Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Year:2017 | Volume:27 | Issue:147|Papers Count:44

Background and purpose: The use of an appropriate stimulus for increasing the rate of neural stem cell proliferation is one of the most important issues in cell therapy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of hydroethanolic extract of Stachys byzantina on hippocampus-derived neural stem cell proliferation and apoptosis.Materials and methods: In this experimental study, the neural stem cells were isolated from the hippocampus region of brain using enzymatic digestion. The neurospheres were dissociated to single cells and cultured on adherent plates. For these cells, immunocytochemical evaluation was performed for marker nestin. The isolated neural stem cells were pretreated with different doses of hydroethanolic extract of Stachys byzantina for 48 h, and then exposed to 125 mM of H2O2 for 30 min. The effects of this extract on cell survival and apoptosis were evaluated using MTT and TUNEL, respectively. To analyze the data, ANOVA and Tukey’s tests were run in SPSS, version 15.Results: In the current study, 800 μg/ml of Stachys byzantina extract significantly increased the proliferation rate of the neural stem cells. Furthermore, the results of the TUNEL staining demonstrated that Stachys byzantina extract did not have any protective effect on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis.Conclusion: Stachys byzantina extract increases the rate of neural stem cell proliferation. However, further studies are required to determine the effect of this extract on the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Background and purpose: Multiple lines of evidence demonstrated that Crocus sativus petals (saffron) have beneficial effects on some diseases such as diabetes. This study was carried out to elucidate the effects of ethanolic extract of SP on renal function in diabetic rats.Materials and methods: In this experimental study, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male Wistar rats (180-200 g) were orally treated with normal saline or 100 or 200 mg/kg of SP extract once a day for 28 days. Finally, fasting blood sugar (FBS), urine volume, 24 h urine total protein (UTP), blood nitrogen urea (BUN), and plasma creatinine (Cr) were assessed biochemically, and qualitative renal histomorphological alterations were evaluated pathologically. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests in SPSS, version 22.Results: The FBS, urine volume, UTP, BUN, and Cr levels significantly increased in diabetic rats compared to those of the normal control group (P<0.05). SP treatment significantly lowered the FBS level at 200 mg/kg (P=0.011) and decreased urine volume and BUN at both doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) in diabetic rats. However, neither of the doses could modify UTP and Cr. There were several histological alterations such as thickening of the basement membrane of the Bowman’s capsule, sclerosis, mesangial matrix expansion, and hyaline deposit in glomeruli of the diabetic rats. These alterations were found to be ameliorated when SP extract was administrated.Conclusion: SP may have beneficial effects against diabetic nephropathy through reducing extracellular matrix accumulation and its antioxidant properties.

Background and purpose: Viola odorata is a medical plant used in the treatment of hepatic disorders and relieving cancer pain. Melatonin (Mel) can act as an antioxidant and prevent cells against oxidative stress. This compound has a direct inhibitory effect on cancer cell proliferation. In the present study, we performed an in-vivo study to evaluate the effects of Viola odorata hydro-alcoholic extract (VOE) and MEL on tumor growth and NF-kB, TNFR1, and VCAM-1 expression rate in 4T1 breast cancer model.Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 4T1 cells, which were cultured in-vitro, were harvested and put in a serum-free suspension medium. The animals (five groups, n=5) received subcutaneous injections of 0.1 ml of cell suspension (0.8 million cells) in the right mammary gland or hind flank. The implanted BALB/c mice with 4T1 cells were treated with different concentrations of VOE (50, 150, and 250 mg/kg) and Mel (40 mg/kg) for 21 days. The control group received distilled water. The mice were sacrificed on day 22. NF-kB, TNFR1, and VCAM-1 expression rate was measured by Western Blotting technique. To analyze the data, ANOVA test was run in SPSS, version 16.esults: The size of tumors in Mel (P=0.000) and VOE250 (P=0.0001) treated mice was smaller compared to that of the control group. Our results indicated that Mel (P=0.022) and VOE250 (P=0.02) increased TNFR1 expression. On the other hand, Mel (P=0.034) and VOE150 (P=0.04) decreased VCAM-1 expression in the 4T1 breast cancer model. Unlike the Mel group, NF-kB expression reduced in the group receiving VOE250 compared to that of the control group (P=0.012).Conclusion: It seems that VOE and Mel can reduce the rate of tumor growth in 4T1 breast cancer model by decreasing the expression of VCAM-1 and NF-kB and enhancing the expression of TNFR1.

Background and purpose: Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Acute promyelocytic leukemia, which is the most common type of blood cancer in adults, is the most prevalent type of acute leukemia. This type of cancer is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation, inhibited differentiation of immature myloied progenitors (promyelocytes), and accumulation of abnormal promyelocytes in the bone marrow. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Acroptilon repens L. extract on the growth rate of the acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60).Materials and methods: This is an experimental study. The HL-60 cells are round with large nuclei. These cells were maintained at 37oC in 5% CO2 in RPMI-60 medium, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, and 1% penicillin and streptomycin. The cytotoxic effects of Acroptilon repens extract on HL-60 cell line was investigated using microculture tetrazolium test (MTT). To identify the cytotoxic doses, different dilutions of the Acroptilon repens extract were added to 96-well culture plate, each containing 20x4 cells. The treated cells were incubated for 24, 48, and 72 h, and then the viability of the cells was assessed using MTT.Results: According to the results, Acroptilon repens L. extract has cytotoxic effects in concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg/ml.Conclusion: As the findings indicated, Acroptilon repens L. extract could be effective in growth rate of acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60).

