Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences
Year:2018 | Volume:26 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:25

Introduction: Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is a socio-psychological disorder which includes a habitual dependence to the Internet and its compulsive and obsessive misuse. This research intends to clarify the association of various types of social skills, self-efficacies, lifestyles, with IAD among high school sport students. Materials & methods: Considering the goal, this research was a practical. The samples covered 129 high school sport students of secondary school at their second term of the school year 2016-17 in Ilam ( southern Iran), selected through multistage stratified sampling. Data was gained using the following scales: General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), Teenage Inventory of Social Skills (TISS), Lifestyle Questionnaire (LSQ), and Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Data analysis was carried out using SPSS 19 and smart PLS3 applications, respectively. Findings: According to the results, the secondary school sport students’ social skills score at Ilam province was 126. 98, GSE 63. 51, LSQ 273. 51, and IAT 45. 88. At. Life style, up to a certainty of 90%, proved to moderate the association between such students’ GSE and their IAT. Discussion & conclusions: Based on the results of the current study, lifestyle acted as a moderator in the association of secondary school students’ self-efficacy with internet addiction. it seems necessary to interfere and make effective interventions to improve the students’ lifestyle and strengthen their self-efficacies to prevent internet addiction among them.

Introduction: Considering the application of medicinal plants in treatment of endocrine diseases including ovarian function and also regarding the estrogenic properties of cumin (Cuminum cyminum), the present study aimed at evaluating effects of cumin essence on oestrogen, progesterone, and ovarian follicles changes in rat at presence or absence of dopaminergic agonist and antagonist. Materials & methods: In this experimental and animal model study, 35 female rats were divided into 7 groups which received normal saline (IP), Metoclopramide (90mg/kg-IP), Bromocriptin (4mg/kg-SC), Metoclopramide and Bromocriptin, Metoclopramide and cumin (4mg/kg-PO), cumin, Bromocriptin, and cumin for 10 days, respectively. Then, the rats were anesthetised with chloroform and their heart blood was collected for oestrogen and progesterone assessment. Afterward, ovaries and uterines were removed and weighted and the immature and mature follicles were counted. Findings: The results showed that metoclopramide decreases oestrogen and progesterone concentration and bromocriptin administration can reverse its effect. On the other hand, cumin application proved to decrease the weight of the rats and serum oestrogen concentration. Coadministration of cumin and bromocriptin increased oestrogen concentration and the numbers of folliculars. Discussion & conclusions: Cumin usage can accelerate the effects of bromocriptin as a dopaminergic on ovarian function.

Introduction: Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Several studies have shown that some lactobacillus strains can reduce cholesterol. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus fermentum isolated from the traditional yogurt on body weight and lipid trends in rats fed with a high-fat diet. Materials & methods: Forty male rats (200± 20 gr) were randomly divided into four groups. Rats in the first group received normal diet (N), the second group consumed normal diet with fermented milk containing L. fermentum (N-L), the third group received a high-fat diet to induce hypercholesterolemia (HF), and the fourth group were fed in a high-fat diet with fermented milk containing L. fermentum (HF-L). After 8 weeks, body weights and lipid metabolisms were measured. Findings: In the rats fed with a high-fat diet of fermented milk containing L. fermentum (HF-L), serum total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides levels were significantly lower than that of the group fed with a high-fat diet without probiotic supplementation (HF), whereas the serum HDL-C level significantly increased (p 0. 05). However, mean levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, and HDL-C were not markedly different among the N groups (N, N-L). Also, the gain in body weight of the HF group was significantly heavier than that of the HF-L group (p 0. 01). Discussion & conclusions: This study suggests that consumption of milk fermented by L. fermentum improves serum lipid trends in rats by lowering serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C levels, as well as by increasing HDL-C level. It also plays a role in the prevention of obesity induced by a high-fat diet.

