HAMAYESH MELLI ENSAN, MOHITE ZIST VA TOSEE PAYDAR | Year:2010 | دوره:0 |Papers Count:93

SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT WHICH IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT RESPONSIBILITIES OF URBAN MANAGEMENT WORLDWIDE, CAN ALSO BE CLASSIFIED AS ONE OF THE MOST COMPLICATED AND MONEY AND LABOR-CONSUMING CHALLENGES IN MUNICIPAL MANAGEMENT. SEWAGE SLUDGE IS RICH IN MACRO- AND MICRONUTRIENT. HOWEVER, HIGH CONCENTRATION IF HEAVY METALS IN SLUDGE MAY CAUSE POLLUTION OF SOIL, GROUND WATER AND HUMAN FOOD CHAIN BECAUSE OF TOXIC METALS UPTAKE BY CROP. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EFFECT OF CORN ON THE ABSORPTION AND HEAVY METALS (MANGANESE) POLLUTION IN SOIL TREATED WITH URBAN SEWAGE SLUDGE IN ISFAHAN CITY. THE TREATMENTS OF SEWAGE SLUDGE WERE 0, 25 AND 50 TON HA-1 MAIZE WAS PLANTED IN 7 KG PLASTIC POTS. RESULT INDICATE THAT SEWAGE SLUDGE TREATMENT HAD POSITIVE AND SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE SHOOT DRY MATTER WEIGHT AND HAD SCIENTIFIC EFFECT ON THE BIO CONCENTRATION FACTOR OF COPPER AND TRANSLOCATION FACTOR IN SOIL IN COMPARED TO THE CONTROL. RESULT OF PLANT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT APPLICATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE INCREASED MANGANESE IN VEGETATIVE PARTS COMPARED TO CONTROL. HOWEVER SEWAGE SLUDGE USAGE (25 & 50 TON HA-1) INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY (P<0.05) DRY YIELD OF MAIZE (29 & 69% RESPECTIVELY). SOILS PH SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED AS A RESULT SEWAGE SLUDGE APPLICATION. IN GENERALLY, RESULT OF THIS STUDY INDICATED THAT ADDING SEWAGE SLUDGE TO THE SOIL, SHOULD BE ASSESSED, AND BASED ON THE QUANTITY AND INCREASE OF ADSORPTION OF THESE METALS IN THE SOIL.

THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESS OF APPLICATIONS GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS, USING GIS TECHNOLOGY IN THE MASS OF INFORMATION AT THE LEVEL OF CITIES, THAT MOST INFORMATION IS THEIR PLACE, IT SEEMS NECESSARY.INITIAL LOCATION INFORMATION NEEDS MANY SERVICES AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS AND THE MAIN INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN AND PLANNING IN THE FIELD OF URBAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ARE CONSIDERED. USE OF GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE TO PREVENT RE-WORK AND ENHANCE CAPABILITIES HIDDEN IN THE GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION AND INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY OF INVESTMENT DONE IN COURSE TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES IN THE SOCIETY, IS NEEDFUL AND NECESSARY. TODAY, CREATING THE NECESSARY INFRASTRUCTURE TO FACILITATE AND EXPEDITE THE AFFAIRS INFORMATION THE NECESSITIES OF HUMAN SOCIETY AND KEY ROLE IN THE MANAGEMENT RESOURCES ARE OPTIMIZED. THE PURPOSE LOCATION INFORMATION (GIS) TO IMPROVE LIVING STANDARDS, AND MOVE TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WITH CREATING CONDITIONS APPROPRIATE IS FOR MANAGEMENT. ACCESS AND USE OF TIMELY AND RELIABLE INFORMATION ONE OF THE FACTORS IMPORTANT AND SENSITIVE IN INVOLVED DECISIONS, MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING OPTIMIZATION DIFFERENT LEVELS OF A SOCIETY AND CREATING THE SITE LOCATION INFORMATION (GIS) IS THE FIRST STEP IN COURSE TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. THUS, USING GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION (GIS) AND USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEM CAN BE USED TO LOCATE SUITABLE FOR SOLIDIFICATION IN DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS, MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE, URBAN PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IN SWITCH PLACE OF URBAN LAND, LOCATE THE OPTIMUM URBAN APPLICATIONS, APPLICATION TRAFFIC AND URBAN TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT... ATTEMPTED FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT.

ONE OF THE MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IS USE OF DIFFERENT PESTICIDES. HIGH APPLIES OF PESTICIDE IN ORDER TO PEST CONTROL AND CONSEQUENCE MORE AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION THAT THREAT CONSUMER HEALTH. HIGH USE PESTICIDE AND IGNORANCE ITS DEFICIENCY PERIOD CAUSE AGRICULTURE PRODUCT CONTENT PESTICIDES RESIDUE. THEREFORE CONSUMER FOOD SAFETY IS VERY IMPORTANT TOPIC. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION DEFINITE A ACCEPTABLE MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMIT (MRL) FOR PESTICIDE. WITH ATTENTION TO HIGH USED BENOMYL FUNGICIDE IN GREENHOUSE CUCUMBER CULTIVATES, THIS RESEARCH INVESTIGATES DAILY CHANGE OF BENOMYL FUNGICIDE RESIDUE IN THROUGH 14 DAYS. GREENHOUSE CUCUMBER SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM MAHMUD ABAD CITY (MAZANDARAN PROVINCE).IN ORDER TO DETERMINATION OF BENOMYL FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATION USED HPLC SET. RESULT SHOWED MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION OF BENOMYL IN FIRST AND SECOND DAY AFTER POISONING (0.07 AND 0.08 MG/KG).THIS CONCENTRATION WERE VERY HIGHER THAN WHO MRL (0.01 MG/KG). PEELING AND REFRIGERATION STORAGE WERE ALSO EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING THE RESIDUE LEVEL (40% - 60%). FROM SECOND DAYS TO END DEFICIENCY PERIOD BENOMYL CONCENTRATION DECREASE TILL 14TH DAY (0.005MG/KG) .RESULT INDICATE THAT HARVEST CROP IN SHORT TIME AFTER POISONING DUE TO HIGH CONCENTRATION PESTICIDE RESIDUE THREATED CONSUMER HEALTHY.

AQUACULTURE PRODUCTIONS HAVE INCREASED MORE TO 3 TIMES OF 1990 YEAR. THESE FAST GROWTHS HAVE CAUSED TO DIFFERENCE IMPACTS ON THE HUMAN HEALTH AND SOCIAL – ECONOMICAL CONDITION AND NATURAL ECOSYSTEM. CARE OF INTRODUCTION AND CULTURE OF FISHES IS IMPORTANT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS. TILAPIA IS THE FISH OF CICHLIDAE FAMILY THAT 70 SPECIES OF THESE ARE IN THE WORLD.9 SPECIES USE AS A CULTURAL FISHES. IT IS A SUITABLE SELECTION FOR CULTURE IN WARM WATERS. THIS PAPER PREPARES FOR THE SURVEY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF INTRODUCTION AND CULTURES THIS FISH IN IRAN. ATTENTIONS FOR THIS FISH INTRODUCTION INCLUDED: 1- ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS 2- SOCIAL-ECONOMICAL CARES. FOR THIS PAPER, IMPACTS WERE ATTENDED OF ASPECTS: 1) MOVEMENTS AND INTRODUCTION OF SPECIES 2) CHANGES IN POPULATION OF GENETIC CONDITION (GENETIC POLLUTION) 3) OUTPUT SEWAGE OF FISH CULTURE FARMS AND EUTROFICATION IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM. IN RESULT OF, METHODS FOR DECREASE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ASPECT INTRODUCTION AND MOVEMENT’S MANAGEMENT TO AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM AND SEWAGE MANAGEMENT HAVE PROPOSED.

THE HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS IN PETROLEUM HAVE DIFFERENT STRUCTURES. SOME OF THEM ARE LINEAR AND NORMAL. THIS HOMOLOG SERIES SOMETIMES HAVE ATTRACTED THE NOTICE FOR CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES. THE STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS ARE USEFUL INDICES FOR EXAMINATION OF STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP. GRAPH THEORY IS A DELIGHTFUL GROUND FOR THE EXPLORATION OF PROOF TECHNIQUES IN DISCRETE MATHEMATICS AND ITS RESULTS HAVE APPLICATIONS IN MANY AREAS OF SCIENCES. TOPOLOGICAL INDICES ARE THE NUMERICAL VALUE ASSOCIATED WITH CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION PURPORTING FOR CORRELATION OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURE WITH VARIOUS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, CHEMICAL REACTIVITY OR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY. IN THIS STUDY THE QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIP (QSR) BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS IN THE STRUCTURES OF NORMAL HYDROCARBON C1 TO C40, LOGARITHM OF CALCULATED OCTANOL-WATER PARTITIONING COEFFICIENTS AND TOTAL BIODEGRADATION (LOGKOW AND TBD (MOL/H), RESPECTIVELY), MEDIAN LETHAL CONCENTRATION 50 (LC50), WATER SOLUBILITY (SW, MG.L- 1/25ºC) AND SOME OF THE OTHER CALCULATED CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA IN THE NORMAL HYDROCARBON C1 TO C40 (1-40) IS REPRESENTED. THE RESULTS WOULD BE EXTENDED FOR SOME OF THE OTHER MEMBERS OF THESE COMPOUNDS. THE INTERESTING RESULTS OF CONCERNING AMONG LOGKOW, LC50, SW, TBD (G/H) AND SOME OF THE OTHER DATA WITH THE DESCRIPTORS FOR THESE COMPOUNDS ARE PRESENTED AND DISCUSSED.

IN OUR WORLD, ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS LEADING TO CHALLENGE AND FIGHT AMONG COUNTRIES IS THE ENVIRONMENT AND ISSUES RELEVANT TO IT. WATER RESOURCES AS PART OF THE ENVIRONMENT HAS ENCOUNTERED CRISIS MORE THAN OTHER VITAL RESOURCES. WATER IS ONE OF THE MOST STABLE AND ABUNDANCE COMPLEXES ON GLOBAL LAND THAT CAN BE POLLUTED WITH NATURAL AND HUMAN FACTORS. WATER CRISIS IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT PROBLEMS IN DRY AND SEMI DRY LANDS SUCH AS IRAN. AT PERCENT YEARS, BY THE OCCURRENCE OF DROUGHT, WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS WERE FELT MORE THAN BEFORE. AS IRAN IS LOCATED IN THE DRY RING WAY IF THE EARTH, AND AS IT HAS AN AVERAGE RAINFALL OF ONE-FOURTH OF THE WORLD, RAINFALL AS WELL AS COMMON WATER RESOURCES, IT ALWAYS FACES WATER PROBLEMS AND SHORTAGE OF WATER. DROUGHT IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DISASTERS WHICH HAVE AFFECTED HUMAN COMMUNITY. THE EFFECTS OF DROUGHT IN SOCIETY ARE THE RESULTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN NATURAL OCCURRENCES AND PEOPLE NEEDS OF WATER RESOURCES. WATER NEEDS EXPANDING DUE TO POPULATION GROWTH, INCIDENCE OF SERIOUS CHANGES IN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND ACCESS TO THE TECHNOLOGY HAS BEEN TO WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND AS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT WATER MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES IS, DROUGHT MANAGEMENT ISSUES TODAY. THIS AMONG WAS THE TRY, SUGGESTIONS WERE PRESENTED TO IMPROVE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND SOLUTIONS MANNERS AND CHALLENGES TO REDUCE THE EFFECTS OF DROUGHT, AS A LONG-TERM POLICY AND BASIC PLANNING IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE BEST APPROACH IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, SO THAT THE MAXIMUM BENEFIT CAN BE TAKEN TO BE ALL FACILITIES AND EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE.

IN RECENT DECADES, INCORRECT USE OF LANDS HAD UNDESIRABLE CONSEQUENCES FOR BOTH OF HUMAN AND NATURE. GRADUALLY, SCIENTISTS THOUGHT THAT LAND USE SHOULD BE COMPATIBLE TO LAND’S NATURAL POTENCY, TO MINIMIZE HUMAN EFFECTS ON NATURE AND DECREASE FINANCIAL AND NONFINANCIAL COSTS ON HUMAN. IT CAN BE AVAILABLE THROUGH CORRECT AND EXACT RECOGNITION ON PROPERTIES AND NATURAL RESOURCES OF LAND. ALTITUDE, SLOPE AND ASPECT ARE FACTORS THAT DESCRIBE TOPOGRAPHICAL POSITION IN THE METHOD THAT USED AS YET. THIS METHOD REALLY HELPED LAND USE PLANNERS BUT THE OUTPUT INFORMATION ARE NOT PERFECT AT ALL. IN THIS METHOD PLANNERS DON’T GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT UPPER AND LOWER SLOPES, RIDGES AND DRAINAGES OF LANDS. IN THIS RESEARCH OUR PURPOSE IS TO PROVIDE A TOPOGRAPHICAL POSITION MAP THAT INCLUDES FOREGOING INFORMATION USING DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL. IN THIS PAPER IT IS DESCRIBES THAT NEW INFORMATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL POSITION WITH PERVIOUS AND ORDINARY TOPOGRAPHICAL POSITION MAP PROVIDED BY ALTITUDE, SLOPE AND ASPECT, WILL HELP PLANNERS TO MAKING BETTER DECISIONS FOR LANDS.

SHADEGAN WETLAND IS A NATURAL HABITAT FOR MANY OF ORGANISMS. IT IMPOSES WITH MANY THREATS, RECENTLY.WATER BIRDS ARE ONE OF THE MAIN ORGANISMS IN MENTIONED WETLAND. THEREFORE, RECOGNITION OF THREAT FACTORS IS IMPORTANT FOR THEIR PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION.RESEARCH PURPOSE IS RECOGNITION OF THREATS AND PROPOSED METHODS FOR THEIR IMPROVEMENTS. QUESTIONNAIRES WERE SELECT AND DISTRIBUTE AMONG THE LOCAL HUNTERS. RESULTS INDICATED THAT INDIVIDUALS WITH 18-30 YEAR AGES WERE THE MOST HUNTERS.62 PER CENT OF THEM WERE MARRIED. THE MAIN OF THEM HAVE LOW SCIENTIFIC COURSE. THEY HAVE RELATIVE INFORMATION ABOUT SHADEGAN WETLAND. THE MAIN EXPLOITATION TYPE OF THEM WAS IN RELATED TO BIRDS AND FISHES. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THEM WAS FOR LIFE COSTS THAT IT WAS NOT SUFFICIENT FOR THEM. THEREFORE, EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS ABOUT BIRD IMPORTANCE ARE NECESSITY FOR HUNTING CONTROL TOWARD LIMITED RULES. AWARENESS’ LEVELS INCREASED CAN BE EFFECTIVE FOR BIRD’S MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION. A FEW NUMBERS OF HUNTERS HAVE AWARENESS OF BIRD’S REPRODUCTION. THEREFORE, NECESSITY EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS ABOUT BREEDING SEASON AND ITS SENSITIVITY CAN BE PERFORMED. A FEW OF THEM ARE IN RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATION.40 PERCENT OF THEM LIMITED IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL CENTER FOR DREAD AND SHORTAGE OF AWARE.