Background and purpose: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with several complications, such as delayed wound healing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral administration and topical application of hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis on cutaneous wound healing and serum biochemical changes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.Materials and methods: In this experimental study thirty-six Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of control, diabetic control, and diabetic treatment. After anesthesia, full-thickness pieces of skin (25x25 mm) were removed from upper dorsal part of the rats. Subsequently, 24 h after the operation, the wounds of the diabetic group were locally treated with topical application of 5% cream and oral administration of Melissa officinalis extract (2500 mg/kg) was performed by gavage, daily for three weeks. The control and diabetic control groups received no treatment. The wound surface areas were measured using linear and photographic methods on days 4, 7, 14, and 21. Incisional biopsies were performed to evaluate the wound healing rate and for histopathologic examination. Finally, blood samples were taken to measure the serum glucose level and biochemical factors including triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase using standard methods.Results: According to the results, administration of Melissa officinalis extract significantly reduced glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and creatine phosphokinase levels in the diabetic group (P<0.05). Additionally, the histopathological study showed that the collagen fibers density and wound healing increased in the diabetic treatment group.Conclusion: As the findings indicated, oral and topical administrations of Melissa officinalis extract accelerated the wound healing process and may act as an cardioprotective agent.

Background and purpose: Okra plant has different properties and some studies reported that this plant can lower the complications of diabetes. Herein, we studied the effects of okra powder on histomorphometry and histochemitry of the thyroid gland, lipid profile, as well as T3 and T4 hormones in HDF/STZ diabetic Wistar rats.Materials and methods: In this experimental study twenty-five adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided into five groups of control group, healthy rats without any treatment (G1), control group receiving 200 mg/kg of okra daily for four weeks (G2), diabetic rats without any treatment (G3), diabetic rats receiving 200 mg/kg of metformin daily for four weeks (G4), and diabetic rats receiving 200 mg/kg of okra daily for four weeks (G5). For inducing diabetes, the rats were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for four weeks. Then, streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) was injected intravenously. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken for measurement of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), as well as T3, and T4 hormones levels. The animals were euthanized and the thyroid glands were removed and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. 5-6m slices were made from paraffin section and stained by H&E and aldehyde fuchsin.Results: Compared to the control group, the number and size of large follicles of the thyroid gland decreased significantly in the diabetic group, while the number of small follicles increased significantly (P<0.05). There were significant reductions in concentrations of T3 and T4, whereas triglyceride and LDL-c levels elevated in the diabetic group (P<0.05). These changes were improved using metformin and okra compared to the diabetic group (P<0.05).Conclusion: Okra powder can be effective in preventing, managing, and attenuating the complications of diabetes.

Background and purpose: Traditionally, probiotics are extensively incorporated into fermented dairy products. Dairy products could cause two major problems including allergy to milk protein and lactose intolerance, which ultimately lead to limited consumption of these foods. Today, fruit or vegetable drinks are ideal sources of probiotics for consumers. In this study, we investigated the possibility of probiotic tomato juice production through fermentation by Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and presence of whole or soluble phase of bitter almond gum as prebiotic. In addition, the viability of probiotic cells in this non-dairy drink and their resistance to simulated gastric digestion were assessed.Materials and methods: The viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 in five tomato juice mixtures, including tomato juice containing 0.5 and 1% (w/v) soluble phase of bitter almond gum (SBAG), as well as 0.5 and 1% (w/v) whole bitter almond gum (WBAG), and tomato juice without gum (as control), was assessed during 48 h of fermentation (at 37oC) and 14 days of refrigeration (at 4oC). All the samples were stored at 4oC for seven days and then exposed to simulated gastric juice (SGJ) for 90 min.Results: Compared to other juices, the highest survival rate of Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 was observed in fermented tomato juice containing 1% SBAG. Moreover, SBAG exhibited more prebiotic effects compared to WBAG. Tomato juice formulation as a probiotic product caused no undesirable sensory effect on the final product.Conclusion: According to this study, SBAG increased the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and could be used as a suitable prebiotic to prepare fermented tomato juice.

Background and purpose: Measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), usually through RIA and ELISA tests, is very useful for the diagnosis of thyroid disorders. Considering the structural similarity between alpha chain of TSH and the three glycoprotein hormones of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and chorionic gonadotropin (CG), in this study, we aimed to examine the produced beta-subunit of TSH (TSHb) in terms of antigenicity.Materials and methods: In this study, human TSHb gene was synthesized using recombinant method. The cloning, expression, and purification were performed in Escherichia coli. Thereafter, antigenicity of the protein against antibodies against animal monoclonal TSH was evaluated using Western Blot technique.Results: TSHb gene was cloned and expressed correctly in the bacterial host. The purified protein reacted with the specific antibody in Western Blot. Conclusion: Although recombinant TSHb protein is different from the natural protein in some respects such as structure and spatial shape, it had acceptable antigenicity. On the other hand, it seems that this protein, due to having more TSH epitopes, can be applied in diagnostic kits to enahance the specificity of these tests.

Background and purpose: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease. Given that serologic test has some specific characteristics such as difficult growth, problems associated with culture, and cross-reactions with otherbacteria, in this study multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to detect the most common species of Brucella spp.Materials and methods: This experimental study was performed in Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran, 2015, in two bioinformatical and analytical stages. A universal primer was designed to detect Brucella genus and two primers were prepared for B. melitensis and B. abortus, which are the most common species. The target genes for universal Brucella, B. melitensis, and B. abortus primers were ITS, BMEII-0466, and BruAB2-0168, respectively. In the analytical stage, specificity and sensitivity of the primers were evaluated.Results: In this study, the universal primer of Brucella was detected in 83 bp at melt temperature of 82oC. Moreover, B. melitensis and B. abortus primers were specifically identified in 121 bp and 285 bp at melt tempretures of 84oC and 87oC, respectively. The sensitivity for the universal Brucella primer and B. abortus was 50 fg, while it was 100 fg for the B. melitensis primer.Conclusion: The identified primers revealed high levels of sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, they can be considered along with culture in clinical trials.