Introduction: 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is one of the most important products of the Millard reaction. Several kinds of foods and beverages produce high amount of 5-HMF. In the recent years, many profitable effects of this compound have been demonstrated. Because of the role of T helper cells cytokines in the inflammatory responses, this study sought to investigate the effects of 5-HMF on IFN-γ and IL-4 levels respectively as Th1 and Th2 cytokines in BALB/c mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA). Materials & methods: BALB/c mice (n=5 for each group) were grouped as follow: control, vehicle, and two different treatment groups. The treatment groups received daily doses of 188 and 750 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The groups were immunized with OVA on days 7 and 28 except for the control. Interleukin 4(IL-4) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ ) levels were measured in serum by ELISA. Findings: IL-4 levels were significantly suppressed in 5-HMF treatment groups (P<0. 001). IFN-γ levels were significantly lowered in the treatment groups (P<0. 05). Further, no significant difference was observed in IL-4 and IFN-γ levels between the treatment groups (P>0. 05). Discussion & conclusions: 5-HMF reduced production of selected components of Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses in immunized BALB/c mice.

Introduction: Period of menopause is known as a time of disorders or changes in such women’ s bodies. However, these women don't know what these changes exactly are and how they can decrease this changes and disorders. This study mainly aimed at evaluating the effect of education on life style in menopausal women. Materials & Methods: This is a quasiexperimental study accomplished on 75 menopausal women of 50-60 years old referred to Sabalan hospital in Ardabil (easren Iran). A questionnaire of two parts was used to gather the necessary data. At first, the researcher invited menopausal women, and filled out their questionnaires through hearing their answers, then divided them into 5 groups of 15 members, and finally completed the pretest. Afterwards, the researcher trained every group in 8 sessions of one hour and a half for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks from finishing of training sessions, the researcher performed the posttest using the same questionnaire by interviewing. At the end, the data were analyzed by SPSS software (12 version), T kandal, and Mc Namar tests. Range of P value was less than 0/05. Findings: The results of this study showed that education is positively effective on the habits of nutrition, exercise, walking, and exposure to sun light, leisure time, and sleeping. Discussion & Conclusions: Education affect women manner to improve life style in menopausal period and it can cause promotion of women’ s health.

Introduction: Over the past years, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) due to their antiangiogenesis, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer activity have attracted researchers’ interests. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity effects of biosynthesized AgNP using red macroalgae Laurencia caspica on human breast cancer (T47D) cells. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, the biosynthesis of AgNPs was evaluated, using Laurencia caspica. The characterization of developed AgNPs was performed through ultraviolet-visible (UVvis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The T47D and MRC-5 cell lines were treated with various concentrations of fabricated AgNPs for 24 and 48 hours, rspectively. The viability effects of cells and half maximal inhibitory concentration )IC50( were evaluated by MTT assay. Findings: The fabricated AgNPs were monitoring characteristic surface Plasmon resonance peak at around 420nm. The SEM and TEM results for size and morphological studies of AgNPs showed that nanoparticles were of spherical shape ranging from 10 to 50 mm. The MTT results demonstrated that AgNPs significantly decreased the viability of cells in dose-and time-dependent manners. The IC50 value of nanoparticles for T47D and MRC-5 cell lines were calculated as 29. 37  g/mL and 42. 13  g/mL 48 hours following treatment with nanoparticles, respectively. Discussion & Conclusions: Based on the current study, the biosynthesized AgNPs can cause more cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells compared to the normal cells. Thus, they can be considered a promising procedure for the treatment of breast cancer.

