patients with dermatitis, 43% in acne and 42% in pigmentation disorders. Statistically significant differences were observed between the psychic disorder and job & literacy level and positive past history of psychological diseases (p<0.05). However, there was no significant relation between psychic disorder and duration & type of skin diseases. Conclusion: In this study, 39.4 % of patients with skin disorders affected by psychological problems, this is higher than that reported from other countries. This result reveals a close relation between dermatological and psychological factors which should be considered by dermatologists in effective treatment of skin disorders.    

Background & Purpose: Esophageal cancer is the 3rd common cause of GI cancer and the 6th common cause of cancer related deaths in the world. Northeastern of Iran (Caspian Littoral) has been recognized as the highest incidence rate region for esophageal cancer in the country. Although, different incidence rates have been reported from this region, Turkmens had the highest rate in these studies, but there is no report regarding the ethnicity within Turkmen groups. The present study is to explore the association between ethnic diversity in Turkmen population with esophageal cancer incidence in Iranian Turkmens (Golestan province). Methods and materials: This is a cross sectional study in Turkmen patients with confirmed diagnosis of esophageal cancer between 2002 through 2003 at a referral clinic in Gonbad. 106 Turkmen patients, diagnosed with esophageal cancer by endoscopy and biopsy, were included. Demographic factors (sex and age), cancer histology (SCC and adenocarcinoma), tumor origin (upper 3rd, middle 3rd, and lower 3rd of esophagus), and patients’ contact numbers were retrieved and the patients were categorized into five different groups based on their ethnicity: Ahtahbai, Jafarbai, Googlan, others and unidentified ethnic group. Incidence rate was estimated based on the number of patients and population of each ethnic group. Descriptive statistics was performed and data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis Test for continuous variables and Chi-square Test for categorical variables. Results: A total of 106 Turkmen patients with mean age of 64.22 ± 12.12 (61 male and 45 female) were included in this study. Frequency of each ethnic group was identified as: Ahtahbai(n=31, 29.2%), Googlan(n=30, 28.3%), Jafarbai (n=27,25.5%), others(n=7, 6.6%), and unidentified ethnic group (n=11,10.4%). The mean age and gender were not significantly different between these ethnic groups. Heterogeneity was found within Turkmen population, Ahthabai having the least and googlan the highest esophageal cancer incidence rate. Conclusions: As esophageal cancer is very common in Turkmen population and with the high incidence rate in Googlan people, this ethnic group needs to be more targeted for the esophageal cancer-screening programme. Further population-based studies can better explore possible factors in different Turkmen ethnic groups.  

Background and purpose: Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly work-related conditions and nursing profession has one of the highest rates of back injuries (more than 50%) among all occupations. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for back injuries in nursing personnel.  Materials and methods: Following ethical approval, 1226 nurses were randomly recruited from 13 hospitals in North of Iran. Different questionnaires were designed to cover a) personal and professional data; b) the prevalence of back pain and; c) possible causes and their effects on nursing activities. Results: LBP was reported by 51.5%, 56.3%, 58.9%, 59.6% and 62% of nurses indicating point, last month, 6 month, last year and lifetime prevalence of LBP respectively. There was a correlation between LBP and age, BMI, number of pregnancy and delivery, socio-economical class, anxiety and depression (p<0.01). There was also a significant correlation between duration of work, nursing post, ward and job satisfaction (p<0.01). Lifting was the most common mechanism for back injury (30.4%). Prolonged standing and rest were found to be the significant aggravating and relieving factors (57.6% and 59.2% respectively). Absenteesm due to LBP in the last month was reported by 33.7% of the sample with an average of 79 days/year. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that the magnitude of LBP amongst nursing personnel appears to be high and therefore more resources should be allocated to prevent such an injury in nursing profession. However, further research is certainly needed to evaluate the effects of different prevention strategies.  