SOIL IS ONE OF THE LAND RESOURCES THAT EXIST ALL AROUND HUMAN ENVIRONMENT. SOILS ARE AN UN-PROXIMATE COVER OF EARTH THAT MAY APPLY BY STONES AND SEDIMENTS, IN STAID OR MAY FORM IN TRANSPORT. SOILS HAVE BEEN FORMED BY MINERALS, ORGANIC MATERIALS OF LIVING DEAD, WATER AND AIR. BESIDES NUMEROUS TRAIT THAT SOILS HAVE, THEY KNOWN AS THE ENVIRONMENT CLEANER. SO, IF SOIL GOT TAINT, SUBSEQUENTLY THIS POLLUTION WILL TRANSMIT TO WATER, SOIL AND PLANT. THEREFORE IT HAS A DIRECT RELATION WITH HUMAN HEALTH. SINCE LIVESTOCK FEEDS FROM PLANT AND HUMAN FEEDS FROM LIVESTOCK AND PLANT. HEAVY METALS ARE ELEMENTS WITH ATOMIC WEIGHT 63.54 TO 200.59 AND SPECIAL WEIGHT OF MORE THAN 4.IT SEEMS THAT PH HAS THE MOST AFFECTED BY THE SOLVENT AND SUSTENANCE OF METALS IN THE SOIL. HIGH PH'S OF SOIL HOLD MORE POWER OF HEAVY CATIONS AND ALSO HAVE LESS SOLVENT. IN INACTIVE PH WHICH MOST SOILS HAVE THIS PH, HEAVY CATIONS EXTREMELY ATTRACT BY CLAY PART OF THE SOIL AND ATTRACTED BY WATERY OXIDES IRON, ALUMINUM AND MANGANESE. THIS ARTICLE IS A REVIEW OF THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF REFINING THE SOILS FROM HEAVY METALS.

WASTE COLLECTION IS ONE OF MAIN ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, THAT IS EFFECTED BY SOLID WASTE QUANTITY, QUALIFY AND STORING. ACCORDING TO SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN EVERY AREA, WASTE COLLECTS SEPARATELY OR MIXED. SO THERE ARE DIFFERENT METHODS OF WASTE COLLECTION IN ORDER TO COLLECTION APPROACH ARE EXPRESSED.

BASED ON THE EXISTING STUDIES THE POLLUTION OF THE RIVERS INCREASED IN IRAN IN THE LAST FEW YEARS ESPECIALLY IN THE NORTH BECAUSE OF VARIOUS SEWAGE DISCHARGES TO THE RIVERS THAT CAUSE SEVERAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON THE RIVER’S ECOSYSTEM. CONSIDERING THE LIMITED IN WATER RESOURCES AND STORAGES IN MOST PARTS OF IRAN, POPULATION GROWTH, INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT THE PROPER USE OF RESOURCES IS NECESSARY. SO TO MAINTAIN WATER QUALITY IN TERMS OF POLLUTION IS IMPORTANT. TODAY, USING OF WATER QUALITY INDICATORS IS IMPORTANT AS A MANAGEMENT TOOLS IN ANALYSIS OF THE RIVERS’ POLLUTION. IN THIS PAPER THE POLLUTION TREND DURING THE YEAR ANALYZED AND THE WQI INDEX COMPUTED IN SEFIDROUD RIVER BECAUSE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE RIVER IN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND DRINKING WATER PURPOSES WITHIN GUILAN PROVINCE.IN THIS REGARD NINE QUALITY PARAMETERS INCLUDING TURBIDITY, DO, NITRATE, PHOSPHATE, COLI FORM, TEMPERATURE, TDS, BOD AND PH ANALYZED IN ALL SEASONS THROUGH ONE YEAR IN 5 STATIONS, RESPECTIVELY NAMED 1-POLE AHANI (MANJIL) 2-BAD AZ SADE TARIK 3-BAD AZ SADE SANGAR 4-POLE CHAHARDAH 5-KIYASHAHR, THEN USED WQI INDEX TO CLASSIFY THE WATER QUALITY IN MEASUREMENT STATIONS. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY SHOWS THAT THE MAXIMUM WATER QUALITY OF THE RIVER IS IN POLE AHANI STATION WITH WQI=65 AND IN STATIONS NUMBER 3 AND 4 WITH WQI=49 THE RIVER HAD THE LOWEST WATER QUALITY VALUES.

EVALUATING THE AGGREGATION OF ELEMENTS IN SOIL AND PLANTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT IS CRUCIAL IN RESPECT TO HUMAN AND OTHER CREATURES' HEALTH AND LIFE. THEREFORE, THE TREED LANDS OF SHAHRAK GHODS SEWAGE REFINERY IN TEHRAN WERE SELECTED AS THE TARGET REGION IN ORDER TO STUDY THE RATE OF REFINING ELEMENTS BY DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES IN THE SOIL OF URBAN TREATED SEWAGE. LANDS UNDER IRRIGATION WITH WASTE WATER WERE SELECTED AS THE EXPERIMENTAL AREA AND LANDS IRRIGATED BY WELL WATER AS THE CONTROL ONE. SAMPLE SOILS (AT A DEPTH OF 0-15 CM AND A DEPTH OF 15-30 CM) AND SAMPLES OF THREE PLANT SPECIES (BUXUS SEMPERVIRNS , CUPRESSUS ARIZONICA, PINUS NIGRA) WERE COLLECTED IN BOTH REGIONS AT 4 RECURRENCES AND 20 DAY INTERVALS DURING TWO MONTHS IN A SYSTEMATIC RANDOM WAY AND WERE TRANSFERRED TO THE LABORATORY FOR ANALYSIS.FINALLY, THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOILS AND THE AGGREGATION OF LEAD AND ZINC IN THE PLANTS WERE STUDIED. SPSS 1.5 AND EXCEL WERE USED FOR DATA ANALYSIS. RESULTS SHOWED THAT BUXUS SEMPERVIRNA, CUPRESSUS ARIZONIC AND PINUS NIGRA HAD THE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF THESE ELEMENTS RESPECTIVELY. WITH REGARD TO THAT AND ALSO THE PROPER GROWTH OF THE PLANTS AND SUITABLE ADAPTATION CONDITIONS, THESE THREE SPECIES CAN BE RECOMMENDED TO BE USED FOR REFINING POLLUTED SOILS IN THIS AND SIMILAR AREA.

THE URBAN IRREGULARS GROWTH AND NOUGHT LONG PERIOD PLANNING IN ABOUT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL CIRCUMSTANCES INCLUDING DEGRADATION OF AIR AND WATER QUALITY LOSS OF FARM LAND AND FORESTS, AND SOCIOECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC DISPARITIES, SOCIAL FRAGMENTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS. THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF URBAN SPRAWL DEVELOPMENT IN MY COUNTRY ARE VERY HIGH BECAUSE OF CLIMATIC RESTRICTED AND VULNERABLE ECOSYSTEMS, ESPECIALLY THIS TREND HAS ATTENDANT WITH LACK OR POOR PLANNING. IN THIS PAPER, WE USED MULTI TEMPORAL LAND SAT THEMATIC MAPER (TM) AND ETM+ DATA FOR ANALYZING URBAN SPRAWL DEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE CHANGES IN BOUKAN COUNTY FOR 1991 AND 2002. THE COMPARED OF IMAGES SHOWED THAT BETWEEN 1991 AND 2002 THE URBAN LAND AND BUILD AREAS INCREASED AND VERY LOW DENSITY DEVELOPMENT. SO, IF THIS PROCESS IS CONTINUE TO FUTURE YEARS; WE WILL FACED WITH AN ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS IN THIS AREA AND WILL BE DESTROYED ITS BEAUTIFUL NATURAL LANDSCAPE.

IN ADDITION TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND CLIMATE RISKS UNFORESEEN DAMAGES, PRIMARILY ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTION SPECIFIC FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IS IMPORTANT IN GENERAL, THESE FACTORS INCLUDE SOIL MANAGEMENT, WATER, PESTS AND IS MARKETING. THAT EACH OF THESE SECTIONS HAVE BEEN NUMEROUS ISSUES AND PROBLEMS, BUT IN BETWEEN, A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN PEST MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION PROCESS HAS HAD. PEST DAMAGE TO CROPS AND A LONG HISTORY OF USE OF CHEMICAL PESTICIDES EACH YEAR, DESPITE NOT ONLY PEST DAMAGE CONTROL IS NOT POLLUTION BUT FARM LEVEL HAS INCREASED. EXCESSIVE USE OF PESTICIDES TO PEST RESISTANCE TO PESTICIDES AND THE EMERGENCE OF NEW PESTS AND ALSO MADE IT AS A SERIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL RISK HAS BEEN IN RECENT YEARS NEW AND COMPREHENSIVE WAY TO DEVELOP IN PEST CONTROL IS CALLED THE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT OR CONTROL FUSION (IPM) IS. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO PEST MANAGEMENT METHODS THAT BIOLOGICAL, AGRICULTURAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL EQUIPMENT THE WAY THE INTEGRATION AND COMBINATION MAKES THE COST OF ECONOMIC, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS TO BE LOWER. PRESENTED AS A PARTICIPATORY METHOD COMBINED MANAGEMENT, STRENGTHEN THE CHARACTER, DECISION MAKING, SENSE OF COOPERATION, THE AND SKILLS TO FARMERS AND LEAD TO DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS AND AGENCIES AS ARE CIVIL SOCIETY. THIS CAUSED A STRONG CURRENT OF TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND COMMUNITIES ARE RURAL. SO THAT THEY CAN BETTER POSITION THEMSELVES AND THEIR DEPENDENCE ON GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS AND NON-LOCAL PARTS ARE LESS. METHODOLOGY IN THIS STUDY, LIBRARY STUDIES, REVIEW SOURCES WRITTEN IN PERSIAN AND LATIN, AND SEARCH THE WEBSITE WAS. INFORMATION, COLLECTION, TRANSLATION AND REVIEW IS.

RED FLOUR BEETLES ARE DISTRIBUTED IN ALL OVER THE WORLD. IN ORDET TO FIND AN ALTERNATIVE FOR PESTICIDES, MANY STUDIES WERE DONE ON THE OTHER METHODS SUCH AS GAMMA RAY AND THE DIFFERENT DOSE EFFECTS OF GAMMA RAY ON PUPA AND ADULT AND THE OTHER STAGES WERE STUDIES. THE EXPERIENCED INSECTS WERE REARED IN CONTROLLED SITUATION (TEMPERATURE 27±1°C, HUMIDITY 65±10%, LIGHT PERIOD 8: L; 16: D) AND AFTER GAMMA RADIATION, THEY WERE KEPT IN THE SAME MENTIONED SITUATION. DUE TO THE PRIMARY TESTS, THE EXTENT OF EXPERIENCED DOSE FOR GROWTH PERIOD OF AGED-ADULT AND YOUNG-ADULT INSECTS WERE DETERMINATED. THEN THE GAMMA EFFECTS ON THE INSECTS WERE STUDIED. YOUNG-ADULT AND AGED-ADULT INSECTS EXPOSED TO AMOUNT OF SPECIAL DOSE DEATH REGISTERED OF OBSERVE AFTER ONE DAY. THE PROBIT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT, THE AMOUNT OF KILLER–DOSE FOR 50 PERCENT OF THEIR POPULATION IN THE AGED-ADULT AND YOUNG-ADULT LEVELS WERE 1495.30 AND 1671.64. IN ORDER WORD, SHINING OF THE 1671.64 GRAY OF GAMMA RAY CAN DESTROY. IN THE AGED-ADULTS, LEVELS WERE 2592.84, 2280.43, 1671.64, 1348.83, 1148.02, 1509.06, 828.00, 644.27, 566.07, 451.12 AND 331.14, IN 15 FIRST DAYS EXCEPT 6TH TO 9TH DAYS RESPECTIVELY AND IN THE YOUNG ADULTS WAS 2106.04, 1818.25 AND 1495.30 IN THE FIRST DAYS OF THIS LIFE. ALSO TO FIND THE EFFECT OF RADIATION ON MEAL BRAD QUALITY IN MEAL BEFORE AND AFTER RADIATION WERE STUDIED.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ECOSYSTEMS HAS A MAIN ROLE TO VERIFYING OF SUCH SYSTEMS. ECOSYSTEM CAN INCLUDE NOT ONLY THE NATURAL VARIETY, BUT ALSO ARTIFICIAL SYSTEMS DESIGNED BY HUMANS. IN THIS PAPER REVIEWS MATHEMATICAL MODELING RELEVANT TO THE CLOSED ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEMS DESIGNED FOR BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION.

IN HIS SEARCH FOR SUBLIMITY, MODERN MAN ABOARD THE TITANIC FRIGATE OF CIVILIZATION HAS JOURNEYED THROUGH THE TEMPESTUOUS WATERS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN A HOPE TO LAND ON THE FAR COAST OF SERENITY AND PEACE. IN MAN’S IMAGINATION, OF ALL THE PATHS LEADING TO PEACE PLEASURE-SEEKING IS ONE AND OF ALL THE CAUSES OF PLEASURE BEAUTY HAS ALWAYS BEEN THE MOST ROYAL. IN THIS ARTICLE, WITHOUT OVERESTIMATING THE VALUE OF THE NATURAL BEAUTIES AND OVERLOOKING THAT OF THE ARTISTIC WORKS AS PLATO HAD DONE, THE AUTHORS CAN SAY THE NATURAL BEAUTY IS THE ANSWER TO THE NATURAL NEED OF MAN, AND IF THIS NATURAL NEED IS GOING TO BE SATISFIED THROUGH TOURING IN THE NATURE, WE CAN ENJOY A MUCH BETTER AND MORE FAVORABLE SATISFACTION OF OUR NEED FOR BEAUTY IN NATURE AS WELL AS KEEPING OURSELVES FROM FALLING PREY TO THE PITFALLS CAUSED BY THE BLURRINESS AND SHADOWINESS OF OUR PERCEPTION OF THE CONCEPT OF BEAUTY. TO PUT IT IN A NUTSHELL, TOURING IN THE NATURE IS AMONG THE EFFECTIVE FACTORS HELPING TO CLARIFY AND ILLUMINATE THE MAN'S MENTAL CONCEPT OF BEAUTY, WHICH IN ITSELF CAN OPEN A MORE RELIABLE HORIZON TOWARD DEVELOPING A SUSTAINABLE GEOTOURISM BASED ON NATURAL AESTHETICS.

TODAY SUSTAINABILITY IS USED AS A WORD WIDELY IN ALL PROGRAMS TO DESCRIBE A WORLD. AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY WAS DURING THE PAST HALF-CENTURY EMPHASIS IN USE FERTILIZERS, PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES AS CHEMICAL INPUTS IN AGRICULTURE. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) IS A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO CONTROL PEST THROUGH BIOLOGICAL METHODS, AGRONOMIC, PHYSICAL WITH A LOWEST RISK TO ENVIRONMENT, HUMAN HEALTH. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT AS A GOOD STRATEGY FOR ACCESS TO SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE. THIS IS A LIBRARY STUDY METHODS THAT INCLUDES STUDY DOCUMENTS AND ALSO INVESTIGATED AND THE USE OF THE WEBSITE, AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION DATABASES FOR IMPLEMENTING THIS STUDY.

THIS INVESTIGATION WAS DONE FOR INTRODUCE AND DETERMINATION OF WINTERING WATERFOWL AND WADERS FAUNA OF PARISHAN INTERNATIONAL WETLAND. IN THIS STUDY SPECIES DIVERSITY OF WINTERING WATERFOWL AND WADERS OF PARISHAN INTERNATIONAL WETLAND HAS BEEN STUDIES DURING 2002 - 2009. PARISHAN INTERNATIONAL WETLAND WITH AN AREA OF 4200 HECTARES IS LOCATED IN SOUTHEAST OF KAZERON IN FARS PROVINCE. ITS GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS ARE 51° 43´ 50˝ TO 51° 52´ 35˝ E AND 29° 27´ 40˝ TO 29° 32´ 25˝ N. DATA FOR CALCULATING THE ESTIMATES COME FROM DEPARTMENT OF THE FARS ENVIRONMENT. IN THIS STUDY, DURING 2002-2009, 69 SPECIES FROM 15 FAMILIES AND 6 ORDERS OF THE BIRD’S FAUNA OF IRAN WERE RECOGNIZED AT THIS PROTECTED AREA. AMONG FAMILIES OF WATERFOWL AND WADERS RECOGNIZED IN PARISHAN INTERNATIONAL WETLAND THE LARGEST FAMILY IS RALLIDAE WITH 51.968 PERCENT ABUNDANCE AND THE SMALLEST FAMILY IS CICONIIDAE WITH 0.002 PERCENT ABUNDANCE. APPLICATION OF SHANNON WIENER SPECIES DIVERSITY INDEX AMONG THE YEARS WERE STUDIED SHOWED THAT THE YEARS OF 2004 WITH H′=2.54 HAS THE HIGHEST SPECIES DIVERSITY AND YEARS OF 2008 WITH H′=1.01 HAS THE LOWEST SPECIES DIVERSITY.