Introduction: Meeting the increasing demand and satisfaction of patients from hospital services is considered the most important factor in the survival of health care institutions. The aim of this study was to identify the most effective reasons for patients to select health centers based on seven factors of marketing mix (7p) in Iranian hospitals. Materials & Methods: The present research is a escriptive-analytical study implemented in a cross-sectional approach in 2016. To collect data, Soltani et al. 's questionnaire, which was validated by qualified people and its reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (85%), was used. The statistical population of this study covered admited and discharged patients at educational hospitals affiliated to Iran's medical universities, selected out of five counties of north, south, east, west, and center of Iran and randomly selected from two hospitals in each region. Using a sample size formula, a ratio of N = 400 was determined. The obtained data was analyzed using Kruskal Wallis test in SPSS version 19. Findings: Among the seven dimensions of marketing in the selection of health centers, the highest index of prices (60. 2) and the lowest of advertising (17. 7) was the most significant. The type of insurance in the price index and the recommendation of the doctor in the index of advertising ranked first. The findings indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between the factors affecting patients' preferences in choosing a hospital (r=0. 278, p=0. 00). Discussion & Conclusions: The results showed that the most important factor in patients' interests was the low costs of the hospital as well as hospitals’ acceptance of all types of insurance, so that the patients’ payment charge might be reduced and some services provided to them free of charge.

Introduction: Diabetes induces leakage of hepatic enzymes from cytosol into the circulation and increases the plasma levels of these enzymes. In this study, the impacts of ginger (Zingiber Officinale) aqueous extract on the levels of liver enzymes, biochemical parameters, and histological changes in male rats were assessed following induction of diabetes by Streptozotocin. Materials & Methods: 42 male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups: the control (left untreated), diabetic control (received 70 mg/kg Streptozotocin once at the beginning of the experiment), the experimental groups 1 and 2 (daily received 250 and 500 mg/kg ginger aqueous extract, respectively), the experimental groups 3 and 4 (first received streptozotocin once, and then a daily dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg extract). Oral administration of aqueous extract continued over a period of two months. 48 hours after the last administration, blood samples were prepared and used for measurement of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and serum levels of albumin and total protein. Also, hepatic histological study was carried out in hematoxylin-eosin staining method. Findings: The serum levels of AST, ALT, and ALK enzymes in diabetic control group (recipient of 70mg/kg Streptozotocin) and the AST enzyme concentration in experimental group 2 (recipient of 500 mg/kg Ginger extract alone) increased significantly compared to the control group (p<0. 05). In contrast, the levels of ALT and ALP enzymes declined significantly in experimental group 1 (recipient of 250mg/kg extract alone) relative to the control p (< 0. 05). Serum concentrations of total protein and albumin reduced significantly in the experimental group 2 in comparison with the control group. Also, In experimental groups 3 and 4 (recipient of 250 and 500 mg/kg ginger extract and streptozotocin) relative to the diabetic control group, the levels of AST, ALT and ALP indicated a significant reduction, while the concentration of total proteins increased significantly in experimental group 3 (p < 0. 05). Finally, histological study revealed cellular necrosis, cellular inflammation, and vacuolar fat accumulation, disintegration of portal spaces and formation of large intercellular spaces in diabetic control relative to the control group. Such disorders were less significant in groups receiving streptozotocin along with 500mg/kg doses of extract compared to the group receiving streptozotocin alone. Discussion & Conclusions: Due to the presence of compounds such as gingerol, shoagol, and anthocyanins, ginger aqueous extract can possibly reduce hepatic toxicity caused by streptozotocin and improve the serum levels of liver enzymes.

Introduction: Biofilm formation mediated by a polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) is considered a major pathogenic factor of staphylococcus epidermidis. PIA production is regulated by icaADBC operon. IS256 causes phase variation of biofilm formation by inactivation of ica operon. This study was aimed at investigating the prevalence of IS256 and biofilm formation in staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from healthy human skin. Materials & Methods: 91 isolates of staphylococcus epidermidis were collected from the surface of healthy human skin. All the isolates were examined in terms of ability of biofilm formation by Microtiter plate assay. PCR technique with specific primers was used to determine the presence of IS2556. Additionally, all the isolates containing IS256 were examined in term of aminoglycoside resistance, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and glycopeptides by disk diffusion method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Findings: Out of the 91 isolates, only 8 (8/79%) cases contained IS256. The microtiter plate assay results showed that attachment abilities 58 (63/73%) lacked, 6 (6/6%) were weak, 14 (15/38%) were moderate and 13 (14/29%) were strong biofilm producers. The isolates containing IS256, 6 (75%) lacked, 1 (12/5%) was weak, and 1(12/5%) was moderate biofilm producer. The isolates containing IS256, 3 (37/5%) were resistant to gentamicin, 2 (25%) to amikacin, 2 (25%) to streptomycin, 1(12/5%) to ciprofloxacin, 1(12/5%) to ofloxacin and 4 (50%) were resistant to erythromycin, but no resistance to vancomycin was observed. Discussion & Conclusions: The results demonstrated no relation between the IS256 and biofilm formation. Not mutch resistance to aminoglycosides was observed in isolates containing IS256 hich. This is quite incompatible with the so-called role of IS256 in forming aminoglycoside resistance.