Background and purpose: Over the last few years, phthalic acid esters (PAEs) have attracted great attention due to their extensive production and use. These compounds are not only associated with endocrine disruption and cancer, but also considered as emerging and hazardous pollutants. Large amounts of PAEs are detected in industrial wastewaters. Due to the widespread use of adsorption method in industrial wastewater treatment, this study aimed to synthesize chitosane-graphene oxide composite and use it in diethyl phthalate (DEP) and diallyle phthalate (DAP) removal from industrial wastewater.Materials and methods: For the purpose of the study, Hummer’s method was used with some modifications to prepare graphene oxide synthesis. Adsorbent characteristics were analyzed using SEM and XRD techniques. The effect of pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and concentrations of DEP and DAP was determined. Subsequently, the isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic equations of adsorption were investigated based on optimum conditions.Results: According to the results, the highest removal efficiency rates for DEP and DAP were 96% and 99%, respectively, which were observed in pH=4, contact time of 180 min, 0.3 g/L of adsorbent dose, and 15 mg/L initial concentration of PAEs. Isotherm and kinetic studies also showed that adsorption process of PAEs followed the Langmuir and Freundlich models (R2>0.96) and pseudo-second order model kinetics (R2>0.99), respectively. In evaluating the thermodynamic reaction, the positive values of DHo and negative values of DSo illustrated that the reactions were endothermic and spontaneous, respectively.Conclusion: Chitosan-graphene oxide composite is capable of removing DEP and DAP effectively and can be used as an efficient adsorbent for the related industrial wastewater treatment.

Background and purpose: We aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation on executive functions (attention and working memory) in adolescents surviving acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a history of chemotherapy.Materials and methods: This clinical trial was conducted in 30 adolescents who survived acute lymphoblastic leukemia and had a history of chemotherapy. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups of intervention and waiting list (n=15 per group). The subjects in the experimental group were provided with 12 45-minute sessions of cognitive rehabilitation of memory and attention. The data was obtained using Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Continuous Performance Test in the three stages of pretest, post-test, and follow-up. Data analysis was performed using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (MANCOVA).Results: Wisconsin test showed significant improvements in the scores of working memory and shifting attention in components of correct responses, errors, classes, and preservation variable in the intervention group (P<0.05). Moreover, significant performance enhancement was observed in the continuous attention test and components of commission error and error of omission in continuous performance test among the intervention group (P<0.05).Conclusion: Cognitive defects have negative impacts on the lives of of those surviving leukemia. Therefore, further studies are required to evaluate the role of cognitive rehabilitation in improvement of quality of life in this group of individuals.

Background and purpose: Uncontrolled postoperative pain after caesarean section leads to increased complications and mortality rates. This study aimed to compare the effects of intraperitonea administration of bupivacaine, morphine, and dexamethasone on pain after caesarean section.Materials and methods: This interventional, double-blind study was conducted in 144 pregnant women aged 20-45 years, undergoing elective caesarean section. The participants were randomly selected and divided into four groups (n=36). All patients underwent general anesthesia. During the last stage of surgery, 30 cc of bupivacaine 0.25%, 16 mg of dexamethasone (diluted to 30 cc), 5 mg of morphine (diluted to 30 cc), and 30 cc of saline were intraperitoneally administered by a surgeon in groups one (B), two (D), three (M), and control (S), respectively. Postoperative pain scores (within the range of 0-10) in the participants were recorded at two, four, and six hours after surgery using visual analog scale (VAS). Moreover, the number of analgesic medications, vital signs, and incidence of nausea and vomiting were recorded. The patients with VAS scores higher than three were administered with intravenous meperidine. Data analysis was performed in SPSS, version 23, using ANOVA test. All P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results: Significant differences were observed between the control group and other groups in VAS score and mean consumption of meperidine in recovery, and at two, four, and six hours after the surgery (P<0.001). At four and six hours after the surgery the participants in the dexamethasone (0.75±0.21, 0.52±0.12) and bupivacaine (0.86±0.35, 0.83±0.28) groups experienced the lowest level of pain, compared to the other groups.Conclusion: This study showed that intraperitoneal administration of intraperitoneal administration of bupivacaine, morphine, and dexamethasone significantly reduced postoperative pain during the first six hours after caesarean section.

Background and purpose: Fentanyl is commonly used for spinal analgesia during labor, but it is associated with high incidence of pruritus. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of intravenous injection of prophylactic granisetron on the incidence and severity of pruritus induced by intrathecal fentanyl among the parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.Materials and methods: This double-blind clinical trial was performed in 136 ASA I or II (based on the American Society of Anesthesiology Classification) women undergoing elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (10 mg) and fentanyl (25 μg). After parturition and clamping of the umbilical cord, the subjects were randomized to receive 1 mg of IV granisetron (group G) or 0.9% saline (group S). To compare the incidence and severity of pruritus between the two groups, Fisher’s exact test and t-test were performed, respectively, using SPSS version 21.Results: The overall incidence of pruritus was 3.74% (group S=5.76% and group G=1.72%). In the G group, the incidence of pruritus was significantly different and lower in recovery (P=0.01). There were significant differences between the groups in terms of severity of pruritus during surgery, which was lower in the G group (P=0.005).Conclusion: This study showed that granisetron as the 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) subtype 3 antagonists may reduce the incidence and severity of pruritus induced by intrathecal opioid.