ZAYANDEH ROUD RIVER IS ONE THE MOST CRITICAL ARTERIES IN CENTER OF IRAN (4). POLLUTION SOURCES OF RIVERS ARE DIVIDED INTO THE THREE PARTS OF INDUSTRIAL, ANTHROPOGENIC AND AGRICULTURAL SOURCES (1& 12). IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES LIKE ISFAHAN IRON MELT FACTORY, MOBARAKE STEEL FACTORY AND MANY OTHER SETTLED UNITS IN OUTSKIRTS OF THE RIVER AND ISFAHAN CITY, ARE CHIEFLY DEPENDENT TO THE RIVER DUE TO WATER SUPPLY (14& 15).SEVERAL INDUSTRIAL SEWAGES ARE SPILLED INTO THE RIVER IN MANY PARTS THAT ARE POLLUTION SOURCES FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF ORGANIC LOAD, TYPES OF HEAVY METALS, SYNTHETIC MATERIALS AND THE LIKE. FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES, ISFAHAN CITY IS EQUIPPED TO SEWAGE COLLECTION& TREATMENT SYSTEMS BUT, A PART OF THE SEWAGE IS ENTERED THE RIVER UNTREATED AND ALSO SOME PARTS SEMI-TREATED THAT HAVE A LARGE SHARE IN ITS POLLUTION (12). BESIDES, CITIES, TOWNS AND SEVERAL VILLAGES ARE IN THE PATH OF THE RIVER THAT CAUSE POLLUTION DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY (15). ANOTHER POLLUTION SOURCE OF THE RIVER IS AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGES THAT ARE ABUNDANT WITH ORGANIC AND MINERAL MATERIALS SUCH AS CHEMICAL AND BESTIAL MANURES, PLANT RESIDUES, SOIL LEACHING MATERIALS, TOXIC MATERIALS SUCH AS PESTICIDES, HERBICIDES AND THE LIKE. THIS POLLUTION IS MAINLY BEGUN FROM THE WHEAT FARMLANDS AROUND ZARINSHAHR AND CONTINUES TO GAVKHOUNI SWAMP BUT, WHATEVER GOING NEARER TO THE DOWNSTREAM THE WIDTH AND THE INTENSITY OF THE AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION INCREASES (12). SUCH POLLUTIONS AND THE LIKE HAVE CAUSED DEGRADATION IN THE QUALITY OF THE RIVER WATER AND A DISORDER REGARDING TO THE EXISTING STANDARDS (12, 14 & 15).

SHADEGAN INTERNATIONAL WETLAND WITH AN AREA OF 537700 HECTARES IS LOCATED IN SOUTHWEST OF IRAN IN KHUZESTAN PROVINCE. ITS GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS ARE 48° 20´ E AND 30° 20´ N. IN THIS STUDY SPECIES DIVERSITY OF WATERFOWL AND WADERS OF SHADEGAN INTERNATIONAL WETLAND HAS BEEN STUDIES DURING 2002 - 2008. DATA FOR CALCULATING THE ESTIMATES COME FROM DEPARTMENT OF THE KHUZESTAN ENVIRONMENT. IN THIS STUDY, DURING 2002-2008, 72 SPECIES FROM 14 FAMILIES AND 6 ORDERS OF THE BIRDS OF IRAN WERE RECOGNIZED AT THIS PROTECTED AREA. AMONG FAMILIES OF WATERFOWL AND WADERS RECOGNIZED IN SHADEGAN INTERNATIONAL WETLAND THE LARGEST FAMILY IS ANATIDAE WITH 43.74 PERCENT ABUNDANCE AND THE SMALLEST FAMILY IS CICONIDAE WITH 0.003 PERCENT ABUNDANCE. THIS INVESTIGATION WAS DONE FOR INTRODUCE AND DETERMINATION OF WATERFOWL AND WADERS FAUNA OF SHADEGAN INTERNATIONAL WETLAND. APPLICATION OF SHANNON WIENER SPECIES DIVERSITY INDEX AMONG THE YEARS WERE STUDIED SHOWED THAT THE YEARS OF 2007 WITH H′=2.25 HAS THE HIGHEST RICHNESS AND YEARS OF 2003 WITH H′=1.04 HAS THE LOWEST RICHNESS.

IN THIS RESEARCH THE EFFECT OF LEAD POISONS ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES ON 20 DAY COLZA OCAPI CULTIVAR WAS INVESTIGATED.THE RAPE SEED WAS PLANTED IN HYDROPONIC ENVIRONMENT AND WAS UNDER DIFFERENT LEAD TREATMENT OF (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.MM) WITH ABOVE CONCENTRATION IT WAS ACCOMPANIED BY SALICYLIC ACID (5 AND 10 MM) WITH THREE REPEATIONS. AFTER 20 DAYS THE AMOUNT OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS PIGMENTS INCLUDING CHLOROPHYLL A, B AND A + B, AND THE AMOUNT OF PROLINE WAS MEASURED IN LEAF AND ROOT.THE RESULT WAS SHOWN WITH INCREASING THE CONCENTRATION OF PB (NO3) 2, THE PIGMENTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS INCLUDING CHLOROPHYLL A, B AND A + B IN RAPE SEED LEAVES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED.ALSO SIGNIFICANT INCREASING WAS SEEN IN THE AMOUNT OF PROLINE IN LEAF AND ROOT AND INCREASING IN ROOT HIGHER THAN LEAF.USE OF TREATMENT LEAD AND SALICYLIC ACID AT THE SAME TIME CAUSE TO DECREES AMOUNT OF PROLINE AND INCREASE ACTIVITIES OF PIGMENTS PHOTOSYNTHESIS.COLLECTED DATA WERE EXTRACTED AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SPSS STATISTICAL SOFTWARE AND TEST OF DUNCAN, PERFORMED.

INCREASING AND DEVELOPING OF HUMAN SOCIETIES IS PARALLED WITH ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION. IN BASE OF HANDY CENSUS, ALONG 30 YEARS AGO, DISPOSAL OF ENERGY WERE INCRISING. AT PRESENT EXPENSING OF ENERGY IS 10 GTOE/YR AND FORCASTING THAT, GROWING TO 14 GTOE/YR UNTILL 2020. IN THIS POSITION, ONE QUESTION IS DISCUSSED. ARE RESOURCES OF FOSSIL FUEL ADEQUATE FOR TERRICOLOUSES? IN THE OTHER HAND, GLOBAL WARMING IS WORLDWIDE PROBLEM AND FOR BATTELING WITH THIS CHALLENGE USING OF NEW AND CLEAN ENERGY ARE SUGGESTED.THE ISSUE OF GLOBAL WARMING IS BECOMING A GREAT CHALLENGE WHICH THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY MUST FACE IN THIS CENTURY. THE LATEST REPORT OF THE IPCC (INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE) INDICATED THAT DEVELOPMENT HEAVILY RELYING ON FOSSIL FUEL ENERGIES WILL RAISE GLOBAL MEAN TEMPERATURES BY ABOUT 4.5 1C DURING THE 21ST CENTURY. ONLY WITH A TRANSITION TOWARD A LOWRESOURCE- CONSUMING ECONOMY AND THE USE OF CLEAN ENERGY SOURCES AND TECHNOLOGIES WILL IT BE POSSIBLE TO MITIGATE TEMPERATURE INCREASES TO ABOUT 2 1C. SOLAR ENERGY IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT IN CLEAN ENERGY. WITH GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) AND REMOTE SENSING BASED ANALYSES, MULTIFARIOUS RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES WERE EVALUATED ACCORDING TO ACTUAL LOCAL LAND USES IN ORDER TO PROVIDE MOREINTEGRATED AND ACCURATE DECISION-MAKING INFORMATION FOR POLICYMAKERS AND INVESTORS.

A CORRELATION RANKING PROCEDURE IS PROPOSED FOR SELECTION OF FACTORS IN PRINCIPAL COMPONENT-ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (PC-ANN). THE MODEL WAS APPLIED IN THE AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY (-LOGS) EVALUATION OF DIVERSE ORGANIC MOLECULES. EXPERIMENTAL VALUES FOR THE OBSERVED -LOGS VALUES FOR ORGANIC MOLECULES CAN RANGE FROM ABOUT -0.380 (OXALIC ACID) TO 10.410 (2, 2', 3, 3', 4, 5, 5', 6, 6' -PCB)-LOG UNITS. TEN DIFFERENT SH INDICES WERE CALCULATED FOR EACH MOLECULE. PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF THE SH DATA MATRIX SHOWED THAT THE SEVEN PCS COULD EXPLAIN 99.97% OF VARIANCES IN THE SH DATA MATRIX. THE EXTRACTED PCS WERE USED AS THE PREDICTOR VARIABLES (INPUT) FOR PCR AND ANN MODELS. THE ANN MODEL COULD EXPLAIN 97.63% OF VARIANCES IN THE SOLUBILITY DATA, WHILE THE VALUE OBTAINED FROM PCR PROCEDURES WERE 84.27%. FOR THE PCR STUDIES, THE DATA SET WAS DIVIDED INTO A TRAINING SET OF 320 COMPOUNDS FOR MODEL BUILDING AND AN EXTERNAL PREDICTION SET OF 60 COMPOUNDS FOR MODEL VALIDATION. BOTH SUBSETS WERE CHOSEN TO ENSURE THAT A DIVERSE SET OF COMPOUNDS WAS PRESENT. FOR THE ANN STUDIES, A CROSS-VALIDATION SET OF 50 COMPOUNDS WAS CHOSEN, LEAVING 270 COMPOUNDS IN THE TRAINING SET, AND THE PREDICTION SET REMAINED THE SAME. MODELS TO PREDICT THE SOLUBILITY IS CONSTRUCTED USING PCR AND PC-ANN WITH ERRORS COMPARABLES TO THE EXPERIMENTAL ERRORS OF THE SOLUBILITY DATA. THE ROOT MEAN-SQUARE-ERRORS (RMSERROR) ASSOCIATED WITH THE CALIBRATION, PREDICTION, AND VALIDATION SET COMPOUNDS USED FOR THE PC-ANN MODEL WERE 0.314, 0.450, AND 0.314 -LOGS UNITS, RESPECTIVELY.

BABOLROOD RIVER IS IN MAZANDARAN PROVINCE AND IN SOUTHERN BEACH OF CASPIAN SEA. FROM EAST IS RESTRICTED TO TALAR RIVER AND FROM WEST TO HARAZ RIVER.KELAROOD, SAJADROOD AND GANJROOD RIVERS ARE IMPORTANT BRANCHES OF BABOLROOD, WHICH THEY ARE POURING TO MAZANDARAN SEA AFTER CONNECTING TO EACH OTHER UNDER MOHAMMAD HASAN KHAN BRIDGE IN BABOL AND AFTER PASSING FROM A FLAT AREA IN BABOLSAR.WITH CONSIDERING TO ZOOPLANKTONS – AS SECOND LINK OF FOOD CYCLE – THIS ASSAY HAS BEEN DEVOTED TO INVESTIGATING ABOUT THEIR CONDITIONS IN THIS RIVER.AFTER SAMPLING FROM THREE STATIONS, EARNED SAMPLES WERE BROUGHT TO LABORATORY AND OBSERVED WITH MICROSCOPE, AND FOUND THESE RESULTS:OBSERVED ZOOPLANKTONS ARE SPECIES OF ARTHROPODA, PROTOZOA, ASCHEMENTIS. FOR ARTHROPODA CAN BE CALLED COPEPODA, AND CLADOCERA CATEGORY AND FOR ASCHEMENTIS CAN BE CALLED ROTIFERA CATEGORY.

DEVELOPMENT OF URBANISM AND URBAN LIFE PROBLEMS AND CONCERNS HIGHLIGHTS COMPLETE ATTENTION TO SOLUTIONS AND USEFUL GUIDELINES TO OPTIMIZE THE LIFE OF CITIZENS. AMONG TOPICS LIKE URBAN ENVIRONMENT, URBAN TRANSPORTATION, URBAN SAFETY AND PLANNING, ONE FACTOR WHICH HAS EFFECTIVE AND SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON OTHER URBAN LIFE ELEMENTS IS URBAN MANAGEMENT.SPATIAL URBAN MANAGEMENT PROVIDES GROUNDS FOR INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HUMAN, SPACE AND ACTIVITY AND REASONABLE ARRANGEMENT OF ACTIVITIES IN LANDS. THE BASIC QUESTION IS THAT WHAT THE RELATION OF URBAN MANAGEMENT IN INTERACTION WITH ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE IS? WHAT IS THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENTS, NON- GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS (NGO) AND UNITED NATIONS (UN) IN PROGRESSING DEVELOPMENT? REGARDING THIS QUESTION, WE ASSUME THAT GOVERNMENT DOMINANCE ON THEIR ENVIRONMENT LOOSE ITS PLACE TO GLOBAL MEANS AND ROLES OF NGOS AND UN BECOMES MORE SIGNIFICANT. THE AIM OF THIS PAPER IS THE STUDY OF URBAN MANAGEMENT ROLE AND ITS RELATIONS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AND DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTRIES WITH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT APPROACH.

WITH TODAY'S VISION OF RULING THE WORLD ECONOMIC COMMUNITY IS LIKELY TO BE ABLE TO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR GOOD RESULTS MAKING, IT SEEMS UNLIKELY. BECAUSE THE CURRENT PATTERNS OF ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL WORLD, FOR MORE ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION ARE THE STEPS. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE IN REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION COMPENSATION TO THE INDUSTRY SEEMS UNLIKELY ROLE OF EFFECTIVE AND SUBSTANTIAL. IN THIS ARTICLE USING SMART WELLS AND SMART FIELD ABOVE STEPS TO PREVENT ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IS EXAMINED. OF POLLUTION THAT WATER AND GAS PRODUCTION DUE TO POOR FORMATION AND POOR DRILLING AND DRILLING SEVERAL WELLS TO THE ENVIRONMENT APPLY.

THE AIM OF PRESENT RESEARCH IS STUDY OF THE FAUNISTIC ON SNAKES OF WESTERN PARTS OF GOLESTAN PROVINCE (GORGAN CITY TO BORDER OF MAZANDARAN PROVINCE) BY ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS AND IDENTIFICATION KEYS. IN THIS RESEARCH WHICH WAS DONE DURING JULY2008 UNTILE AUGUST 2009, 36 SPECIMENS WERE COLLECTED FROM THIS AREA AND STUDIED. IDENTIFIED SAMPLES COMPRISE OF 11SPECIES BELONG TO 10 GENERA AND 4 FAMILIES INCLUDING:NATRIX TESSELLATA TESSELLATA; NATRIX NATRIX; ELAPHE DIONE DIONE, HEMORRHOIS RAVERGIERI, DOLICHOPHIS JUGULARIS ; PLATYCEPS NAJADUM, TELESCOPUS FALLAX IBERICUS AND ZAMENIS PERSICA FROM COLUBRIDAE FAMILY, TYPHLOPS VERMICULARI FROM TYPHLOPIDAE FAMILY, NAJA OXIANA FROM ELAPIDAE; GLOYDIUS HALYS CAUCASICUS FROM VIPERIDAE. THEN SPREAD MAP OF EACH SPECIES WAS PLOTED.