Introduction: Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as the occurrence of two or more abortion before 20th week of gestation. The etiology of RPL is unknown in 50% of cases, which defines as idiopathic RPL (IRPL). Immune-related embryo injuries play an important role in the occurrence of RPL. Interferon regulatory factor-5 (IRF-5) is a member of IRF family of transcription factor, acts as upstream regulatory element of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, and TNF-α ). The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between IRF-5 gene rs10954213 polymorphism in the occurrence of IRPL. Materials & Methods: In this case-control study, blood samples were collected from 176 IRPL women with a history of at least 2 miscarriages with mean age of 34. 2± 10. 9 years as the patient group, and 173 healthy postmenopausal women with at least two live births, and without a history of previous miscarriage (mean age± SD; 56. 5± 7. 7 years) as the control group. Genotyping was performed using T-ARMS PCR. The data were analyzed using SPSS v. 16 software. Findings: The frequency of G allele was lower in cases compared to control subjects. This difference was statistically significant and supported the protective effect of this allele against miscarriage (OR: 0. 7, 95%CI: 0. 5-0. 9, p=0. 04). The frequency of G carriage genotypes (GG+GA vs. AA) in women with IRPL was lower compared to the women of the control group and showed the protective role of this allele (OR: 0. 45, 95%CI: 0. 22-0. 91, p-0. 02). Discussion & Conclusions: Regarding the results of the present study, the rs10954213G allele of the IRF-5 gene demonstrated a protective marker against idiopathic recurrent pregnancy losses in Iranian women.

Introduction: The Increase in cancer tissues dose while protecting the surrounding healthy tissues is regarded a great challenge in radiotherapy. Photon Activation Therapy (PAT), by introducing high-Z elements to tumor, can enhance the delivered dose in tumor tissues while reducing the dose deposited in adjacent normal tissues. In this study, the effects of various parameters such as X-ray energy, type and concentration of the activation agents in the dose distribution have been investigated to improve the quality of treatment by Geant4 simulation code. Materials & Methods: In this study, the effects of introducing Au and Lu in targeted tissues irradiated by X-ray beam have been investigated by Geant4 code. In the designed model, the x-ray source was considered in the shape of a circular plate with the radius of 0/5cm and the phantom in cubic shape with the side of 15cm. Rectangular cubic shape detector dimensions are 3×3×7. 5 cm3 and the assumed tumor in cubic shape with the side of 1cm are located inside it. Findings: The simulation results were obtained with different voltages of X-ray generator in labeled tumor by Au and Lu (with two concentrations of 5 and 10 wt. %). Optimum voltage of x-ray generator in order to maximum Dose Enhancement Factor (DEF) by Au was 100kV, while it was observed at 100kV and 160kV for Lutetium. Increasing the absorbed dose for tumor region could reveal the effective role of contrast agents. Furthermore, when the concentration of contrast agents was doubled, average of DEF at the optimum voltage of X-ray generator and in the tumor region, was 1. 68 & 1. 76 for Au and Lu, respectively. Discussion & Conclusions: Based on the results, the absorbed dose in tumor region after introduction of contrast agents with specifying the optimum concentration and photon energy can be increased selectively. This approach of introducing contrast agents could improve the efficiency in the cancerous cells therapy.

