This paper aims to identify the influence of cross-cultural communications on the formation and development of the miniature of School of Isfahan. The main findings of this paper explain and describe the method of Foreignization and the influence of cultural changes on the emergence of this method. In other words, in the process of developing foreign relations during the reign of the Safavids, and by the entrance of European artists to Iran and the familiarity of Iranian artists with Western painting styles, a new course of events happens in the Persian miniature as Foreignization affected by the aesthetic methods and techniques of non-Iranian painting. The results of this study have shown that cross-cultural communication has deeply influenced the emergence of new artistic and non-Iranian practices in different ways including economic, political and cultural relations. And therefore Foreignization for us is a dynamic aesthetic system. That's why we have explained and illustrated the course of events related to the Foreignization of artworks analysis of this period with descriptions and analysis by using applied research methods.

Relying on the distinction between two key cultural strategies of Foreignization and domestication postulated by Venuti, this research explores the way in which foreign literature has been portrayed in Persian context. To this end, three world famous novels originally written in English are compared with their Persian translations. The outlet of the research is based on the solid foundation of the practical models of translation that have been gleaned from a number of studies. This product-oriented descriptive translation research is a qualitative attempt to describe and analyse the applied Foreignization and domestication procedures. The research questions aims to explore the dominant strategy in the dichotomy of Foreignizationl domestication as well as the scope of application of these two strategies in the corpus of the research. According to the obtained results, domestication has been introduced as the most pervasive cultural translation strategy applied in the corpus of the research as well as each ST-TT pair.

Venuti (1995) defines domesticating translation as “a replacement of the linguistic and cultural differences of the foreign text with a text that is intelligible to the target-language reader” and foreignizing translation as “a translation that indicates the linguistic and cultural differences of the text by disrupting the cultural codes that prevail in the target language” The present study attempts to investigate two translations of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland to discover the relationship between domestication and comprehensibility of the text through comparing the frequency of domestication and Foreignization translation strategies employed by two different translators: Pirzad and Soleymani.Since Pirzad presented a more domesticated translation, one group of subjects were provided with her translation, and the other with the translation of Soleymani who was more interested in foreignizing. After administering comprehensibility test and analyzing the results through t-test, it was revealed that the group of subjects who had received Pirzad’s translation came up with better scores and also there was a significant relationship between domestication and comprehensibility of the children at 0.01 level of significance.

Translating literature is one of the most elegant tasks and translatingnovels as is not an exception. Every literary translator has his/her own personal style and adopts different strategies in translating. The purpose of the present research is to use "negative analytic" theory of translation introduced by Berman (1985) as a framework in order to determine whether novels have been foreignized or domesticated in the translation process. The theory covers twelve "deforming tendencies' and suggests that the higher the number of 'deforming tendencies', the more domesticated the translated text would be. The three novels were 'To the Lighthouse" by Virginia Woolf, "Lord Jim" by Joseph Conrad and "1984" by George Orwell - which were all translated by Saleh Hosseini. The results indicated that these novels have been domesticated in the translation process which reflects the inclination of the translator towards domestication. The results also showed that "sentence structure" has been the most prevailing deforming tendency in the translation of three novels.

Philosophical and linguistic reflections of Gadamer and Ricoeur on how understanding occurs are of considerable significance. Gadamer’s concept of “Fusion of horizons” and Ricoeur’s idea of “Understanding oneself through the other” are among the most important issues in this regard. These two philosophical issues attempt to gain intercultural understanding. The fact is that the dichotomous strategies and approaches of translation as manifested in Venuti’s Foreignization-domestication dichotomy, and other similar theories have been unable to pave the way for mutual understanding between cultures. Employing Gadamer’s and Ricoeur’s ideas, this study attempts to tackle the dichotomous issue of translation theories. Considering the Gadamer’s view that all understanding occurs through language and the Ricoeur’s idea that man enjoys a specific unity despite his great variation, translation is rethought as a linguistic and cultural phenomenon instrumental in creating cultural and linguistic affinity among people and causing a sort of intercultural unity. Therefore, unlike the dichotomous approach of Foreignization and domestication, the present study aims to view translation from the view point of philosophical hermeneutics and offer a new approach, which simultaneously considers attention to the two cultures involved in translation and respect for the other culture.

This paper examines the problem of domisticated translation of Molana by Coleman Barks into American English. In the first place, the paper raises the question why Molana has been the bestseller in America and not in other countries like Iran; it is then argued that domistication is the most fundamental problem of Barks in translating Molana into American English which is due to his insufficient familiarity with Persian language and culture.To prove this, the paper closely compares and contrasts two translations of one of Molana’s sonnets by Nicholson and Barks and arrives at the conclusion that under the American hegemony and superiority, Barks has offered a very shattered, vague and secularized image of Molana, which befits the nostalgia of American readers and appeals to their taste: the American Rumi and not the Iranian Molana.

The aim of this research was an investigation into norm extraction regarding the domestication and Foreignization of culture specific items (CSIs) in the children’ s literature in the last four years (from 1393 to 1396). The corpus of this study was 8 English children’ s books with their Persian translated versions. The theoretical framework of the research was associated with the Venuti translation strategies which are called domestication and Foreignization. In order to identify the CSIs in the SL, the researcher used the taxonomies of culture-specific items of Espindola and Vasconcellos and Newmark and in order to associate each strategy with domestication or Foreignization, the researcher has collected some procedures proposed by Aixelá , Vinay and Darbelnet and Newmark. The collected data from these books and their translations were inserted in tables and their strategies were identified by the use of the mentioned models. The findings of this research evinced that the strategies of domestication with 84. 9% dominated the strategies of Foreignization with 15%. As a conclusion the strategies which were regarded as the extracted norms were specified.

The socio-critical novel of Ibrahim Beg’, s travelogue is a work in which the author criticizes his own society and its political and religious constitutions through Western domestication. In this discourse, the confrontation between Iran and the West is an attempt to bridge the gap between Us and Them by reversing their roles and reflecting Us more bizarre than Them. This paper tries to answer two basic questions by identifying the discourse methods and strategies of ideological representation in this novel: (a)How do discourse strategies convey the author's ideology? (b)How is the reversal of the discourse, which is the result of the process of Western domestication, manifested? The aim of this descriptive-analytical article is to investigate the representation of the West in this novel from the perspective of Van Dijk ideological square. The salient achievement of the research is that the image of the West in the Maragheh discourse, as a modernist intellectual author, does not depict the stereotypical image that may exist in Iranians’,mind about this phenomenon. In his discourse, he generally applies polarization strategy to accentuated the West positives as Us and highlighted the Iranian government negatives as Them. For describing Us, the author uses ideological strategies such as comparison, implicit, dramatization and irony in order to reflect the spirit of freedom, loyalty and hard diligent in the text. For representing Them, he applies the strategies such as actor description, hyperbole, and number game to demonstrate the characteristics of greed, tyranny, regression, and deception to his audience.