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING THE WATER REQUIREMENT ARE INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT CLIMATE PARAMETERS, SO IT’S CRUCIAL TO CONSIDER THE REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AT THE TIME CLIMATE CHANGING. ENSO PHENOMENON IS ONE OF THE FACTORS FOR CLIMATE CHANGING. IN THIS STUDY THE EFFECTS OF ENSO PHENOMENON WAS EVALUATED ON AMOUNT OF REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN QAZVIN, BY USING THE NINO3.4 INDEX. THE STATISTICAL PERIOD IS 50 YEAR (1957_2006). FIRST OF ALL IT WAS RECOGNIZED THE HOT (EL NINO), COLD (LA NINA), AND NORMAL PHASES OF ENSO PHENOMENON. THEN IT WAS OBTAINED THE CORRELATION BETWEEN REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND SOME EFFECTIVE PARAMETERS ON THAT, LIKE WIND SPEED, THE DEFICIT OF SATURATION PRESSURE, WITH TEMPERATURE DATA OF NINO3.4 REGION. AVERAGE DISCREPANCY OF OBTAINED TEMPORAL SERIES, WAS EXAMINED AT THE MOUNTS AFFECTED BY ENSO PHENOMENON, BY THE MANN-WHITNEY TEST, IN 99% AND 95% SIGNIFICANT LEVELS. THE AMOUNTS OF REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AVERAGE, ACCOUNTED IN EL NINO AND LA NINA PHASES TO AVERAGE NORMAL PHASE. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT, THE ENSO PHENOMENON WITH AVERAGE -0.37 CORRELATION COEFFICIENT, WITH REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, CAUSES TO DECREASE 7.8PERCENT OF REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN EL NINO PHASE TO NORMAL PHASE. AND ALSO REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN EL NINO PHASE TO LA NINA PHASE DECREASE ABOUT 10.6 PERCENT. THE REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN LA NINA PHASE HAS NOT SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE WITH NORMAL PHASE.

TODAY’S NUMEROUS EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION SPECIALLY HEALTHY EFFECTS SUCH AS RESPIRATORY, HEART AND NERVOUS DISEASES, HAVE RESULTED IN THE FACT THAT MONITORING AND CONTROL OF AIR QUALITY HAVE BECOME AN INTEGRAL PART OF ALL SOCIETIES MAJOR PROBLEMS.AS A RESULT, ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE MEASURES FOR MONITORING, CONTROL AND PRECAUTIONARY AND PREVENTIVE ACTIONS TAKEN AGAINST UNDESIRABLE AND POLLUTED AIR QUALITY IN EXCESS OF ACCEPTED STANDARDS, IS TO DETERMINE THE ACTUAL AMOUNTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AND PROMPT COMMUNICATION OF THE FINDINGS TO THE PUBLIC.WITH THIS OBJECTIVE IN MIND, THE UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY INFORMS THE PUBLIC ON DAILY BASIS OF CITIES AIR QUALITY THROUGH MASS MEDIA.

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF AQUACULTURE METHODS, VALUE AND REPETITION OF WASTES DISCHARGE FROM FIELDS TO ENVIRONMENT AROUND IS AMONG IMPORTANT FACTORS. THE EFFECT OF WASTES OF FISH PONDS ON COLLECTED WATERS ON LOCAL CONDITIONS. WASTE PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM FEEDING AND METABOLISM IN THE FIELDS OF AQUACULTURE INCLUDE WASTES OF FOODS AND DISCHARGE MATERIALS, BY PRODUCTS OF METABOLISM OF REMNANTS OF HERBICIDES AND BIOCIDES. FOOD WASTES DEPEND ON FACTORS INCLUDE FOOD BEHAVIOR OF CULTURE CREATURES, FOOD CONSISTENCY IN THE WATER, METHODS OF FOOD DISTRIBUTION AND TIME OF FEEDING. DECOMPOSITION OF MANURE IS VERY VARIABLE AND IT DEPENDS ON ANIMAL SPECIES, ITS FOOD ' NATURE, STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF FOOD AND WEATHER CONDITIONS. ENRICHING AN AQUACULTURE FIELD HAPPENS BY DECOMPOSITION OF FOOD WASTES, MANURES, WASTES OF METABOLIC PROCESS AND MORE OFTEN TOO MORE FERTILIZING. THESE RESULT IN TO BLOOM ALGAE IN THE FIELDS OR NEAR THEM. THIS MAY INCLUDE CHANGES IN COMPONENTS OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND DECREASE IN CREATURES THAT SHAPE OF FEEDING ALL KINDS OF CULTURED CREATURES. ENRICHING BOTTOM SEDIMENTS IN THE FIELDS AND IN THE CAGES OF OPEN WATERS PROVIDE HIGH CONDITIONS FOR BACTERIA POPULATION. TO SURVEY ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF AQUACULTURE IT IS NECESSARY TO MEASURE CONCENTRATION OF FOODS IN THE WATER AND DISCHARGE VALUE OF NUTRIENTS FROM FIELD TO THAT WATER ECOSYSTEM IN UNIT TIME AND WATER STORAGE TIME IN THE AREA. ALTHOUGH BASICALLY ALL KINDS OF WASTES PRODUCED IN AQUACULTURE FIELDS ARE EQUAL BUT DEPEND ON CULTURE OPERATION AND SPECIES WE SEE DIFFERENCES IN THEIR COMPONENTS QUALITY AND QUANTITY. MORE DATA RELATE TO INTENSIFIED SYSTEMS OF SALMON CULTURES IN CAGES IN MODERATE WEATHER. ALTHOUGH THESE PROCESS HAVE NOT PRONOUNCED DIFFERENCE BUT CAPABILITY OF THESE DATA IS NOT OBVIOUS IN DIFFERENT CLIMATES. HOWEVER THESE DATA CAN PROVIDES FIELDS FOR NEXT RESEARCHES AND BECOMES BASE OF SPECIAL SURVEY.

THE EXACT CALCULATION OF REFERENCE EVARTANSPIRATION AND WATER REQUIREMENT IS IMPORTANT FOR THE BEST USE OF WATER SOURCE, CORRECT MANAGEMENT AND PERMANENT DEVELOPMENT. IN ORDER TO BE MORE PREPARED TO STRUGGLE AND REDUCE THE LOSS ACCOUNT, IT’S NECESSARY TO DO SOME RESEARCHES RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGING, DUE TO THIS CHANGE. THE ENSO PHENOMENON IS ONE OF THE EFFECTIVE FACTORS IN CLIMATE CHANGE, THEREFORE THIS RESEARCH WILL DISCUSS THE THE EFFECTS OF ENSO PHENOMENON ON REFERENCE EVARTANSPIRATION, BY THE USE OF SOUTHERN OSCILLATION INDEX. FOR THIS REASON 9 CITIES AMONG THE COLD-DRY AND COLD-SEMI DRY CITIES WITH THE 50 YEAR OLD STATISTICAL PERIOD (1957-2006) WAS CHOSEN. THE RESULT OF USING THE CORRELATION TESTS IN SEASONAL SCALE, INDICATED THE POSITIVE RELATION OF SOUTHERN OSCILLATION WITH REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, IN UNDERSTUDY ZONES. ACCORDING TO OBTAINED RESULTS, QAZVIN IS THE MOST IMPRESSIBLE CITY AMONG THE UNDERSTUDY CITIES THE IMPRESSIBILITY OF REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN FALL WAS CONTAINED ABOUT 75% OF IMPRESSIBILITY IN ALL SEASONS. GENERALLY THE UNDERSTUDY ZONES WITH 0.37CORRELATION COEFFICIENT ARE AFFECTED BY WESTERN FLUCTUATION INDEX, AS THE RATIO OF EVAPORATION AND EVARTANSPIRATION SOURCE OF EL NINO PHASE TO NORMAL PHASE IS DECREASED ABOUT 9.9 PERCENT, THE RATIO IN LA NINA PHASE TO NORMAL PHASE IS INCREASED ABOUT 8.3%. REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF EL NINO PHASE DEALING WITH LA NINA PHASE, SHOWS A 10.85% DECREASE.

IN THIS ARTICLE WE STUDY THE USING OF PURE, CHEAP, PRODUCTIVE FUEL IN RURAL REGIONS OF KOHRANG, SITUATED IN CHAHARMAHAL-O-BAKHTIYARI PROVINCE. ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEMS OF KOHRANG RURAL REGIONS IS FUEL SECURITY. MANY OF ITS RURAL REGIONS ARE IMPASSABLE AND TRAFFIC, ESPECIALLY WITH SNOWFALL IN COLD SEASONS. THE MAIN CONSUMPTION OF VILLAGERS OF THIS REGION IS FOSSIL FUELS LIKE OIL AND GASOIL. IN THESE VILLAGES ARE (EXIST) GREAT SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENT FUELS LIKE ANIMAL DUNG, AGRICULTURE WASTAGES AND, … THAT PROPER USE OF THEM CAN PROVIDE THE NECESSARY ENERGY FOR VILLAGERS, ESPECIALLY FOR PRODUCING BIOGAS. MORE OVER ACCUMULATE OF ANIMAL WASTES IN SURFACE OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS AND RURAL BUILDINGS CAUSE TO INCREASE ILLNESS FACTORS INCIDENCES AND ENVIRONMENT POLLUTIONS AND THE LOSS VILLAGE NATURAL PERSPECTIVES.

ENVIRONMENTAL HAVE BEEN ONE OF THE MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND CONCERNS AND MOST IMPORTANT SOCIETIES IN THE PAST FEW DECADES HAS BEEN SO FAR. TRANSPORT ENTER MAKE DIFFERENT EFFECTS, SUCH AS AIR POLLUTION AND SOUND POLLUTION FROM ROAD TRAFFIC INTO THE ENVIRONMENT MAKES. AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY FOSSIL FUEL VEHICLES, TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS WILL INCREASE AND WITH DECREASING TEMPERATURE AND AIR POLLUTION WILL BE INTENSIFIED. TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES IN THE CITIES AND CREATING MENTAL TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC EASY CARRYING ENERGY CONSUMPTION, AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN REDUCING PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION AND CONSEQUENTLY REDUCE TRAVEL COSTS CAN PLAY. AIR POLLUTION AND NOISE POLLUTION, TODAY, AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS WOULD B. SO CONTROL AND POLLUTION FACTORS TO PREVENT HEART DISEASE AND RESPIRATORY TYPES, GLOBAL WARMING, FOUL EARTH AND ECOSYSTEM BALANCE. A PRIORITY OF COMMUNITIES IS GROWING AND ADVANCED. THEREFORE, PROPER PLANNING, PUBLIC EDUCATION, EXPAND PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, CULTURE, ENVIRONMENTAL AND BUILDING PUBLIC AWARENESS FOR INDIVIDUALS CAN BE EFFECTIVE STEPS FOR THE WELFARE OF HUMAN SOCIETY AND ALSO, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND REDUCE POLLUTION AND INCREASE TRANSPORTATION SAFETY HARVEST.

WASTE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT WAS EARLIER PERCEIVED TO BE A PROBLEM CONFINED TO DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AND DEVELOPED CITIES. DUE TO THE GLOBALIZATION AND CHANGING ECONOMIC SCENARIO, NOWADAYS-WASTE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT IS ALSO GROWING AS A MAJOR PROBLEM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND DEVELOPING CITIES. IN THIS PAPER ESTIMATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WASTE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT IN ONE SUCH DEVELOPING COUNTRY, INDIA IS PRESENTED. MARKET SUPPLY METHOD IS BEST SUITED FOR THE ESTIMATIONS OF WASTE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT IN THE COUNTRY LIKE INDIA DUE TO CONSTRAINTS IN GATHERING THE DATA. THE COUNTRY OF INDIA IS ESTIMATED TO GENERATE ABOUT 41500 TONNES OF WASTE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT IN THE YEAR 2015, AS COMPARED TO PRESENT GENERATION OF 2280 TONNES. MANAGEMENT POLICY CONSIDERING STRATEGY OF EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY AND RECYCLING IS DEVELOPED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF WEEE IN THE COUNTRY OF INDIA.

NOWADAYS, EDUCATION AND CULTURE HAVE IMPORTANCE ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CULTURE. SOLUTION METHODS FOR CULTURAL CASES ARE BASIC THAT SCHOOLS HAVE THE GROUNDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND CULTURE IN SOCIETY. ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS IN TEACHERS IS IMPORTANT FOR QUANTITY AND QUALITY PRESENTATION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION. FOR THIS PURPOSE, THIS STUDY HAS SELECTED AND RESULTS INCLUDED:MORE OF 52% OF TEACHERS HAVE>35 YEARS OLD, 78 % OF THEIR HAVE AWARENESS ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES. 55.5% OF THEIR, HAVE MEDIUM AWARENESS OF ENVIRONMENT.46.5% OF THEIR HAVE LIKED TO NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. 94% OF THEIR HAVE CARRIED OUT STUDIES ABOUT ENVIRONMENT. THE MOST OF THEM BELIEVED THAT PAPERS, MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPERS AND FILMS ABOUT ENVIRONMENT ARE IMPORTANT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS. 90% OF THEIR, LIKE BE COOPERATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION. 57.5% OF THEIRS SPENT STUDIES ABOUT ENVIRONMENT AND USE OF THEM IN SOCIETY IN UNIVERSITIES.96% OF THEIR HAVE BELIEVED THAT EDUCATION CLASSES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION ARE NECESSARY.82.5% OF THEM HAVE BELIEVED THAT ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION MUST BE IN TOTAL OF GROUPS AND FIELDS IN SCHOOLS. ENVIRONMENTAL BOOKS IN SCHOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES PRESENTATION ARE NECESSARY FOR STUDENTS. THE MOST OF THEM LIKE TO CARRY OUT ACTIVITIES ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL CULTURE.55.5% OF THEM HAVE BELIEVED THAT ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATIONS IN PRIMARY AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS HAVE MORE NECESSARY.

INCREASING GROWTH OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES ON THE ONE HAND AND NON-OBSERVANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS AND INADEQUATE MANAGEMENT OF WASTE PRODUCED ON THE OTHER HAND, HAS LED IN RECENT DECADES DUE TO LARGE AMOUNTS OF WASTE OIL ACTIVITIES ON THE ENVIRONMENT TO FIND WAYS. THIS WASTE DURING THE DIFFERENT STAGES RANGING FROM OIL EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION DRILLING AND PRODUCTION AND IF THE CHOICE IS NOT THOUGHT THE NOT TOO DISTANT FUTURE RESULTS OF THE MORE IRREPARABLE THE SHOWS.THIS ARTICLE FIRST OIL WASTE MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES THAT FOCUSED SUMMARY INCLUDES MINIMIZING WASTE ARE PRODUCED AND CONTINUE TO IMPROVE THE PROPERTIES OF PROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTE PRODUCTION WITH ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS LARGE DECREASES. AFTER THE INTRODUCTION THIS PRINCIPLE, WASTE MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS IN DRILLING OIL AND GAS WELLS WERE ANALYZED AT THE END AND MEASURING THE RESIDUAL DRILLING OF PRODUCTION WELLS IN THE SOUTH AND THE HIGH COST OF THE WELLS DRILLED IN THIS SECTION DEDICATED TO THE DRILLING FLUID CAN BE FOUND, THIS RESULT WAS ACHIEVED WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTION DRILLING FLUIDS CAN BE MANY ONLY REDUCE COSTS BUT IT CAN PREVENT IRREPARABLE DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT IS VERY USEFUL.