Background and purpose: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder (prevalence rate: 2.2-26%) in women of childbearing age. Symptoms of this condition are associated with psychological distress. Evaluation of cognitive function of PCOS patients has yielded discrepant results. Given that cognitive function of these patients might be affected by depression and anxiety, this study aimed to evaluate the level of depression and anxiety in this group of women, investigate their association with cognitive function, and compare the results with those of healthy women.Materials and methods: This case-control study was conducted in 53 patients with PCOS, selected using the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria, and 50 healthy women as control group. Anxiety and depression levels were evaluated by Beck’s anxiety and depression inventories (second edition). Moreover, cognitive function of the participants was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Data analysis was performed in SPSS, version 21, using t-test, Chi-square and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.Results: In this study, the mean depression score was significantly higher than that of the control group (20.35±9.82 vs. 14.46±8.40; P=0.001). In addition, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of anxiety score, which was higher in the patient group (17.35±10.44 vs.12.40±9.65; P=0.01). Frequencies of severe depression and anxiety in the patient group were 30.2% and 26.4%, respectively, while they were 6% and 12% in the control group, respectively; the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.007 and P=0.02, respectively). However, no significant association was noted between cognitive function and levels of depression (r=-0.033, P=0.81) and anxiety (r=-0.15, P=0.26).Conclusion: Prevalence of depression was found to be high in patients with PCOS. Despite many reports, we found no association between depression and anxiety levels in PCOS patients and their cognitive function.

Background and purpose: There are conflicting results in the literature about the relationship between anthropometric factors and postural stability of people. No study has investigated the role of anthropometric changes in the variation of balance recovery mechanisms. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between anthropometric factors and postural stability and the association between these factors and range of motion (ROM) of the joints involved in balance recovery.Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was crried out in the elderly aged 60 or higher in Kerman, Iran. For this purpose, 30 elderly males were randomly selected and their body height and weight were measured. The ankle/hip ROM and postural stability were assessed using Motion Analysis and Biodex Balance Systems, respectively. Finally, the Pearson correlation test was used to determine the relationship between the variables.Results: According to the results, there was a significant relationship between the anthropometric factors and postural stability of the elderly. The results also indicated an association between the anthropometric factors and the ankle/hip ROM, which was not statistically significant.Conclusion: Increase in anthropometric factors reduced postural stability and changed ankle/hip ROM in the elderly, which can raise their risk of fall. Therefore, anthropometric factors are believed to be appropriate criteria for predicting the risk of fall in the elderly.

Background and purpose: Obesity is one of the health problems, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Many studies investigated the effects of using whole body vibration (WBV) with other methods on body composition. However, no study has examined the effect of WBV alone on body composition. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of WBV with exercise and WBV alone on body composition in young healthy adults.Materials and methods: This clinical trial was conducted in 390 healthy adults, who were obese or overweight. The samples were randomly divided into three groups of WBV alone, WBV with exercise, and control. The intervention was carried out three times a week for 12 weeks. The control group received no intervention. The body composition indices were measured before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using parametric tests in SPSS, version 18. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results: Compared to the control group, significant reductions were noted in the mean scores for body composition, body fat percentage (BFP), body mass index (BMI), and weight in the intervention groups (P<0.001). However, these indices were not significantly different between the intervention groups (P=0.554). Additionally, the mean changes of the waist-hip ratio did not show a significant difference between the three groups (P=0.574).Conclusion: WBV and WBV with exercise could reduce BFP, BMI, and weight; there was no specific difference between the two methods. Thus, WBV alone can affect body composition in young healthy adults.

Background and purpose: The first conflict with disability takes place in the family, which is associated with certain socio-economic and psychological aspects. Social capital is one of the social factors that affects health. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between social capital and mental health of families with disabled members in Tehran, Iran.Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study is a secondary analysis conducted based on the data obtained from the Urban Health Equity Assessment and Responses National Tool Project, which was administered in 2011. The study population included 3571 families with disabled members, who completed the mental health questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling in SPSS and AMOS.Results: The participants included 48.4% males. Among the participants, 66.8% were not in good state of mental health. The values for bonding and total social capital were lower than the standard levels. The results of the structural equation modeling showed a significant relationship between social capital and mental health of the families with disabled members.Conclusion: Social capital is a significant and effective factor in the mental health of families with disabled members. Therefore, appropriate conditions are needed to improve social participation and public trust and increase emotional, mental, and social support to promote the state of mental health in involved families.

Background and purpose: Irrational beliefs are among the factors affecting the tendency to use tobacco. Today, there is a growing trend of waterpipe (hookah) smoking among the youth in Iran. This study aimed at comparing irrational beliefs among young adult hookah smokers and young athletes.Materials and methods: This descriptive study was conducted in 600 individuals who were selected using stratified random sampling, in Zahedan, Iran, 2015. The participants included 300 hookah smokers in traditional teahouses and 300 individuals attending bodybuilding gyms. Data collection was performed using the Jones’ Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT).Results: The mean ages of the young hookah smokers and athletes were 23±6 and 22±2 years, respectively. The results of MANOVA test indicated a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of all irrational beliefs. Accordingly, the mean score of irrational beliefs score in the hookah smokers was much higher than that of the young athletes (F=71.42, Wilks lambda=0.452, P=0.00).Conclusion: Irrational beliefs are believed to be amongst the main factors affecting the tendency of young people to smoke hookah.

Background and purpose: Suicide is one of the most important social issues and a major cause of mortality in Iran. This study was conducted to evaluate the factors associated with suicide deaths in Eyvan, Iran.Materials and methods: Data of all registered suicide cases during 2005-2011 in Eyvan was obtained from the suicide registry in Ilam province. Chi-square test was used to evaluate the relationship between qualitative variables, and logistic regression multivariate analysis was performed to assess the association between potential risk factors and suicide.Results: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 820 cases (mean age: 24.9±9.7 years), including 395 (48.2%) males and 425 (51.8%) females, had attempted suicide. Suicide resulted in death in 56 (7.1%) cases. The majority of the study population were single (64%) and about 50% were unemployed. The most common methods of suicide were drug poisoning and self-immolation. There was a significant relationship between marital status, educational level, method of suicide, age (P<0.01), and time of the event (P<0.05) and the suicide outcome. Risk of death due to suicide was four times higher in married individuals, compared to single ones. Moreover, illiterate individuals were 80% more likely to die after suicide, compared to literate ones. Suicide through self-immolation caused death 12 times more than that of agricultural pesticides.Conclusion: According to this study, suicide is a serious problem in Eyvan district. Risk of death due to suicide was found to be higher in married and illiterate individuals, as well as those who committed suicide through self-immolation. These results could be of great use for taking preventive measures.