Introduction: This study aims to investigate effectiveness of teaching management skills on decreasing aggression among third grade high school boy-students in Ilam city. Materials & Methods: This is a semiexperimental study with an unequal control group design. The statistical population of this study consisted of all the high school boy-students in Ilam city (western Iran). In our research, the Ahvaz's aggression questionnaire was used to determine the aggression level among the participants. A total of 40 students were chosen using multistage cluster sampling. In order to assign individuals to the groups, 30 students with high aggressiveness score were selected and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Then, the experimental group participated in a cognitive-behavioral aggression management training course for 10 sessions of 90 minutes; however, the control group did not receive any training. Findings: The results indicated that teaching aggression management skills was effective in reducing aggression. There was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the posttest scores for the aggression variable with the pre-test control scores at P <0. 0001 level. Discussion & Conclusions: Our findings suggest that aggression management training is effective in promoting aggression control and improving students' helpful attributions; thus, the students can learn the principles of rational and emotional behavior theory through such a program.

Introduction: Manual handling tasks are considered to be the main causes of occupational back pains. Therefore, the assessment of manual handling tasks for the prevention of work musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) sounds necessary. The aim of this study was to assess the manual handling tasks using the key item method (Kim) and determine its relationship with the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders using CMDQ tool in the workplace of the central workshop in Abadan oil refinery. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 103 employees of Abadan's central workshop, using the simple sampling. Data were collected using KIM and CMDQ questionnaires and analyzed using Pearson and multiple linear regression tests in SPSS version 20. Findings: Based on the results of the assessment by KIM method, 48 subjects were in the risk level 1, 36 subjects in the risk level 2 and 19 subjects in the risk level 4. Also, based on the score of CMDQ questionnaire, 95 people were with very minor and negligible disorders, 4 cases with minor disorders, 1 person with very low disorders, 1 person with low disorders, one with medium disorders, and one with high disorders. In addition, the results of statistical tests showed a significant relationship between scores of KIM and WMSDs (P = 0. 002). However, there were no significant relationship between these two variables and demographic characteristics of individuals. Discussion & Conclusions: Our investigation demonstrated that manual handling tasks and other tasks related to it have a direct relationship with the incidence of WMSDs; so that, the increase in the workload and nature of the manual handling tasks will enhance the severity of WMSDs. In order to reduce the severity of such disorders, corrective measures such as training programs, posture modifications, and job designs seem necessary.

Introduction: The molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of breast cancer have yet to be determined. In the present study, the proteome of cancerous beast and adjacent normal tissues were compared. Materials & Methods: In a cohort study, the cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues were obtained from 5 female patients with ductal carcinoma in stage 3. The total protein contents of cancer and adjacent normal tissues were extracted. The protein expression levels were examined by Image Master 2D Platinum software following two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. MALDI-TOF MS/MS mass spectrometry was used for proteins identification. Findings: The constant region of Ig gamma-1 chain and beta subunit of hemoglobin were exclusively detected in the cancer and adjacent normal tissues, respectively. The expression of serum albumin and collagen VI alpha chain in the cancer tissue was significantly lower than the normal tissue (P <0. 05). In contrast, the expression of a single peptide matching to cytoskeletal type I and II keratin significantly increased in the cancer tissue compared to the normal tissues (P <0. 05). Discussion & Conclusion: As the output of our investigation, it seems that proteome of cancerous tissue is extensively different from the adjacent one. Therefore, proteomic approach might be a promising tool for monitoring breast tumorigenesis. However, this needs to be confirmed in future.