THE PROTECTION OF ALL INTEGRATED COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTS IS NOT ONLY NATIONAL PRIORITY, BUT A REGIONAL AND GLOBAL NECESSITY. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT 5000 SPECIES OF MAMMALS, 10000 SPECIES OF BIRDS, 8000 SPECIES OF CREEPERS, 5500 SPECIES OF AMPHIBIOUS AND 27000 SPECIES OF FISHES OR AQUATICS EXIST THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. IRAN IS A LARGE COUNTRY AND AFTER TURKEY IS THE RICHEST COUNTRY OF PLANT DIVERSITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST. LPA LOCATED IN HAMADAN PROVINCE, IT IS A MOUNTAINOUS AREA AND PROXIMITY TO MALAYER TOWNSHIP.IN THIS RESEARCH, THE PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES OF THE REGION WERE IDENTIFIED AND STATISTICS OF THE POPULATION OF ANIMAL FLAGSHIP SPECIES WERE GATHERED. IN THIS RESEARCH, VALID ACADEMIC RESOURCES WERE USED FOR IDENTIFICATION OF ANIMAL AND PLANT SPECIES. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) HAS BEEN USED TO EVALUATE THE LAND AS MAIN TOOL. THE SOFTWARE USED WAS ARC VIEW (VERSION 3.2A) SCALE WAS 1/50, 000.LPA HAS DIFFERENT PLANTS SO THAT MOST PLANT RESERVES OF HAMADAN PROVINCE COULD BE SEEN IN THIS AREA.BASED ON THE RECENT STUDY THAT WAS ACCOMPLISHED IN LPA, IT WAS REPORTED THAT, 43 FAMILIES, 184 GENERA AND 266 PLANT SPECIES ARE EXISTED IN LPA, ALMOST 28 SPECIES OF WHICH ARE ENDEMIC OF IRAN.THE OBTAINED RESULTS SHOWED THAT CONSTRUCTION OF CONNECTION ROADS IN VICINITY THE REGION, ESTABLISHMENT OF FACTORIES INSIDE AND AROUND THE REGION, MILITARY GARRISON, UNAUTHORIZED GRAZING, UNLAWFUL HUNTING, AND AHANGARAN MINE AND RAIL ROAD HAVE ALL PUT LPA IN SERIOUS THREAT AND DANGER.THEREFORE IT IS EXTREMELY NECESSARY THAT LPA MANAGEMENT INTENSIFY ITS PROTECTIVE AND SECURITY MEASURES WITH FULL ALERTNESS FOR SURVIVAL OF WILDLIFE OF THE REGION.

TOXIC METAL CADMIUM (CD) IS PLAYING THE MAJOR ROLE IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH THREATS AND APPEAR TO BE SERIOUSLY AFFECTING THE MINE WORKERS' HEALTH. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE CONCENTRATION OF TOXIC HEAVY ELEMENT CADMIUM IN ZINC MINE WORKER'S BLOOD WAS DETERMINED.FLAMELESS ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETERY WAS USED FOR CD MEASURMENT. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT IN 100% OF THE WORKERS , THE CONCENTRATION OF CD IN BLOOD IS MORE THAN THE STANDARD VALUE RECOMMENDED BY WHO WHICH CAUSES SEVERAL DEASES IN MOST OF THE WORKERS. THE AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF CADMIUM IN THE BLOOD SAMPLES IN THIS STUDY HAS OBTAINED.62 UG/DL.

IN THE PRESENT WORK, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF TORBAT HEYDARIEE’S STEEL COMPLEX ON THE AIR QUALITY OF THE NEIGHBOR REGIONS WERE INVESTIGATED. ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT AIR CONTAMINANT UNIT IN THE STEEL COMPLEX, WHERE ITS CONTAMINANTS CONTAIN CO, SO2, NO2 AND PARTICULAR MATTERS. THREE DIMENSIONAL CFD MODELING WAS USED TO PREDICT THE DISPERSION OF THESE CONTAMINANTS FROM STACK OF THE ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE. THE MODELING’S WERE CARRIED OUT FOR TWO CASES AND THE RESULTS WERE COMPARED TOGETHER. IN THE FIRST CASE IT WAS ASSUMED THAT THE EXHAUST GASES FROM THE FURNACE ARE VENTED TO THE ATMOSPHERE WITHOUT ANY REFINING. IN THE SECOND CASE, APPROPRIATE REFINING PROCESSES ARE EMPLOYED FOR REDUCING GAS AND SOLID CONTAMINANTS. THE RESULTS OF THE FIRST CASE SHOWED THE CONCENTRATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE IS LOWER THAN STANDARD ALLOWABLE LEVEL. HOWEVER, THE CONCENTRATIONS OF OTHER CONTAMINANTS ARE HIGHER THAN EPA ALLOWABLE LEVELS. FOR THE SECOND CASE, THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT BY EMPLOYING APPROPRIATE REFINING PROCESSES, THE CONCENTRATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER AND ALL OF THE GASEOUS CONTAMINANTS WILL BE LOWER THAN ALLOWABLE QUANTITIES.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND EFFECTS ASSESSMENT OF PROTECTION AND EXPLOITATION FORESTRY PROGRAMS AND CONTINUES DESTROY ITS RESOURCE; WILL PERSUADE PLANNERS TO REVISION THE CURRENT MANAGEMENT METHODS.BECAUSE MOST OF THESE PROJECTS DUE TO INATTENTION TO SOCIAL ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL STRUCTURES, AND NEEDS LOCAL RESIDENTS, DON’T SUCCESSFUL. COMMUNITY FORESTRY APPROACH PROPER RESPONSE TO THE EXISTING SHORTCOMINGS IN THIS FIELD. THIS STUDY REVIEW PREVIOUS RESEARCH, AND TRYING TO DESCRIBE THE DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS OF COMMUNITY FORESTRY. THE RESULTS SHOW COMMUNITY FORESTRY APPROACH WITH THE AIM OF TRANSFERRING FORESTRY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT INTO PEOPLE AND HAS BEEN DESIGNED AS AN ATTEMPT IN PUBLIC TO CONTINUE PRODUCTION, PRESERVATION AND REVIVAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, AND IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE RESISTANCE ECONOMIC AND LIVELIHOOD EXPLOITERS. ON THAT BASIS, THE RECOGNITION OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR AUDIENCE, DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH PROJECT, EDUCATIONAL AND EXTENSIONAL PROGRAMS INTO RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROJECTS CLIENT A PART OF THIS RESEARCH PROPOSALS. THIS STUDY IS HOPED THAT THESE ISSUES ARE EXAMINED DEEPER AND CLEAR DIMENSIONS.

RIVER ECOSYSTEMS ARE OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE NATURAL RESOURCES BECAUSE OF ITS ROLE TO HUMAN’S ACTIVITIES AND HEALTH, SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY. ON THE OTHER HANDS, SAND AND GRAVEL IN BED RIVERS ARE OF GREAT IMPORTANCE RESOURCES FOR HUMAN’S USE IN MANY OF CIVIL ACTIVITIES.SAND AND GRAVEL EXTRACTION FROM RIVERS BED HAVE EXTREMELY IMPACTS ON THE ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE RIVER ECOSYSTEMS AND LEADS TO DIVERSE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES. THERE ARE FOLLOWING WAYS OF SUCH IMPACTS: 1) PHYSICAL DISTURBANCE OF RIVER-BEDS; 2) CHEMICAL AND HEAVY METAL POLLUTION; 3) THERMAL POLLUTION; 4) HABITAT DEGRADATION; 5) WILDLIFE EXTINCTION; 6) DECREASE IN DISSOLVE OXYGEN; 7) DECREASE IN SELF-PURIFICATION OF RIVERS.

THE THREE REVOLUTIONS IN HUMAN HISTORY, AGRICULTURAL, INDUSTRIAL AND GREEN HAVE ALL BEEN ANSWERS TO OVERPOPULATION. THE POPULATION DEPENDENT ON THE LAND FOR FOOD, FUEL AND EMPLOYMENT WILL DOUBLE WITHIN THE NEXT 25 TO 50 YEARS. THE PROTECTED AREA AND RESERVE SYSTEM PROVIDE THE CORE AREAS FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION. IN THIS RESEARCH, HAMADAN PROVINCE, FROM ECOLOGICAL CONSERVATION POINT OF VIEW IS EVALUATED. THE STUDIED AREA WAS HAMADAN PROVINCE WITH ABOUT 19493 SQUARE KILOMETERS IS LOCATED IN THE WEST OF IRAN, 320 KM FAR FROM TEHRAN. EIGHT DIGITAL LAYERS OF MAPS HAVE BEEN USED TO EVALUATE AND LAND DEDICATION FOR ECOLOGICAL CONSERVATION THE PROVINCE. GIS WAS USED FOR THE MENTIONED PURPOSES AND THE SOFTWARE USED WAS ARC VIEW (VERSION 3.2A), WITH THE UTM PROJECTION. FOR EVALUATION, MAKHDOUM'S MODEL WAS UTILIZED. BASED ON THE RESULTS OF EVALUATION, THE CAPABILITY OF THE STUDIED AREA RELATED TO ECOLOGICAL CONSERVATION WAS SHOWN ON THE MAP. THE SUITABLE AREA FOR ECILOGICAL CONSERVATION WAS INTRODUCED, WHICH WAS EQUAL TO 189000 HECTARES (9.7 PERCENT OF THE PROVINCE). ACCORDING TO THE EVALUATIONS, HAMADAN PROVINCE HAS MODERATE POTENTIALS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION.

RAPID GROWTH URBANIZATION AND URBANITY ESPECIALLY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ENCOUNTER URBAN MANAGEMENT WITH SERIOUS PROBLEMS. GROWTH SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL MATTERS IN CITIES ADDED TO MATTER CONTORTIONS SO IN THE CASE AND WITH ATTENTION TO CONDITIONS OF UNDER DEVELOPED CITIES ESPECIALLY MEGALOPOLIS PROBLEMS ADDED EMIGRATION, TRAFFIC, AIR CONTAMINATE, HOUSING, WATER, SHARE SHORTAGE AND MUCH MANY OTHER URBAN MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS. NOW A DAY'S MAIN TARGET OF URBAN MANAGERS IS OPPORTUNITY TO SUSTAINABLE URBAN AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT EFFORT TO SOURCES SUSTAINABILITY FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS AND PREVENTION OF WASTING AND SOURCES DEMOLISH WITH OPPORTUNITY TO GOOD FACILITIES AND URBAN WELFARE FOR ALL GENERATIONS. IN THIS ESSAY MEANWHILE TO PAY CONCEPTS, PROBLEMS AND URBAN MANAGEMENT VIEWS AND THEN STUDY URBAN MANAGEMENT STEPS FOR OPPORTUNITY TO SUSTAINABLE MEGALOPOLIS.

MAJOR OF THE EARTH SURFACE COVERED BY, OCEANS AND SEAS. FROM THE MOMENT OF MAKING THE FIRST WATER WHEEL BY MANKIND, MAN WANTED ABOUT EXPLOITATION OF WATER POWER THAT IS USED BY KINETIC ENERGY OF WAVES OF THE RIVERS, FLOWS AND TIDE. BUT AN IDEA FOR PROXIMATE USE OF RESERVE THERMAL ENERGY IN OCEANS PRESENT THAT IS LIKE OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CHANGING OR OTEC TO ELECTRICITY. IN THIS METHOD OF TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WATERS OF EQUATORIAL AND TROPICAL ZONES THAT PULL THE WARM SURFACE WATER BY SUN, FROM THE SURFACE TO UNDER THE DEPTH OF 2500 FOOT OF COLD WATER. OVER 800 TIMES MORE THAN CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICITY MODERN WORLD CAN GENERATE ELECTRICITY FROM THE SUN-ENERGY THAT RESERVED CONTINUALLY IN A HIGH LAYER OF TROPICAL OCEANS. THIS PROBLEM OCCURS AROUND THE TROPICAL ZONES OF THE WORLD, OR ABOUT 20 DEGREES NORTH AND SOUTH THE EQUATOR, WHEREVER THE MOST OF THE WORLD POPULATION LIVES THERE. THESE ZONES NEEDED THE MOST ENERGY, BECAUSE POPULATION GROWTH IS MORE IN THESE ZONES AND LIFE STANDARDS (IN THESE ZONES) ARE COMPARATIVELY LOW AND NOWADAYS MOST DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED MORE ELECTRICITY ENERGY (ELECTRICAL). HOWEVER, LIKE OTHER FUELS, THIS KIND'S HAS A RELICS DESTRUCTIVE OF BIOENVIRONMENTAL TOO.

LAND-USE PLANNING IS THE SCIENCE OF DETERMINING THE BEST USE OF THE LAND ACCORDING TO ITS ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS. IN THIS STUDY, MAPS OF ELEVATION CLASSES, SLOPE CLASSES, ASPECT, SOIL, VEGETATION TYPE AND DENSITY OF SUSARA WATERSHED WERE COMBINED BASED ON THE MAKHDOOM ANALYTICAL AND SYSTEMATIC ANALYSES MODEL. FOR EACH LAND USE PLANNING UNIT, ECOLOGICAL POTENTIAL EVALUATION FOR AGRICULTURE, RANGE MANAGEMENT, FORESTRY,, EXTENSIVE TOURISM, AQUACULTURE, RURAL AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT, AND CONSERVATION. AT THE END 5.29%, 3.75%, 90.17%, 17%, 0.66% AND 0.11% OF THE TOTAL WATERSHED AREA WERE ALLOCATED TO AGRICULTURE AND RANGE MANAGEMENT, EXTENSIVE TOURISM, FORESTRY, AQUACULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT RESPECTIVELY. BECAUSE MOST OF THE STUDY AREA WAS RECOGNIZED TO BE SUITABLE FOR FORESTRY, MEASURES SHOULD BE IMPLEMENTED TO PREVENT FOREST DEGRADATION AND CLEAR CUTTING. WE CAN INTRODUCE ALTERNATIVE LAND-USES TO PRESERVE FORESTS AND INSURE SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF NATIVE PEOPLE OF THE CATCHMENTS AT THE SAME TIME. ACCORDING TO THE STUDY RESULTS AQUACULTURE AND RECREATION LAND-USES ARE PRESCRIPT AS TWO NEW ALTERNATIVES.