Background and purpose: Monitoring of health and its determinants in general population is essential for development of societies, promoting health and disease prevention programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of social support and self-efficacy with mental health and life satisfaction in individuals living in suburbs of Kermanshah, Iran.Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in summer of 2015 on 438 residents of Kermanshah suburbs who were selected using multistage cluster sampling. Data was collected using demographic characteristic form, Perceived Social Support Scale, General Self-efficacy Scale (GSE), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and general health Questionnaire (GHQ). Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation and Structural Equation Modeling in SPSS version 18 and Amos software, respectively.Results: The mean age of the participants was 29.87±11.43 years and 45% were male. The mean age of the participants was no significant difference between the males and females regarding the main variables of the study (P>0.05). The mean scores for perceived social support, self-efficacy, life satisfaction, and GHQ were 38.95, 27.22, 13.41, and 15.58, respectively. According to the results, self-efficacy had a mediating role in the relationship of social support and life satisfaction with mental health.Conclusion: The mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship of social support with life satisfaction and general health, suggests that social support can enhance life satisfaction and reduce mental disorders when self-efficacy is high.

Background and purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the implant survival rates and the length and diameter in disabled veterans attending Qazi Tabatabai Dental Clinic, Tehran, Iran during 2000-2010.Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 181 disabled veterans referring to Qazi Tabatabai Clinic. They received 1,255 implants from three different manufacturers including 3i (Riverside drive, Palm Beach, Gardens, F1, USA), Xive (Friadent GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), and BH (Goteborg, Sweden). The length of implantswas classified as short (8-10 mm), medium (11-13 mm), and long (14-15 mm), and the diameter was classified as narrow, regular, and wide. The data analysis was performed using the R statistical software. To evaluate the impacts of the implant length and diameter on its survival rate, the frailty parametric model, with exponential distribution as baseline hazard and gamma distribution as frailty was used.Results: The mean age and injury rate of the patients were 49.47±5.61 years and 42.98%, respectively. In addition, the estimated medians of survival time for 3i, Xive, and BH implants were 76.15, 79.06, and 77.94 months, respectively. There was no significant difference between the survival rate and type of implant (P=0.353). Regarding the implant length, the 3i implant with with long length (14-15 mm) and the Xive implant with medium length (11-13 mm) had the lowest (88%) and highest success rates (97.8%), respectively. According to the frailty model, the higher length and diameter in 3i and Xive implants were associated with higher failure rates; but this condition was not observed in BH implants.Conclusion: We found a significant relationship between implant failure and short length implants. However, no relationship was observed between failure of implant and its diameter.

Background and purpose: By increasing use of X-ray in medical diagnosis, it is essential to gain awareness on the amount of absorbed dose in patients according to the world standard levels. The aim of this study was to estimate the entrance surface dose (ESD) and effective dose (ED) of the patients in imaging (chest and abdomen) with diagnostic radiology systems in Hamadan, Iran; and comparing the results with those reported from other cities of Iran and the safety standards proposed by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).Materials and methods: The participants included 10 patients attending Hamedan radiology centers. Three thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) were used to measure the dose of each patient. The measurements were performed for each organ and system and the information of patients, system, and exposure conditions was recorded. Then, the ESD and ED values were calculated and the results were compared with those reported by other studies and the IAEA standard levels.Results: The ESD values showed no significant difference between various models of radiology systems (P>0.05). The mean ESD values in current study for chest and abdomen X-ray were 0.43±0.09 and 2.51±0.19 mGy, repectively. The mean ED values for chest and abdomen radiology were 0.05 and 0.33 mSv, respectively.Conclusion: The ESD value calculated for chest X-ray was higher than that suggested by IAEA, but this value for abdomen was found to be lower than that accepted by IAEA. Moreover, the mean ED values for both chest and abdomen radiology examinations were lower than those proposed by the IAEA.

Background and purpose: Amoxicillin is one of the antibiotics that has received especial attention as it causes resistance in bacteria. This compound enters the aquatic environment through different routes including human and animal waste, sewage, and waste disposal of medical health centers, veterinary and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to remove amoxicillin from aqueous environments by advanced oxidation method using synthesized bimetallic CuFe2O4 nanoparticles.Materials and methods: For the purpose of this study, CuFe2O4 was synthesized through the sol-gel method. The physical and structural characteristics of this catalyst were analyzed using SEM, TEM, XRD, EDX, and VSM techniques. Additionally, this study investigated the effects of pH, initial concentrations of amoxicillin and hydrogen peroxide, and catalyst dosage on the reduction of amoxicillin and Total Organic Carbon (TOC). The concentrations of amoxicillin and TOC were determined by HPLC and TOC analyzers, respectively.Results: The highest efficiency in removal of amoxicillin was 99.27% obtained in optimum conditions with CuFe2O4 at 50 ppm, pH=4, amoxicillin concentration of 90 ppm, hydrogen peroxide concentration of 30 mmol, 30 min contact time, and 20oC temperature. In this condition the removal of TOC was found to be 36.42%.Conclusion: The process studied here has a proper efficiency in removal of amoxicillin; but higher contact time is needed for adequate removal of TOC.