Background and purpose: Malaria is one of the most fatal infectious diseases which annually kills more than 2 million people world wide. This parasitic infectious disease with global incidence rate of 300-500 million is one the most important complaints of our health system despite of strict preventive and treatment programs in IRAN. Because of special condition of Mazandaran climate we have both the sporadic and the endemic forms of this disease in different parts of our province. The Purpose of the present study was to define the epidemiologic condition of the disease through an incidence survey between 1999-2003 in Mazandaran province. Materials and methods: Present study is a descriptive study (old data) of 184805 files during a five years period between 1999-2003 in all of the 14 health centers of Mazandaran province. Demographic and other data were collected through a questionnaire consisting eleven questions. The data were then analyzed using descriptive statistical methods by SPSS software. Results: 518 patients were found infected with different kinds of malaria parasites, of whom 80.3% were the Afghan refugee, 13.7% were locally infected and 5% of them were passengers who came to Mazandaran from other Malaria endemic areas. Most of the cases (57.1%) belong to the age group (21-30 years) and 88.4% of them were male. Plasmodium Vivax was the most common parasite (96.9%). We noticed %150 increase in annuall parasite Incidence (API) during 1999-2003. Conclusion: Considering the high, Incidence rate of the disease in Mazandaran Province as well as high immigration rate from infected neighbour counties and special condition of Mazandaran climate, compaign against Malaria must continue. The incidence rate of malaria from 0.02% to 0.05% during these five years period. There for we need to enforce malaria control programs increased and improve the health system.  

Background and purpose: Accurate estimation of fetal weight is of paramount importance in the management of labor and delivery and may be related to critical points of decision making and proper management. This study was done in order to compare the accuracy of clinical and ultrasonic estimation of fetal weight in Imam Khomeini hospital of Sari, Iran. Materials and methods: During this study (March 2000- December 2004) 174 pregnant women met the inclusion criteria. Written consent was obtained from the patients and fetal weight was estimated by clinical examination and Johnson's formula at their admission by one physicians. Then they were transferred to the ultrasound ward and EFW was estimated by one sonologist. Finally, all newborns, weight were measured by one scale. Statistical analysis was done by frequency, Diagram, paired sample T Test. Results: The mean of the age of subjects was 24.95± 4.59 years and their mean weight was 72.07+1104 kg and the mean of their gestational age was 38 weeks± 5days. paired T test showed that there is no significant differences between estimated fetal weight by ultrasound and actual birth weight In SGA and LGA group EFW by this method had a significant difference with actual birth weight (P<0.001). In AGA group birth weight had no any significant difference with actual Birth weight. Conclusion: Accuracy of weight estimation using the clinical examination and ultrasound was found to be low in SGA and LGA groups. In LGA groups Johnson’s formula was more accurate than others. However, a systematic review with methaanalysis was recommended.  

MFOs are a large diverse superfamily of enzymes found in all insect tissues. They are involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics (e.g. drugs, pesticides and plant toxins) and endogenous compounds (e.g. ecdysteroids and juvenile hormones). They are also involved in bioactivation of phosphorothioate compounds such as organophosphorus insecticides. They have very diverse activities like hydroxylation, epoxidation, N-, O-or S-dealkylation, deamination, sulfoxidation, desulfuration and oxidative dehalogenation. Their diverse functions are achieved through diversity in structure. There are over 100 P450 genes in the Drosophila genome, usually arranged in family clusters. MFO-mediated insecticide metabolism is a common mechanism by which insects become resistant to insecticides. In this mini review article the role of oxidases in insecticide resistance is briefly discussed.

Fahr’s disease is a progressive and idiopathic basal ganglia calcification with normal metabolism of calcium and phosphore with motor and psychiatric sings and symptoms. Dementi, chorea attetosise, psychosis and depression due to Fahr’s disease are frequently reported, but Fahr’s disease with bipolar mood disorder manifestation is very rare and we found only 3 cases in review of literature from 1995 to 2005. In this case report, a 21-years old girl is presented who was admitted to Sari-Zare psychiatric hospital for aggression, restlessness and insomnia. After mental status examination and paraclinical investigation, bipolar mood disorder due to Fahr’s disease was detected. To date no specific treatment was found for this disease. This point is important that the patients with Fahr’s disease are sensitive to neuroleptic malignant syndrome.