RIVERS, THE MOST IMPORTANT NATURAL LIFE RESOURCES, ARE CONSIDERED AS THE CENTER OF DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE VESSELS OF EVERY COUNTRY. THEREFORE, SAVING AND LOGICAL USE OF THEM DOES NOT REQUIRE MUCH REASONING.CHANGING THE BIOPHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FEATURES AND THE PERFORMANCE OF RIVERS IN THEIR VAST PATH FROM THEIR DEPARTURE TO THEIR DESTINATION POINTS HAS CREATED VARIOUS, UNIQUE AND COMPLEX HABITATS WHICH ARE EXPLAINABLE ONLY THROUGH DETERMINING THE CLIMATE PARAMETERS, TOPOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY AND A CONTEXT VASTER THAN THEIR BEDS. RIVERS, ASIDE FROM THEIR OWN NATURAL CHANGES, THESE DAYS, UNDER THE EFFECTIVE ACTIVITIES OF HUMAN TO REDUCE NATURAL DANGERS AND OVERUSE, ARE FACING DEEP DESTRUCTIVE CHANGES.SIAHROOD PASSES THROUGH GHAEMSHAHR CITY (IN MAZANDARAN PROVINCE) AND IS 68 KILOMETERS LONG. LONG AGO, SIAHROOD WAS ONE OF THE HABITATS OF TROUTS. TODAY, HUMAN FACTORS SUCH AS BIOLOGICAL DAMNS HAVE DISTRACTED THE NATURAL PROCESSES OF THIS ECOSYSTEM AND HAVE SERIOUSLY ENDANGERED THIS RIVER. IN THIS WAY, IT IS TRIED TO SEARCH ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN FACTORS ON THIS ECOSYSTEM. GENERALLY, POLLUTION IN THIS RIVER IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS OF INDUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURAL, URBAN AND (HOME). PRESENTLY, ONLY THE URBAN WASTEWATERS MOST OF WHICH INCLUDE DETERGENTS ARE RELEASED IN THIS RIVER. WE FOUND OUT, IN OUR ANALYSES AND SAMPLING OF THIS RIVER, THAT THERE ARE MANY SPECIES OF FISHES, CRUSTACEANS AND ANNELIDS THAT HAVE BEEN ABLE TO ADAPT THEMSELVES TO THIS ABNORMAL CONDITION. ACCORDING TO THE PAST OF THIS RIVER WHEN THE PEOPLE INHABITING ON THE SIDES OF IT USED TO DRINK THE WATER OF IT, AND THE RIVER HAD CLEAR AND PURE WATER, AND MANY DIFFERENT SPECIES OF ANIMALS LIVED IN THIS RIVER, IT IS HOPED THAT EFFORTS BE DONE TO IMPROVE AND QUALIFY THIS RIVER WITH THE LIVING CREATURES INSIDE IT, AND THOUGHTS BE PROVOKED FOR THE URBAN WASTEWATERS SO THAT THEY DO NOT GET INTO THE RIVER AND ENDANGER THE LIFE OF LIVING CREATURES IN THE RIVER. WITH EMPTYING THIS RIVER FROM THE POLLUTION, IT IS POSSIBLE TO RAISE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF FISHES, AND OTHER WATER-LIVING CREATURES. AND ALSO, IT IS POSSIBLE TO BUILD FISHING POOLS TO RAISE COLDWATER FISHES WHICH ARE OF HIGH VALUES AND CAN CREATE WORK OPPORTUNITY AND CAN PROVIDE THE PROTEIN CONTAINING FOODS OF THE INHABITANTS. ALSO, IT IS POSSIBLE TO MAKE GREEN SPACES AND PARKS ON THE SIDES OF THE RIVER FOR THE ENTERTAINMENT OF PEOPLE WHICH FOR SURE WILL BE GREAT WELCOME ON THE SIDE OF PEOPLE.

WATER MAIN AND THOUGHT WORLD WITHOUT WATER IS IMPOSSIBLE. AMOUNT OF WATER SIZE IS ABOUT 1390 MILLION CUBIC KILOMETERS AND DISTRIBUTE IN OCEANS, SEAS, LAKES, POLAR ICE, GROUNDWATER, RIVERS.71% FROM 98% HYDROSPHER EARTH'S SURFACE TO THE AVERAGE DEPTH OF 4 KM OF WILL IS SALTY. THE MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL CLIMATE OF THE EARTH IS 520, 000 CUBIC MILES.70, 000 CUBIC KM OF EVAPORATION AND THE 40, 000 CUBIC KILOMETERS GAME SPRINGS FLOWS. ACCORDING TO THE UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND OVER 70 YEARS RECENT WORLD'S POPULATION AND 3 TIMES THE WATER IS EQUAL TO 6 (16). THE TIME NOW IS 75 MILLION ANNUALLY WILL BE ADDED TO THE WORLD'S POPULATION. FORECASTS FOR WORLD POPULATION IN 2050 BETWEEN 9 / 7 TO 9 / 10 BILLION WERE STRUCK, AND BECAUSE ONLY 1% OF THE TOTAL AVAILABLE WATER RESOURCES IS NECESSARY TO PAY OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF WATER IS BINDING. OPTIMUM MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO ACHIEVE THE MOST IMPORTANT PILLAR OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ALL NATIONS, SO IN THIS ARTICLE WITH WATER AVAILABILITY AND RESTRICTIONS EXISTING ON ACHIEVEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BASED ON PRINCIPLES OF PROPER MANAGEMENT IS STRESSED.

ALTHOUGH THE DEGREE OF THEIR OBLIGATION IS DIFFERENT, THEY ARE CONSIDERED AS A UNIT COLLECTION, BECAUSE EVERY PRINCIPLE COMPLETES THE OTHER, OF COURSE THE CONCEOT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IS MORE VISIBLE AMONG THE CONCEPTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE ENVIRONMENT THAN THE PRINCIPLES.ALMOST ALL PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW OF THE ENVIRONMENT ARE APPLIED TO PROVE THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. SUCH AS: THE PRINCIPLE OF GOVERNING ON NATURAL RESOURCES, THE PRINCIPLE OF LIABILITY TO COOPERATION, INFORMING AND HELPING IN THE URGENT TIMES OF ENVIRONMENTAL, THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPPORT AND PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT, OBLIGATION TO PAY COMPENSATION BY ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTERS, PROVENTION AND PRECAUTIONAEY PRINCIPLE.THIS PAPER STUDIES THE CONCEPTS RELATED TO THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW.

LAND USE INCLUDES THE SCIENCE OF LOGICAL ORGANIZATION OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, CULTURAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT. AT LEAST RELEVANT THE ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT, THE BASIC AIM OF LAND USE IN DEVELOPING AREAS AND THEIR INNER AND OUTER RELATIONSHIP, TO EACH OTHER, USING WISELY SOURCES, GETTING VALUED OF MAN BUILDING HERITAGE AND NATURE BUILDING, MODIFICATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT USING THE SUITABLE METHODS AND TECHNIQUES.IT IS IMPORTANT IN PLANNING APPROVING, “LAND USE NATIONAL REGULATIONS“, AND “LAND USE NATIONAL DOCUMENT “WHICH CAN EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT.IN ADDITION IN THIS STUDY, ECOLOGIC ENVIRONMENTAL MODELS IN LAND USE ARE PRESENTED.

THERE ARE VARIOUS METHODS ON REMOVING HEAVY METALS ON WATER THAT DIVIDED IN TWO BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS. BECAUSE OF SPECIAL ADVANTAGES THAT HAVE THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND HIGHLY EFFICIENT BIOLOGICAL METHODS THAT BEING USED, BECAUSE OF LOW CONSUME OF ENERGY AND LOW CONTAMINANT OF ENVIRONMENT IN CHEMICAL METHODS, UTILIZING THESE METHODS HAVE BEEN ADDRESSED IN NOWADAYS RESEARCHES.

THE ENTRY INTO THE OCEAN OF CHEMICALS, PARTICLES, INDUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURAL AND RESIDENTIAL WASTE, OR THE SPREAD OF INVASIVE ORGANISMS.MOST SOURCES OF MARINE POLLUTION ARE LAND BASED. THE POLLUTION OFTEN COMES FROM NONPOINT SOURCES SUCH AS AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF AND WIND-BLOWN DEBRIS. MANY POTENTIALLY TOXIC CHEMICALS ADHERE TO TINY PARTICLES WHICH ARE THEN TAKEN UP BY PLANKTON AND BENTHOS ANIMALS, MOST OF WHICH ARE EITHER DEPOSIT OR FILTER FEEDERS. IN THIS WAY, THE TOXINS ARE CONCENTRATED UPWARD WITHIN OCEAN FOOD CHAINS. MANY PARTICLES COMBINE CHEMICALLY IN A MANNER HIGHLY DEPLETIVE OF OXYGEN, CAUSING ESTUARIES TO BECOME ANOXIC. WHEN PESTICIDES ARE INCORPORATED INTO THE MARINE ECOSYSTEM, THEY QUICKLY BECOME ABSORBED INTO MARINE FOOD WEBS. ONCE IN THE FOOD WEBS, THESE PESTICIDES CAN CAUSE MUTATIONS, AS WELL AS DISEASES, WHICH CAN BE HARMFUL TO HUMANS AS WELL AS THE ENTIRE FOOD WEB. COCERNING THE PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE MARINE WASTES IN THE SEAS AND OCEANS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. ALSO COCERNING THE LITTORAL ZONES CONTAMINATED WITH THE SUSPENDED PARTICLES AND FLOOTING WASTES DETECTED IN MANY PORTS AND COASTS WHICH NOT ONLY LEAVE THE WATER DIRTTY AND POLLUTED BUT ALSO JEOPARDIZE THE ORGANISMS LIVING THERE MOREOVER BECAUSE OF THE LACK. OF ANY DEPARTMENT ENGAGED IN COLLECTING SUCH WASTES AND POLLUTANTS ALSO DUE TO THE SIMPLICITY OF THE EVACUATION OF WASTES INTO THE SEA. THE COSTAL ENVIRONMENTS ALOG WITH THE ECOSYSTEMS IN WHICH THE EXISTING ORGANISMS LIVE ARE INCREASINGLY EXPOSED TO THE INVASION OF SOME SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM DELETERIOUS HAZARDS. HERE WE ARE INTENDED TO REPRESENT A SYSTEM WHICH IS DESIGNED TO COLLECT THE WASTES FLOOTING OVER THE COASTAL WATERS AND ENVIRONMENTS IN A VERY SIMPLE MANNER.

THE ESTABLISHED ROLE OF ESTROGEN IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF BREAST CANCER RAISES QUESTIONS CONCERNING A POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION FROM THE MANY CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT WHICH CAN ENTER THE HUMAN BREAST AND WHICH HAVE ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY. ALTHOUGH BREAST CANCER MAY NOT BE A NEW DISEASE, THE INCIDENCE OF FEMALE BREAST CANCER HAS RISEN WORLDWIDE IN UNPRECEDENTED TERMS IN RECENT DECADES. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SHOW THAT 90% OF BREAST CANCERS ARE ENVIRONMENTAL IN ORIGIN. THE MAIN INFLUENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BREAST CANCER REMAINS LIFETIME EXPOSURE TO ESTROGEN.A RANGE OF ORGAN CHLORINE PESTICIDES AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS POSSESS ESTROGEN-MIMICKING PROPERTIES AND HAVE BEEN MEASURED IN HUMAN BREAST ADIPOSE TISSUE AND IN HUMAN MILK. THESE ENTER THE BREAST FROM VARIED ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION OF FOOD, WATER AND AIR, AND DUE TO THEIR LIPOPHILIC PROPERTIES CAN ACCUMULATE IN BREAST FAT. HOWEVER, IT IS EMERGING THAT THE BREAST IS ALSO EXPOSED TO A RANGE OF ESTROGENIC CHEMICALS APPLIED AS COSMETICS TO THE UNDERARM AND BREAST AREA. THESE COSMETICS ARE LEFT ON THE SKIN IN THE APPROPRIATE AREA, ALLOWING A MORE DIRECT DERMAL ABSORPTION ROUTE FOR BREAST EXPOSURE TO ESTROGENIC CHEMICALS AND ALLOWING ABSORBED CHEMICALS TO ESCAPE SYSTEMIC METABOLISM. THIS REVIEW CONSIDERS EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF A FUNCTIONAL ROLE FOR THE COMBINED INTERACTIONS OF MECHANISMS OF DISRUPTING EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HORMONE AND NATURAL HORMONE, COSMETIC CHEMICALS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS, PHARMACOLOGICAL ESTROGENS, PHYTO-ESTROGENS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ESTROGENS IN THE RISING INCIDENCE OF BREAST CANCER.

USUALLY THERE IS A BUNDARY BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. THE BORDERS IN PRINCIPLE, ACHIEVE STANDARDS AND FACTORS TO THE DEVELOPMENT PATH BRINGS FINAL. HOWEVER, THE QUESTION IS WHETHER THE DEVELOPMENT ONLY ACCESS TO ECONOMIC GROWTH, SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES AND LARGE-SCALE POWER TRANSMISSION LINES AND... IS? OR DEVELOPMENT DETAIL IS OF VERY WIDE MEANING? IN ORDER TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION ONE ELEMENT AMONG THE DOZENS OF INFLUENTIAL ELEMENT SELECTION AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS TYPICALLY COUNTRIES IRAN AND CHINA WERE STUDIED. THIS ELEMENT IS GARBAGE OR DIRTY GOLD. MORE COMPREHENSIVE WORD, DEVELOPMENT PATH, THE FREQUENCY OF LESIONS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES (CITIES, INDUSTRIES AND..) IS PRODUCED, NONETHELESS. TO REACH THE PEAK OF DEVELOPMENT ON THE BASIS OF MOUNTAIN WASTE IS NOT LOOSE OR UNSTABLE? SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IS BASED ON PRINCIPLES AND LONGTERM EXPLOITATION OF RESOURCES AND REDUCE WASTE BASIS, IS DESIGNED. ACCORDINGLY, WASTE MANAGEMENT AS ONE OF THE EFFECTIVE COMPONENTS IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE REAL AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WILL BE CONSIDERED AND USING NEW DATA MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES OR GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM IS MUCH STRESSED. MANY PREVIOUS STUDIES ABOUT WASTE MANAGEMENT HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED AROUND THE WORLD. MEANWHILE IRAN AS A COUNTRY TO STEP IN DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASIAN COUNTRIES AND CHINA CLAIM TO REACH THE PEAK OF DEVELOPMENT SELECTED AND STUDIED.

FOREST LOGGING INCLUDES SERIES OF OPERATION FROM CUT TO CONVERSION OF TREES. IN THIS PROCESS THE MATERIALS SHOULD BE TRANSLATED TO LANDINGS WITH LOWER COSTS. FOREST LOGGING IS INTERMEDIARY BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF FOREST AND CONSUMERS. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IS A PROCESS THAT PEOPLE ARE COMPILED THEIR NEEDS AND OBTAINED WELFARE WITHOUT DECREASING IN NATURAL RESOURCES FOR NEXT GENERATION.SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SHOULDN’T MAKE DISTURBANCE. IT SHOULD CONSERVE RESOURCES SUCH AS WATER, SOIL, GENETIC ETC. FOR FUTURE. THEREFORE FOREST LOGGING MUST COMPLY THE AIMS OF FOREST PLANS, CONSERVE FOREST RESISTANCE AND ITS SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTIONS. IN ADDITION IT MUST SUPPLY WOOD WITH HIGH QUALITY AND LOW COSTS FOR CONSUMERS AND DEPENDANT INDUSTRIES.

THIS LITERATURE REVIEW DISCUSSES SPECIFIC ISSUES RELATED TO HANDLING OF WASTE CONTAINING NANOMATERIALS. THE AIMS ARE (1) TO HIGHLIGHT PROBLEMS RELATED TO UNCONTROLLED RELEASE OF NANOPARTICLES TO THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH WASTE DISPOSAL, AND (2) TO INTRODUCE THE TOPICS OF NANO WASTE AND NANO TOXICOLOGY TO THE WASTE MANAGEMENT COMMUNITY. MANY NANOPARTICLES USED BY INDUSTRY CONTAIN HEAVY METALS, THUS TOXICITY AND BIOACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS CONTAINED IN NANOPARTICLES MAY BECOME IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES. AN APPROACH TO THE TREATMENT OF NANO WASTE REQUIRES UNDERSTANDING OF ALL ITS PROPERTIES – NOT ONLY CHEMICAL, BUT ALSO PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL. IT IS NECESSARY TO HAVE BASIC INFORMATION FROM COMPANIES ABOUT THE LEVEL AND NATURE OF NANOMATERIAL’S PRODUCED OR EMITTED AND ABOUT THE EXPECTATION OF THE LIFE CYCLE TIME OF NANO PRODUCTS AS A BASIS TO ESTIMATE THE LEVEL OF NANO WASTE IN THE FUTURE. WITHOUT KNOWING HOW COMPANIES PLAN TO USE AND STORE RECYCLED AND NO RECYCLED NANOMATERIAL’S, DEVELOPMENT OF REGULATIONS IS DIFFICULT.