Background and purpose: The emission of hydrogen sulfide (a malodorous and toxic pollutant) into the atmosphere is considered a public health concern due to its potential hazardous effects on human health. Therefore, the removal of hydrogen sulfide from polluted air streams is of paramount importance. This study aimed to evaluate the role of a polyurethane foam/palm fiber-based biofilter in the removal of hydrogen sulfide.Materials and methods: Air stream containing H2S was introduced into the biofilter at a flowrate of 7 L/min and an empty bed retention time (EBRT) of 47 seconds. The inlet and outlet concentrations of H2S were measured. Moreover, the amount of sulfate and pH in bed, leachate from the biofilter and pressure drop along the biofilter height were monitored.Results: In this study, the biofilter provided 100% removal efficiency for inlet H2S concentration of 288.0 mg/m3 at EBRT of 47 seconds. The maximum elimination capacity (ECmax) of the biofilter was 24.1 g/m3.h at a loading rate of 28.0 g/m3.h, corresponding to a removal efficiency of 86.1%. As the elimination capacity of H2S increased the sulfate content of packing bed increased to 10.8 mg/g bed and the pH reduced to <2.1. The pressure drop along the biofilter column remained <5 mm throughout the operational period.Conclusion: The polyurethane foam/palm fiber mixture could be considered as a potential biofilter carrier, with low-pressure drop, to treat air streams containing H2S.

Background and purpose: Recently, concerns regarding high concentrations of antibiotics in the environment have increased. Tetracycline is one of the most common antibiotics in human, agricultural, and veterinary treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of Fenton oxidation process for tetracycline removal from synthetic wastewater.Materials and methods: In this study, we assessed the effect of changes in initial antibiotic concentration (40-80 mg/l), molar ratio of [H2O2]/[Fe+2] (5-15), and contact time (5-30 minutes) on the efficiency of Fenton process. Tetracycline concentration was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, biodegradability rate was evaluated through chemical oxygen demand (COD) tests. Data analysis was performed in R software based on central composite design model.Results: The optimal condition using Fenton process included initial concentration of 57 mg/l, molar ratio of [H2O2]/[Fe+2]= 11.27, and 30 min contact time which resulted in removal of 90.15% of tetracycline and 74.6% of COD.Conclusion: Fenton treatment, which is a safe, cost-effective, and easy process could be used as an effective method to remove tetracycline from aqueous environments.

Background and purpose: Furfural is a toxic chemical that is widely used in refinery and petrochemical industries. Wastewater containing furfural need appropriate treatments before being disposed to the environment in order to avoid the toxic effects of this compound on the environment and human. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of electrocoagulation process in removal of furfural.Materials and methods: This experimental study was conducted using a Plexiglas reactor with an approximate volume of 500 ml equipped with four Al and Fe electrodes (Anode-Cathode) in monopolarparallel mode. The effects of operating parameters such as electrodes connection, type of electrodes, pH of solution, applied voltage, furfural initial concentration, and reaction time were evaluated by defined factor of 4x4 using Taguchi L16 orthogonal array in a batch mode. Concentration of furfural was determined using HPLC wavelength of 254 nm. Data analysis was performed in Minitab 16TM software.Results: Based on the results of the Taguchi method, the optimum conditions for furfural removal included the initial furfural concentration of 100 mg/L, pH=7, voltage=10 V, and reaction time=30 min. The contribution rate of each parameter was determined through ANOVA test. Accordingly, the most and least influential factors were found to be the initial furfural concentration and pH, respectively. Furthermore, in optimum conditions, the furfural removal efficiency of this model was 94.7%.Conclusion: As the findings of the present study indicated, electrocoagulation process is believed to be an effective method in furfural removal which could remove 95% of furfural in optimum laboratory conditions.

Background and purpose: Diazinon is an organophosphorus insecticide, which is classified as a relatively dangerous product by the World Health Organization. Entrance of this pollutant into water resources can have detrimental effects on human health and environment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of pulsed alternative current and the electrocoagulation-flotation (ECF) processes in removal of diazinon from aqueous solutions.Materials and methods: An applied laboratory-scale experiment was designed. Diazinon removal was performed using ECF and pulsed alternative current in a 750 ml borosilicate glass intermittent flow reactor, equipped with a magnetic stirrer, an electrical source, a pulsar, and four aluminum electrodes. The optimized operating conditions were also assessed using 10-500 mg/L of diazinon.Results: According to the results, the removal efficiency of diazinon was found to range between 5% to 85%. Investigation of the operational parameters demonstrated significance of the initial concentration of diazinon, current density, the number of pulses, and electrical conductivity in efficiency of ECF process. The maximum removal efficiency of diazinon was found to be 85% (213 mg of diazinon), which was achieved in an operating condition with pH=7, current density of 46.7 A/m2, electrical conductivity of 600 mS/cm, and process time of 45 min.Conclusion: According to this study, ECF method could be used along with pulsed alternative current for removal of high concentrations of diazinon from wastewater. Additional processes are needed to meet the standards of drinking water.

Background and purpose: Currently, leachate production and its management are major environmental problems associated with the operation of solid waste landfill. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of combined processes of coagulation, ozonation, and advanced oxidation using UV-activated oxone in treatment of landfill leachate of Zahedan, Iran.Materials and methods: This experimental-laboratory study included chemical coagulation using poly aluminum chloride (PAC), ozonation, and chemical oxidation using potassium peroxymonosulfate (oxone). For the purpose of this study, the effect of critical operating parameters on treatment of landfill leachate was investigated. These operating parameteres included: pH (3-8) and concentration of PAC (50-250 mg/l) in chemical coagulation process, time of ozonation (5-20 min), pH of solution (2-10), concentration of oxone reactant (150-750 mg/l), contact time with oxone (60-360 min), temperature (20-45oC), and intensity of UV lamp in oxidation process using oxone (8, 15, 30 W).Results: According to the results, the overall efficiency rates of this process in removal of total coliform, fecal coliform, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 99%, 99%, 97%, 100%, 91.1%, and 85.62%, respectively, with optimum PAC concentration=250 mg/L, pH=6 at the chemical coagulation phase, ozonation duration=20 min, reaction time=180 min during oxone-based oxidation process, oxone concentration=750 mg/L, pH=5, temperature=25oC, and UV lamp intensity=8 W. Furthermore, the BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.42 to 0.72 after completion of the treatment process.Conclusion: Current study showed that application of combined processes of chemical coagulation, ozonation, and advanced oxidation using UV-activated oxone are highly efficient in removing major pollutants from waste landfill leachate.