Introduction: Stretching the shortened structures by stretch exercises is one of the most effective methods for function improvement in patients with patellofemoral pain. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and Classic physiotherapy stretching (CPS) exercises on the balance and function in patellofemoral pain patients. Materials & Methods: This was a semiexperimental research in which 33 women with patellofemoral pain syndrome were randomly divided into three PNF (n=11), CPS (n=11) and control (n=11) groups. The PNF group participated in the quadriceps and hamstring PNF for two months, the CPS members participated in the Classic physiotherapy stretching exercisesfor the same period, while the control group did not participate in any exercise program. The function, static as well as dynamic balances were measured by WOMAC scale, Sharpend Romberg test, and SEBT, respectively. Data were analyzed by ANOVA repeated measures at significance level of 0. 05. Findings: As there were no differences between functions and balances of different groups, (P>0. 05) before training interventions, PNF group’ s knees functions improved significantly compared to CPS (P<0. 01) and control groups, (P=0. 003), after the intervention, and also a significant improvement developed in CPS group, compared to the control group, (P=0. 014) Furthermore, static and dynamic balance among PNF group patients significantly increased compared to CPS and control groups, (P<0. 001). However, no significant difference was observed between CPS and control groups, (P>0. 05). Discussion & Conclusions: According to the conclusions of our research, PNF training is more effective in improving function and balance patients with patellofemoral pain; although, classic physiotherapy stretching exercises are often used for the treatment of such patients. Hence, applying PNF exercises for the treatment of such diseases are recommended to physiotherapists and rehabilitation professionals.

Introduction: Premenstrual syndromes are among the disorders associated with reproductive age that includes physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral signs during the luteal phase that occurs periodically from 7 to 14 days before menstruation. These signs are not present at the begining of menstruation or during the first few days of bleeding. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of premenstrual syndromes in high school girls of Ilam during the year 2015. Materials & Methods: This descriptiveanalytic study has been performed on 266 single girl-students aged from 15 to 18 years, with the average age of 16. 34, considered to have regular and natural menstruation cycles (with gaps of 21 to 35 days between each two menstruations lasting for 3 to 7 days). To assess the frequency of premenstrual syndromes, the prospective questionnaires (Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool: PSST) was used for two consecutive cycles. In this research, statistical tests such as Chi-square, Variance analysis, and Logistic regression were applied to analyze the data. Findings: Based on our results, the frequency of medium or sever premenstrual syndromes was 36. 84% and the frequency of premenstrual dysphoric disorder was 11. 65%. According to logistic regression model, severe bleeding multiplies chances of the individuals suffering from dysphoric disorder by 5. 1 times, while pain multiplies chances of the girls suffering from premenstrual syndrome about 4. 1. There was a significant relation between the mild and severe premenstrual syndrome with pain, (P<0. 001), and also between premenstrual dysphoric disorder and volume of bleeding (P<0. 01). Investigating the mean for the 19 signs, the highest averages stood for fatigue, possession of physical signs, trouble or lack of concentration, reduction in interest of participation in normal routines, and anger; while the lowest average stood for over eating. Discussion & Conclusion: Our research concluded that prevalence of such syndromes among Ilami's high school girlstudents was relatively high. Considering the negative effects of these syndromes on physical condition as well as psychological, emotional, and social wellbeing of teenagers, and the significance of this period from the educational point of view, more investigations and interventional moves are recommended to manage these signs.

Introduction: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the most important agent which causes acute bacterial diarrhea throughout the world. ETEC binds to the intestinal mucosa and produce heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and heat-stable toxin (ST), causinh disease in humans, especially in children. The present study was done for detection of heat-labile toxin and evaluation of antibiotic resistance in ETEC. Materials & Methods: In this crosssectional study, 90 stool samples for the isolation of Escherichia coli in children below 5 years-old were collected. At first, strains of E. coli, using biochemical tests, were isolated and the prevalence of ETEC strains and presence of gene LT toxin was, using PCR technique, investigated. Then, antibiotic sensitivity was studied by disk diffusion method. Findings: Out of the 50 Escherichia coli isolates, 4 strains (8%) were containing LT toxin gene. All the strains ETEC containing LT toxin were quite resistant to antibiotics cotrimoxazole, cefixime, gentamicin (100%). Also, these strains proved to be sensitive to ceftriaxone, imipenem (100%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, amikacin (50%), ampicillin (25%), cefalotin (25%). Discussion & Conclusions: The results showed that ETEC strain in the area of the outbreak is widespread. Therefore, application of rapid diagnostic techniques and precise molecular PCR and antibiotic resistance pattern can reduce diarrheal infections and help health promotion to prevent child deaths.