THIS WAY, SUN AND WIND ARE CONSIDERED PERMANENT RESOURCES, SOIL, WATER AND PASTURES ARE AMONG RENEWABLE RESOURCES, AND FOSSIL FUELS AND GOLD, COPPER, AND OTHER MINES ARE CONSIDERED NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES. THEREFORE, SOIL AND WATER IS NOT PERMANENT RESOURCE AND IT IS STRICTLY NECESSARY FOR MAN TO DO HIS BEST FOR ITS PROTECTION. EROSIN IS ONE OF THE NATURAL INEVITABLE PHENOMENA THREATENING THE EXISTENCE OF WATER AND SOIL WHICH NATURAL AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES AFFECT. REMOVAL OF VEGETATION IS AMONG MAIN REASONS OF SOIL EROSION, WHICH WOULD CONTRIBUTE TO THE EMERGENCE OF A SERIES OF NATURAL. SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL DISASTERS.MOVING TOWARDS CONSTANT EXPANSION NEEDS TO BASIC CHANGES IN HUMANS OBSERVATION AND BEHAVIAUR. THUS, IN THIS CONNECTION, IMPROVEMENT CLEPENDS ON GENERAL EDUCATION AND INFORMATION IN WHICH EDUCATIONG CONCEPTS AND KEY FOR PROTECTIONAND CONSTANT EXPANSION. MIXING TOGETHER WITH THE MOST IMPORTANT ISSUES THAT CONCERNED TODAY AS A KIND OF CRISIS IN OUR COUNTRY. WITH GREAT NATURAL RESOURCES IS ONE OF THE EVIDENCES OF THE PATTERN OF GROWTH WITH FORCE ON NATURAL REAOURCES. WHEREAS THE EXPLOTTATION OF THESE RESOURCES BE ACCOMPAINEAD UNSUITABLE WITH LIFE CIRCUM FERENCE, IT DISORDERED THE ECOLOGICAL EQUILIBRIUMS IN REGION AND CAUSE IRREPARABLE DAMAGES, CONTAMIN ATIONS. THUS, NOT ONLY THESE ISSUES ARE VERY IMPORTANT, BUT THE PEOPLES BEHAVIOR SHOULD BE CORRECTED AND RECOGNIEED A NEW PERSPECTIVE WITH CONSTANT VALUES. IT IS TRIES IN THIS ARTICLE TO SHOW THE EFFECT OF THE PROTECTION OF NATURAL RASOURCES AND THE CONSTANT EXPANSION.

THIS STUDY, INVESTIGATED ON THE REMOVAL OF LIGNIN, BOD AND COD AT MAZANDARAN PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRIES EFFLUENTS. THE EFFLUENT SAMPLES COLLECTED AT OUTPUT AND BEFORE SEDIMENTATION AND DISCHARGE TO "TAJAN RIVER".THE METHOD WORKED IN THIS STUDY IS ELECTRO COAGULATION (ONE OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS). THE AL, FE AND CU PLATES AS ELECTRODES REACTION WERE USED. INFLUENCE VARIES PARAMETERS SUCH AS VARIOUS CURRENT DENSITY (1 UNTIL 9 M A/CM2) AND VARIOUS ELECTROLYSIS TIME (2, 4, 6, 8 AND 10 MIN) FOR REMOVAL OF LIGNIN, BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) FROM MAZANDARAN PULP AND PAPER MILL EFFLUENTS WAS INVESTIGATED.IT WAS OBSERVED THAT EXPERIMENTS CARRIED OUT AT AN ELECTROLYSIS TIME OF 8 MIN, A CURRENT DENSITY OF 8 M A/CM2, CONCENTRATION OF 1 GR/L AT NACL AS AUXILIARY ELECTROLYTE AND DISTANCE BETWEEN ANODE AND CATHODE OF 2 CM, THE REMOVAL CAPACITIES OF LIGNIN, BOD AND COD, RESPECTIVELY, CONSIST OF:1. USING AN AL ELECTRODE: 87%, 84% AND 86%2. USING A FE ELECTRODE: 89%, 86% AND 81%3.USING A CU ELECTRODE: 77%, 76% AND 73%THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ELECTRO COAGULATION IS AN EFFECTIVE AND INEXPENSIVE METHOD FOR REDUCTION OF POLLUTION FROM PULP AND PAPER MILL EFFLUENTS AND THE OBSERVED THAT THE HIGHEST REMOVAL OF LIGNIN AND BOD WITH USING A FE ELECTRODE AND THE HIGHEST REMOVAL OF COD WITH USING AN AL ELECTRODE.

THE MAIN GOAL OF THIS ARTICLE IS THE STUDY OF ROLE OF BIO-ENVIRONMENTAL AND GEOMORPHIC AGENTS IN SITE SELECTION OF SOLID WASTES. WITH THE ADVANTAGES OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES THIS THESIS HAS PAID ATTENTION TO OPTIMUM SITE SELECTION FOR URBAN WASTE DISPOSAL.AT FIRST STAGE, OPERATIVE FACTORS WERE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION DISPOSAL PLACE AND FINALLY BY DIGITIZING AND WEIGHTING LAYER 13 WERE BASED ON EXISTING STANDARDS. THESE STANDARDS INCLUDE: SLOPE, EROSION, LAND INSTABILITY, FAULT, SURFACE WATER, GROUNDWATER WELLS, PROTECTED AREA, AIRPORT, VEGETATION LINES, POWER LINES, AND DISTANCE FROM CITY AND POPULATION CENTERS. AT THE LATER STAGE, THE ABOVE LAYER WAS ENTERED EDRISI AND ARC GIS SOFTWARE AND SPECIFIC DATABASE FORMATION WAS PREPARED MULTI CRITERIA DECISION MODELS SUCH AS ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS AND WEIGHTED LINEAR COMBINATION WERE THEN RESULTS INDICATED THAT TWO METHODS ARE FIRST SECTION IN THE SOUTH OF SAQQEZ, INTRODUCING FOUR PLACES IN FIRST AND A FINAL LOCATION FOR DISPOSAL. FINALLY, THE OVERLAP AND ENSEMBLE OF THESE MODELS AND SUBSCRIPTION IN ARC GIS ENVIRONMENT, A FINAL LANDFILL SITE WAS INTRODUCED HAVING AN AREA OF 74 HA WHICH IS SUSCEPTIBLE FOR ACCEPTING ABOUT 130 TONS OF WASTE PER DAY FOR 20 YEARS.

DIFFERENT RESOURCES MAY MAKE THE ENVIRONMENT POLLUTED. IN LINE WITH HUMAN URBANIZATION, DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY AND GROWING INCREASE OF POPULATION, THE WORLD ENCOUNTERED WITH THE PROBLEM OF LAND AND AIR POLLUTION. THIS THREATENS LIFE OF EARTH RESIDENTS IN A WAY THAT IN EVERY COUNTRY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION HAS BEEN CONSIDERED A SERIOUS PROBLEM BY SENIOR OFFICIALS.NOW A DAYS, ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION IS IN SUCH A WAY THAT PEOPLE OF A CITY OR A COUNTRY ARE IN DANGER OF POLLUTIONS MADE BY OTHER NEIGHBORHOOD CITIES AND COUNTRIES. IN OTHER WORD, IRREGULAR POPULATION GROWTH, DOMINANT CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF URBANIZATION AND ALSO MODIFICATION OF HABITS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS IN ONE HAND AND RESTRICTIONS IN PROPER USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES ON THE OTHER HAND, HAVE BEEN LED TO ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL INCOMPATIBILITIES. ALTHOUGH, TECHNOLOGY AND URBANIZATION, TODAY BROUGHT FACILITIES FOR PEOPLE BUT CAUSED MANY PROBLEMS THAT LED TO POLLUTION OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.THE PROBLEM OF CITIES AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY FUEL OF VEHICLES AND FACTORIES, NOISE POLLUTION AROSE FROM URBAN DEVELOPMENT, WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY POURING VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL AND NON-INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER AND GARBAGE IN TO WATERS AND PRODUCING GARBAGE AND WASTE MATERIAL IN CITIES ARE IMPORTANT PROBLEMS THAT PREVENTIVE METHODS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN REGIONAL AND URBAN PLANNING IN ORDER TO DECREASE THEIR DESTRUCTIVE IMPACTS.THIS ARTICLE WILL REVIEW WASTE MATERIALS AND DIFFERENT KIND OF CLASSIFICATIONS FOR THAT, RECYCLING SYSTEM AND SOME EXPERIENCES IN THIS FIELD AND WILL PROVIDE SOLUTIONS.

LAKES IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS AND THEY ARE IN CHARGE BECAUSE VERY RICH SOURCES OF WATER RESOURCES, FOOD, RECREATION - TOURISM AND ENVIRONMENT ARE CONSIDERED. ZARIVAR LAKE AS AN ECOLOGICAL UNIT AND A WATER ECOSYSTEM PHENOMENON IN KURDISTAN IS VERY BEAUTIFUL AND RARE. ZERIVAR LAKE IS THE LARGEST LAKE OF THE WEST AND NORTHWESTERN PARTS OF IRAN WHICH CONTAINS FRESH WATER.IT HAS ALL THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INTERNATIONAL LAGOON. ZERIVAR, AS A SMALL AND ECOLOGIC COMPONENT AND AN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM HAS A RARE AND ADMIRABLE SCENERY. IN RECENT YEARS, LACK OF CONCERN TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS HAS RESULTED IN THE POLLUTION OF THE LAKE AND THEREFORE THE DEATH OF INDIGENOUS AND INNATIVE, BIRDS, MAMMALS AND AQUATICS. THE MAIN SOURCES OR REASONS OF LAKES POLLUTION ARE AS FOLLOWS: URBAN, RURAL, INDUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURAL AND RECREATIONAL AND INSTALLATIONAL SOURCES. EACH OF THESE SOURCES BRINGS ABOUT A CERTAIN KIND OF POLLUTION IN THIS LAKE. DUE TO THE FACT THAT THIS LAKE IS A CLOSED ECOSYSTEM, IT IS MORE SENSITIVE IN ALL ASPECTS.

REPULSION OF MATERIALS AND REMAIN WASTEWATER FROM USAGE PRODUCTIONS AND OUTPUT HARMFUL MATERIAL THAT ARE MADE OF FACTORIES AND MANUFACTURE INDUSTRIES, ARE ONE OF THE MOST PROBLEMS IN THE WORLD. OUTPUT INDUSTRIAL SEWAGES AND WASTEWATERS MAY BE INCLUDE OF TOXIC MATERIALS AND HIGH AMOUNTS OF HEAVY METALS THAT THE DISCHARGE OF THESE WASTAGE TO THE SURFACE AND AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF, CAUSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION WITH THESE HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS REDOUNDS TO GET INSANITARY OF WATER RESOURCES AND MAY BE CAUSE TO HEALTHY RISK FOR HUMAN KIND AND OTHER ALIVE ORGANISMS DURING A LOG TIME. IN ASSESSMENTS OF RISK ASSOCIATED WITH METAL CONTAMINATED SITES, METAL ABSORPTION BY FOOD CHAIN IS ONE OF THE MAJOR PROBLEMS. SO IT IS REALLY IMPORTANT TO ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL THE METAL CONCENTRATION IN INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER BEFORE RELEASE TO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS. CONTAMINATION OF SOIL, GROUNDWATER, SEDIMENTS, SURFACE WATER AND AIR WITH HAZARDOUS AND TOXIC METAL ARE SERIOUS PROBLEM WHICH HAVE BEEN FACED BY OUR WORD TODAY. SO IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO INVESTIGATION AND EVALUATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF THESE MATERIALS. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS IS A REVIEW ABOUT THESE COMPOUNDS AND THEIR HARMFUL EFFECTIVES IN THE ENVIRONMENT.

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA (PGPR) ARE KNOWN AS GROUPS OF RHIZOSPHERIC BACTERIA THAT IMPROVE PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERISTICS BY DIFFERENTS MECHANISMS. AMONGE OF PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA PSODOMONASES GENUS HAVE SPECIAL IMPORTANCE IN SOIL, DUE TO HEIGH ABILITY OF THEM IN PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING AS A DIRECT MECHANISM FOR IMPROVEMENT OF PLANTS AND SO AS BIO FERTILIZER. IN A POT CULTURE EXPERIMENT USED OF SEEDS RICE INOCULATION WITH 5 ISOLATES (FP1, FP2, FP3, FP4, FP5) + CONTROL IN 4 REPLICATIONON. TAROM VARIETY OF RICE RESULTS SHOWED THAT USE OF PSEUDOMONADES SPECIES INCREASED CONTENT OF NUTRIENT, PROTEIN AND RICE YIELD. THESE INCREASING WERE SIGNIFICANTLY IN COMPARISON TO CONTROL FOR CONTENT OF P, K, FE, N, PROTEIN AND RICE YIELD.

BECAUSE SOURCE OF HEAVY METAL PRODUCTION AND THEIR ENTRANCES TO THE NATURE ARE NUMEROUS AND THESE HEAVY METALS HAVE THE ABILITY TO ENTER THE FOOD CHAIN AND ACCUMULATE ON LIVE TISSUES, CONCERNS ABOUT HEAVY METAL EFFECTS AS ENVIRONMENT POLLUTANTS HAVE INCREASED INTENSELY. WATER SOURCE ARE THE LAST DESTINATION AND FOR THIS STUDIES ON GEO-CHEMICAL SETTLEMENTS IN RIVERS, MOUTH OF RIVERS AND SEA BEDS CAN HAVE A GOOD EFFECT ON FINDING ORIGIN OF SETTLEMENTS, ELEMENTS SEPARATION METHODS AND EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS IN A REGION. AS THE POLLUTANTS REMAINS FOR A LONG TIME IN SETTLEMENTS BY ANALYZING AND STUDYING THEM SIMPLY CAN RECOGNIZE THE AMOUNT AND KIND OF POLLUTION AND HAVE THE NECESSARY DECISIONS ON CONTROLLING IT. IN THIS STUDY HAVE BEEN TRIED BY LITERATURE FINDING AND DATA COLLECTING FROM SCIENTIST ARTICLES FROM AUTHENTIC INTERNET SOURCES THAT ARE AVAILABLE, COMMON METHODS ON CONSIDERING SETTLEMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS OF HEAVY METAL AMOUNTS IN THEM BEEN PRESENTED.

ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT APPROACH EXPLAINS A PHILOSOPHICAL MANAGEMENT METHOD FOR NATURAL RESOURCES. RATHER THAN MANAGING MULTIPLE RESOURCES INDEPENDENTLY, AN ECOSYSTEM-BASED APPROACH FOCUSES ON THE COLLECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF ALL RESOURCES MAINTAINING ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY WHILE ALLOWING RESOURCE EXTRACTION. THIS APPROACH SEEKS TO ENSURE THE CO-EXISTENCE OF HEALTHY, FULLY FUNCTIONING ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND DEVELOPMENT. IN THIS STUDY, WE OUTLINE THE BASICS OF ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT, WIDE RANGE OF DEFINITIONS RELATED TO THIS SHIFT AND HIGHLIGHTING A NUMBER OF KEY CONCEPTS. IN ADDITION, CONSTRAINTS AND UNCERTAINTIES ARE EVALUATED.