Background and purpose: Chlorophenol compounds are refractory and toxic contaminants that enter the environment as a result of industrial activities. They can contaminate water sources through leaking into the groundwater or being washed out from polluted soil. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the rate of 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) degradation using the UV/NaPS process.Materials and methods: In this investigation, the photochemical oxidation process was conducted in a batch type laboratory-scale photoreactor (1.5 L) equipped with a 50000 mWS/Cm2 power. This study also investigated the effects of independent variables including sodium persulfate concentration(8.4-84 mmol/L), pH (3-10), 4-CP concentration (0.5.5 mmol/L), and reaction time (2-30 min) on the removal efficiency of 4-CP. The effluent concentration of 4-CP was measured by the UV-visible spectrophotometer at 280 nm wavelength. In addition, kinetic model was investigated.Results: The optimum removal efficiency of 4-C by UV/NaPS process was 89.3% with sodiumpersulfate concentration of 8.4 mmol/L, pH of 5, initial 4-CP concentration of 1.5 mmol/L, and reaction time of 30 min. Moreover, 60.4% of the total organic carbon (TOC) was removed under similar condition. In addition, the data was found to follow the first-order kinetics.Conclusion: Considering the growing use of UV radiation in water treatment processes and the considerable efficiency of UV/NaPS process in removing 4-CP, this method can be proposed for the elimination of 4-CP after performing cost-benefit analyses

Background and purpose: Dust storms can transfer particulate pollutants to long distances, and in some cases, to thousands of kilometers from their source. These dust storms can carry very large volumes of bioaerosols such as fungal species which are the causes of respiratory infections and allergies. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of dust storms on transmission of fungal species in atmospheric air of Ilam, Iran.Materials and methods: For the purpose of study, the concentration of suspended particles in the air of Ilam was measured during normal and dusty days for one year using the standard protocols.esults: As the results indicated, the northern deserts of Iraq are responsible for most of the dust storms in Ilam. The higher number of dust storms during the warm season increased the average concentration of these particles within the first six months of the year. The PM2.5/PM10 ratios of the ordinary and dusty days were 0.248 and 0.191, respectively, indicating natural origins of dust particles. Results of Mann-Whitney non-parametric test demonstrated a significant difference between the  usty and ordinary days regarding the fungal colonies (P<0.05). Accordingly, with increase in concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5, the density of airborne fungal colonies rose. According to the Kruskal-Wallis test, the concentrations of fungal colonies were significantly different during different months and seasons of the year (P<0.05). In the present study, the most common fungal species were Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria.Conclusion: The findings of the current study revealed that the ambient concentration of fungal species is affected by dust concentration as the concentration of fungal species on dusty days w s higher than normal days.

Background and purpose: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis may be prone to opportunistic infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Materials and methods: This cohort study was conducted in 286 rheumatoid arthritis patients. Blood samples were assayed for anti-toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies. The patients were followed up for six months. In addition, ESR, RF, Anticcp, and DSA28 levels were measured. Data analysis was done in SPSS, ver.18.Results: We studied 286 rheumatoid arthritis patients of whom only 27 were positive for antitoxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies. According to the results, the mean levels of IgG and IgM were significantly different at the beginning of the study and after 6-month follow-up (P≤0.01 and P≤0.022, respectively).Conclusion: As the findings of the present study indicated, patients with rheumatoid arthritis may be prone to toxoplasmosis. The six-month follow-up revealed that the treatment of this disease with immunosuppressive drugs increased the risk of toxoplasmosis. Consequently, patients with rheumatoid arthritis are vulnerable to opportunistic infections and should be carefully monitored.

Background and purpose: Intestinal bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics; but there are some reports on the effects of medicinal plants in digestive disorders. Today, medicinal herbs are more suggested due to increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, people are more relying on the medicinal herbs. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of orange peel extract.Materials and methods: After collecting orange peel samples, the methanol extract was provided using maceration method and the effect of this extract against the standard strains of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica) was assessed using microdilution (well plates) in brain-heart infusion medium.Results: In this study, all the standard strains of bacteria in wells were sensitive to the extract. Meanwhile, different minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were observed in various genera. The first group (Bacillus cereus) was the most sensitive due to receiving MIC=3.12 m/ml of the extract. In the second group, Staphylococcus and Salmonella were expressed as they were administered administered MIC 6.25 m/ml of the extract. The third group (Klebsiella and Pseudomonas) was listed as the most resistant group, which received MIC=12.5 m/ml of the extract.Conclusion: Research on the use of natural products, which are used in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal disorders, can be valuable in terms of antibacterial activity and adjustment of microbial flora. In this study, it was demonstrated that orange peel can inhibit the growth of many bacteria in-vitro.

Background and purpose: Hearing improvement tools like cochlear implants and hearing aids have largely helped children with hearing loss in terms of the speech production and comprehension by providing them with auditory input. The aim of this study was to investigate the phonological skills in the six-year-old children with cochlear implants and severe hearing aids and normal hearing children.Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 60 six-year-old children, selected using convenience sampling. The participants were divided into three groups (n=20 per group): cochlear implant, hearing aid, and normal hearing. The phonological processes were examined using phonological analysis. Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's test were used to compare the phonological skills in three groups. Additionally, the Kruskal-Wallis test (followed by the Dunn post-hoc test) was used to compare the phonological skills in these three groups.Results: Some phonological processes, percentage of consonants correct, and concurrence between single word and connected speech in disorder group were significantly higher than those in normal hearing (P<0.05), but this difference was not significant between cochlear implanted and hearing aid users (P>0.05).Conclusion: Generally, children with hearing loss that use cochlear implants and hearing aids could not completely accomplish all the phonetics. Therefore, they should reverie hearing and speech rehabilitation which helps them avoid further phonological problems.