Introduction: The nutritional status along with physical and mental development of infants is an effective factor on children’ s health throughout the life. Various strategies have, so far, been used to achieve optimal infant growth. Using nonprofessional support is one of these methods. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of peer support on the growth patterns of infants aged below one year old. Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial, 240 primiparous women were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The control group received standard education and the experimental group was, besides receiving the same education, supported by 30 breast feeding consultants (women with successful breastfeeding records) during the 6 months of postpartum. The infants’ growth and developmental patterns were evaluated at the end of 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12 months, respectively. This clinical trial was carried out in all the maternity hospitals and health centers of Ilam city (western Iran) during July 2010 to April 2012. Data were collected using a questionnaire and then analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and statistical tests including mean, percentage, Chi square test, Fisher test. Findings: At 1, 2, 4. 6 and 12 months of our reaerch, the two groups demonstrated a significant difference in terms of accommodation with the standard curve of weight gain, (P=0. 001). The mean heights in both the groups was significantly different at 2, 12 months(P=0. 001). The mean of head circumferences in the groups did not show any differences significantlym, (P>0. 05). Discusion & Conclusion: Our investigation came to the ocnclusion that besides encouraging mothers to continue lactation, peer support can be effective in promoting the growth and developmental patterns of children.

Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes constant irreversible functional deficits. Poor prognosis of such a disease prompts scientists to work on an effective way of treatment. Stem cell transplantation provides a promising strategy for such researchers. Using olfactory ensheathed cells (OECs) has, so far, indicated very good results. Hensce, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of transplanted OECs on functional recovery of delayed phase of SCI in rats. Materials & Methods: In this survey, eighteen adult male wistar rats were divided into sham, control, vehicle, and treatment groups. Sham group received only laminectomy in the T9 segment of spinal cord, while in other groups, contusion model was induced following laminectomy. 7 days after injury, DMEM medium alone or with OECs was injected to the vehicle and treatment groups, respectively. For cell culture, the olfactory mucosa of 7-day-old male wistar rats was used. Locomotor behavior of animals in all the groups was evaluated by BBB, (Basso, Bresnahan and Beattie) test. Findings: Comparison of the results by the second week to the end of the study illustrated significant changing differences between the OECs receivers and the control group, (p< 0. 05). Discussion & Conclusion: Our investigation demonstrated a positive impact of the OECs on functional recovery in the delayed phase of SCI.

Introduction: Challenges of service provision systems necessitate the presence of staff with higher motivation to work more efficiently; therefore, paying close attention to job satisfaction of such staffs to enhance organizational efficiency sounds essential. This study aimed to prioritize factors affecting personnel satisfaction in hospitals of TUMS using AHP Model. Materials & Methods: This was a crosssectional study conducted in 5 hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2015. The data collection tool was a questionnaire containing demographic questions as well as nine questions on personnel satisfaction. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed, and the data was analyzed using analytic hierarchy process and Expert Choice V. 11 software. Findings: According to the AHP model, rewards and compensations were the most important factors (0. 262), and monitoring and supervision were of the lowest importance (0. 030). Factors of Job security (0. 182), job improvement (0. 177), job positions (0. 091), working conditions (0. 075), communications among colleagues (0. 063), associated with personal life (0. 060), and policy management (0. 035) obtained next priority. Also, rank of items in unmarried female employees were higher than that of married male employees. Discussion & Conclusion: The conclusions for our investigation demonstrate that correction mechanisms in hospitals and use of leverage by offering incentives such as performance-based management can enhance motivation as well as the employees’ performances. In addition, efforts to strengthen social relationships among colleagues would lead to more satisfaction as a significant component.