Background and purpose: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the main medical and health problems worldwide. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the effect of environmental factors on the incidence of this disease. In so doing, we can determine the critical and deficient areas, the risk factors for the disease, and implement preventive and therapeutic interventions.Materials and methods: In this retrospective, descriptive-analytic study we used available information in health centers in Mashhad, Iran. Personal, demographic, environmental, and geographic data was the main basis of our study to identify the high-risk areas.Results: We studied 813 patients diagnosed with TB in Mashhad health centers of Mashhad and its outskirts. The results showed significant relationship between the developing TB and nationality (P<0.05). Also, there was an association between risk of developing TB and living near major traffic arteries, areas with livestock farms or without waste collection system (P<0.05). The city's outskirts were determined as critical areas that need further considerations by health authorities.Conclusion: Given the increasing incidence rate of TB in Iran, particularly in Mashhad, and escalated TB mortality, identifying factors causing the disease, especially the environmental and demographic factors, can improve management of this disease.

Background and purpose: Heavy metals can enter into animals’ body through consumption of contaminated food and water and leave toxic effects on different organs. Considering the potential public health risk posed by heavy metal contamination, information about concentration of heavy metals in animals can help in analyzing the suitability of ecosystems.Materials and methods: This study was conducted in 15 and 25 wild greylag geese (from Gomishan Wetland and Khalij of Gorgan) and rural greylag geese (from villages of Golestan Province), respectively, that were randomly captured. Then, the tail feather and internal organ samples were taken from each bird and heavy metal concentrations were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophtometer (GBcA).Results: The concentrations of heavy metals were higher in the wild geese, compared to the rural ones. In addition, the highest concentration was observed in the tail feathers of wild geese (Hg=3.99±0.07 ppm, Zn=7.20±0.07 ppm, Pb=4.24±0.25 ppm). There was a significant difference in heavy metal concentrations in different organs (i.e., tail feather, liver, kidney, and muscle) (P<0.05).Conclusion: As the findings of the present study indicated, animals’ health can be potentially threatened by heavy metal contamination in rural areas and south of the Caspian Sea. So, appropriate control measures are needed to prevent heavy metal entry into the Caspian Sea and rural areas. Moreover, the goose consumers should be informed of the dangers of heavy metal accumulation, and the possibility of the transition of toxic metals through consumption of contaminated meat.

Background and purpose: Southern area of the Caspian Sea is an important resource of seafood products in Iran. One of the major factors affecting the health of seafood consumers is lead (Pb), due to its wide distribution and bio-accumulative property. In this study, all the studies, conducted during 2003-2016 on the amount of lead in white, mullet, and carp fish at the southeastern coast of the Caspian Sea were assessed.Materials and methods: This meta-analysis used the data on 1242 muscle tissues of Rutilus frisii kutum, Liza auratus, Liza saliens, and Cyprinus carpio collected from the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. The level of lead concentration in samples was obtained from recently published articles in valid scientific journals. Then, dietary consumption risk and consumption limit of these fishes were assessed.Results: In this study, mean concentrations of lead in fish muscle tissues were higher compared to levels accepted by various various national. However, daily and weekly absorption of this element through fish consumption was lower than the dose permitted by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization. It was found that 0.23, 0.43, and 0.28 kg/day of Caspian white fish, mullet, and carp for adults, and 0.048, 0.09, and 0.58 kg/day of the these fishes can be consumed by children, respectively, without any non-carcinogenic effects.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, a great difference was observed between various studies in terms of the reported effect factor. While publication bias was notable, it seems that the current amount of consumption of the evaluated fish has led to no serious health risks in consumers.

Background and purpose: Gold is one of the biochemical compounds in the human body, the effects of which on the activities of some organs has been studied by some researchers. Islam prohibits the use of gold for men, so, this review study investigated the effect of gold on male reproductive system.Materials and methods: Valid electronic databases were searched using the keywords associated with fertility and gold in English- and Persian and the search was limited to articles published during 2001-2015. The relevant retrieved articles were included in the study. In addition, reference textbooks were hand-searched and some reliable scientific databases were used.Results: Out of the 77 retrieved articles, 14 studies that examined the effect of gold on the male reproductive system were included. Most of the findings suggested that the amount of gold in the seminal fluid and sperm might affect the male reproductive system.Conclusion: This study showed that the amount of gold in male genitals affects fertility. Considering the paucity of scientific studies on this issue, positive or negative effects of gold on male fertility cannot be concluded, hence further studies are required to derive an accurate conclusion.

Background and purpose: Phenylketonuria (PKU), a genetic disorder with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, is mainly due to phenyalanine hydroxylase deficiency. In Iran, many studies have investigated the genetics of this disease among different populations. This study aimed to report the frequencies of the mutations for each population as determined in different studies.Materials and methods: The studies that were published during 2003-2015 in online databases including PubMed, ISI Web of Science, SCOPUS, Science Direct, SID, Wiley Online Library, and Elsevier were searched. To this aim, a combination of the following keywords was employed: 'phenylketonuria', 'phenylketonuria + Iran', 'mutation+phenylketonuria + Iran', and 'phenylketonuria+genetics and Iran'.Results: Totally, 11 studies were on the genetics of PKU. According to the results, 53 mutations were reported in different populations of Iran. Nonsense, deletion, missense, and splice-site mutations, were detected in 6, 6, 28, and 30 cases, respectively. Furthermore, IVS10-11G>A and p.Pro281Leu, p.Gln383Ter and IVS10-11G>A, and p.Arg252Trp were found to be the most prevalent mutations in Azerbayjan and Kermanshah, Khorasan, and Isfahan, repectively. Additionally, p.Gln375Arg and p.Gln383Ter were the two mutations observed in Khuzestan and Khorasan for the first time.Conclusion: Considering the prevalence of consanguineous marriage in Iran, determining the common PAH gene mutations is important for designing screening panels.