MASS MOVMENT OCCURRENCE IS ON OF THE NATURAL HAZARD WHICH WITH REGARD TO FREQUENCY AND ITS STRENGTH HAS ENVIRONMENTAL UNPLAESAN EFFECTS. ZONING MASS MOVEMENT OCCURANCE IS ONE OF THE WAYS THAT BY WHICH YOU CAN DISTANGUISH PREPARED AREAS AND THE CRITICAL ONE OF THEM IN ORDER TO PERMANENCE IT, AND USE THE AVAILABLE ZONING MAPS IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING. THE PRESENT STUDY, HAS DONE IN KALAN DAM OF MALAYER IN ORDER TO DISTINGUISH THE PREPARED AREAS OCCURRENCE OF MASS MOVEMENT AND RECOGNIZE ITS EFFECTIVE FACTORS. IN THIS STUDY, FACTOR SUCH AS, LITOLOGY, SPECT OF FAULT, SLOPE AND ACCUMULATION PLANT COVERING WERW SELECTED OF AMONG ALL EFFECTIVE FACTORS. BY USING THE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY, SQUARE OBSERVATION AND ARCGIS SAFTWARE THEY USED LNRF MODEL IN THE NECESSARY MAPS WERE PROVIDED IN THE NUMERICAL AND STRATUM FROM FOR ANALYZING THE OBTAINED DATA THOUGH STUDYING THE EFFECTIVE VARIANCES AS THE RESEARCH CONCEPTIVE TOOLS. BY WAIGHTING EVRY EFFECTIVE FACTORS IN MASS MOVEMENT OCCURRENCE, THE WEIGHTING MAP OF EVRY FACTOR PREPARED. FINALLY, BY PLUSING THE WEIGHTING MAPS, THE ZONING MASS MOVEMENTS HAZARD MAP PROVIDED. THE CASE STUDY WATERSHED DEVIDED INTO FIVE UNSTABLE CLASSES. THE OBTAINED RESULTS INDICATE LNRF MODEL HAS A RELETIVELY USAGE TO SEARCH AND ZONING HAZARD MASS MOVEMENTS. THE MORE STUDYING FOR FUTURE PLANS INCLUDING STOPPING OF RUINING AGRICULTURAL REGIONS, DECREASING THE SEDIMENTS OF BACJ KALAN DAM WATERSHED OF MALAYER AND ALSO, INCREASING THE USEFULNESS LONG-TERM LIFE OF IT IS NECESSARY.

THE MAIN QUESTION OF CURRENT RESEARCH IS “HOW COULD GROUND WATER POLLUTION ATTRIBUTE TO STUDY DISEASES POTENTIALLY? SHIRAZ” GROUND WATER AQUIFER IS KARST WITH MULTIPLE LAYER AND MULTIPLE RECHARGE ZONES. SOME WATER SAMPLES COULD SHOW MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION AND HIGH NITRATE CONCENTRATION. WITH KARST STRUCTURES, REFINING (OR SETTING ASIDE) THE WATER IS NECESSARY FOR DRINKING PURPOSE. PROPAGATION OF DISEASES IS RELATED TO CONTAMINATED WATER AND LACK OF PROPER SANITATION. WATER AND FOOD BORN DISEASES ARE DUE TO INFILTRATION OF MICROBES TO THE WATER RESOURCES AND PIPES BREAKAGE OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLY. NITRATE CONCENTRATION SOMETIMES REACHES UP TO THE 69 PPM. ALSO PARTICULAR DISEASES ARE HIGHER IN SOME OF THE AGE GROUPS. THIS SHOWS THAT LACK OF SANITATION COULD CAUSE DEVELOPEMENT OF THESE DISEASES.SANITARY MANAGEMENT AND HEALTH EDUCATION ESPECIALLY FOR WATER USERS AND FOOD PRODUCTS AND SCHOOLS ARE FSSENTIAL.

TO DETERMINE THE DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF AQUATIC BIRDS AND WADER OF OVERWINTERING IN WETLANDS OF FARS THE DATA OF CENSUS OF BIRDS WERE ANALYZED IN 1996 TO 2006.SPECIES RICHNESS, ABUNDANCE AND SPECIES INDEX (SPECIES DIVERSITY) OF BIRDS CALCULATED IN THESE YEARS AND COMPARED WITH EACH OTHER. BASED ON THIS STUDY, SPECIES RICHNESS AND ABUNDANCE WAS HIGHER IN AQUATIC BIRDS THAN WADER. THE DUCK FAMILY (ANATIDAE), PLOVER FAMILY (SCLOPACIDAE), SALIM FAMILY (CHARADRIDAE) AND LARUS FAMILY (LURIDAE), HAD THE HIGHEST SPECIES RICHNESS IN THE WETLAND, RESPECTIVELY. TRENDS OF SPECIES RICHNESS SHOW THAT THE HIGHEST AND LOWEST SPECIES RICHNESS IS IN 2001 AND 2006, RESPECTIVELY. ALSO, UNIFORMITY INDEX SHOWED THAT THE HIGHEST AND THE LOWEST VALUE ARE IN 1997 AND 2004, RESPECTIVELY. THIS DIFFERENCE SHOWS THE EFFECTS OF SPECIES DOMINANCE ON REDUCTION OF SPECIES RICHNESS BECAUSE OF INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION. DURING THIS INVESTIGATION, THE MAXIMUM SIMILARITY INDEX WAS OBSERVED WITH A VALUE OF.0.99 BETWEEN IN 1998 AND 2005.

THIS INVESTIGATION WAS DONE FOR THE STUDY AND DETERMINATION OF THE WATER QUALITY ON THE BESHAR RIVER BASED ON POLLUTION CRITERIA. THE BESHAR RIVER APPROXIMATELY WITH 190 KM LENGTH IS LOCATED IN KOHKILOYE AND BOYERAHMAD PROVINCE. ITS GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS ARE 51° 20´ TO 51° 48´ E AND 30° 18´ TO 30° 52´ N. IN THIS STUDY 5 SAMPLING STATION WERE SELECTED TO THE STUDY OF THE WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTANT SOURCES ON THE BESHAR RIVER. IN THIS STUDY IMPORTANT PARAMETERS OF POLLUTION CRITERIA WERE ANALYZED. AS THE RESULTS HAVE SHOWN, IN THE STATION NUMBER 4 THE WATER POLLUTION IS THE HIGHEST AND THE WATER QUALITY IS THE LOWEST IN COMPARE TO ANOTHER STATION (P<0.05).

IN MODERN MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, IT IS BELIEVED THAT MONITORING AGAINST THE TRADITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES, IS AIMED AT SUSTAINABLE USE OF RESOURCES. FOR ACCESSING THIS LONG-TERM PURPOSE. AS THE FIRST STAGE IN REACHING SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENT IS THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS AND ITS WORK, THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC PROCESSES IN THIS KNOWLEDGE IS BEST-KNOWN.NOWADAYS, LIMITED RESOURCES, POPULATION INCREASING, INCREASING HUMAN NEEDS AND THE ECONOMIC CONTESTS HAVE CAUSED THE COUNTRIES PARTICULARLY DEVELOPING ONES TO DEVELOP NEW MANAGEMENT PLANS FOR THEIR LIMITED NATURAL RESERVES. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IS GOING TO BE ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL DEBATES IN NATIONAL PLANNING SYSTEMS AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS AND HAS BEEN DISCUSSED FROM DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW.SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AS A PRACTICAL … CAN LEAD TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CONSERVING ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES.ABOUT 197 NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS OF IRAN ENTITLED PROTECTED AREAS ARE MANAGE BY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT BUT THERE ARE NOT ANY MANAGEMENT PLANS FOR THESE AREAS EXCEPT OF SOME NATIONAL PARKS THAT.WE WILL REVIEW THE MANAGEMENT PROCESS IN NATURAL RESOURCES, EMPHASIS ON AREAS UNDER MANAGEMENT OF DEPARTMENT TO ENVIRONMENT AND SOME PRACTICAL METHODS ARE SUGGESTED TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF MANAGEMENT PLANS.

SINCE, STUDIED DISCUSSIONS, ALL ARE DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS, IN THIS PAPER OUR AIM IS STUDY OF DYNAMICAL MODELING AND REVIEW MODEL OF PRODUCT STRATEGY IN ECOLOGY.

IN THIS RESEARCH WE HAVE USED OF METHODS OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM AND MULTIPLE SATELLITE PICTURE FOR CHANGES TREND OF AGRICULTURAL FIELDS AND GARDENS THAT ARE IN AROUND OF MARAND CITY, THE GROWTH OF CITY POPULATION HAS BEEN CAUSED TO HAVE PHYSICAL EXPANSION IN AGRICULTURAL FIELDS AND GARDENS THAT ARE IN AROUND OF CITY. OF COURSE, UNDESIRABLE HILLS AND HIGH GROUNDS, RIVER MARGINS AND ROAD LIMITS IN THE NEXT PRIORITY HAVE BEEN ASSAULTED. SO THAT CHOICE OF LOCALITY FOR SOME APPLICATION IN LIMITATION OF AGRICULTURAL FIELD AND GARDEN THAT ARE IN AROUND OF CITY CAUSE EXPENSIVE, IRREGULAR FORMATION, APPLICATION INCOMPATIBILITY AND PROGRAM UNCAP ABILITY IN CITY DEVELOPMENT. PREDICTING FOR 10 YEARS IN FUTURE WE HAVE ATTEMPTED TO USE THE MOST NEW METHODS SUCH AS MARK OF AND CELLULAR AUTOMATION THAT THIS PREDICTING DEVELOPMENTAL METHODS, MIX TURING OF PICTURES AND MODELS CAN BE A GOOD PATTERN FOR ANALYZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF CITY SPACE EXPANSION AND EFFECT. THE RESULT OF SATELLITE PICTURES COMPARISON, THE SHIFTS OF USE RING MEASUREMENT OF AGRICULTURAL GARDENS AND SPECIALLY UNUTILIZED LAND HAVE SHOWN THAT THESE ARE IN ADVANTAGE OF EXPANSION OF CITY UNRESTRAINED.

IN THIS RESEARCH THE EFFECTS OF LEAD POISONS WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5 AND 2 MM, ALSO ABOVE CONCENTRATION IT WAS ACCOMPANIED BY SALICYLIC ACID (5 AND 10MM) ON GROWTH PARAMETERS OF BRASSICA NAPUS L.CV OCAPI WAS INVESTIGATED.THE RAPE SEED WAS PLANTED IN HYDROPONIC ENVIRONMENT FOR 10 AND 20 DAYS.AT THE END OF TREATMENT THE ROOTS AND SHOOTS OF CANOLA WERE HARVESTED SEPARTELY AND THE LENGTH OF ROOTS AND SHOOTS, LEAD AREA, FRESH WEIGTH OF ROOTS AND SHOOTS WERE MEASURED. COLLECTED DATA WERE EXTRACTED AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SPSS STATISTICAL SOFTWARE AND TEST OF DUNCAN PERFORMED. THE RESULT WAS SHOWN THAT THE LENGTH OF ROOTS AND SHOOTS, LEAF AREA, FRESH WEIGHT OF ROOTS AND SHOOTS WITH INCREASING THE CONCENTRATION OF PB (NO3) 2 IN COMPARING WITH CONTROL GROUP WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED (P<0.01).THE DECREASED ON GROWTH OF ROOTS MORE DETECTABLE.THE 20 DAYS OF CANOLA TOLERANCE VERSUS 1 MM OF PB (NO3) 2 THEREFORE CANOLA IS A PLANT THAT TOLERANCE VERSUS LEAD POLUBION. WITH APPLICATION OF SALICYLIC ACID WITH CONCONTRABION OF (5 AND 10 MM) ALL DAMAGE DUE OF LEAD STRESS MODIFIED THIS RESEARCH INVESTIGATED THAT THE 20 DAYS OF CANOLA CAN TOLERANCE VERSUS HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF LEAD THUS CAN BE USE OF THIS PLANT AS PHYTO EXTRACTION.

A LACK OF RESOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE MAKES THE APPLICATION OF THE COMMON DISINFECTION PROCEDURE EXTREMELY LIMITED IN SMALL VILLAGES, ESPECIALLY THOSE SITUATED IN HOT WEATHERS WHERE WATERBORNE DISEASES ARE PREVALENT. SOLAR RADIATION REMOVES A WIDE RANGE OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS AND PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS BY DIRECT EXPOSURE, IS RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE, AND AVOIDS GENERATION OF HARMFUL BY-PRODUCTS OF CHEMICALLY DRIVEN TECHNOLOGIES. THIS COULD BE AN APPROPRIATE METHOD FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF PURIFICATION OF WATER OR EVEN WASTEWATER IN RURAL COMMUNITIES. THE AVERAGE SOLAR RADIATION FOR THE IRAN AS A WHOLE IS ABOUT 19.23 MEGA JOULES PER SQUARE METER, AND IT IS EVEN HIGHER IN THE CENTRAL PART OF IRAN, SO USE OF SOLAR ENERGY FOR DISINFECTION IS HIGHLY SUGGESTED FOR SOME SPECIFIC AREAS. THE SOLAR CHAMBER UNIT, IN A PILOT PLANT SCALE, MADE UP OF PLEXY PLATES OR PET PLATES SHOULD BE BUILT IN ORDER TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF SOLAR ENERGY AND HEAT ADSORBED BY WATER THROUGH UV-A RADIATION. FURTHER RESEARCH JUST FOCUSED ON THE USE OF SOLAR ENERGY IN DISINFECTION BY MEANS OF BATCH REACTOR. IT WAS REPORTED TOTAL REMOVAL OF THREE ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE [3LOG10] FOR PATHOGENIC ORGANISM. THE HEAT INCREASING DUE TO UV-A RADIATION HELPED THE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY GREATLY. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE PREVIOUS RESEARCHES AND THE RECENT PROPOSAL ARE ABOUT THE CONTINUITY OF WATER FLOW AND THE ADDITIONAL CHLORINE UNIT FOLLOWING THE SOLAR DISINFECTION CHAMBER. THE RESULTS THAT ARE GAINED FROM THESE RESEARCHES MAY GUIDE US TO THE EFFICIENCY OF THE COMBINED SOLAR-CHLORINE DISINFECTION PROCESS.

THIS STUDY WAS DONE AT YELLOFIN SEABREAM (ACANTHOPAGRUS LATUS), AND BARTAIL FLATHEAD (PLATYCEPHALUS INDICUS) WHICH HAD CAUGHT FROM THE BANDAR-E- MAHSHAR IN ORDER TO MEASUREMENT AND COMPARISON ABOUT THE CONCENTRATION OF THE LEAD AND CADMIUM (SUMMER, 2009). THE AVERAGE OF THE LEAD AND CADMIUM CONCENTRATION IN YELLOFIN SEABREAM FROM WERE 2.96 ± 0.71 AND 1.78 ± 0.43 MG/KG/DW AND FOR THE BARTAIL FLATHEAD WAS 11.55 ± 4.24 AND 4.66 ± 1.53 MG/KG/DW, RESPECTIVELY. THAT HAD A MEANING DIFFERENT BETWEEN THEM (P<0.01). THE CONCENTRATION OF METALS WAS MEASURED BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS). BY INTERNATIONAL STANDARD, THE CONTAMINATION OF THE MUSCLE SAMPLE WITH THE HEAVY METALS IN TWO SPECIES IS WELL HIGHER THAN ALLOWABLE FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION.

RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT CERTAIN MAN-MADE COMPOUNDS (INCLUDING SOME PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDE) THROUGH INTERFERING WITH ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, HAVE THE CAPABILITY TO INDUCE DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE ABNORMALITIES IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS. PESTICIDES ARE CURRENTLY BEING USED IN LARGE SCALES IN MANY DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (INCLUDING IRAN), SO THIS STUDY HAS BEEN CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE PERCENTAGE OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR AGENTS IN PESTICIDES USED IN FARS PROVINCE.DATA ON THE AMOUNTS AND THE TYPES OF PESTICIDES WERE OBTAINED FROM THE OFFICIAL OFFICES RESPONSIBLE FOR PURCHASING AND DISTRIBUTION PESTICIDES IN FARS PROVINCE. ALL CHEMICALS USED TO MANUFACTURE PESTICIDES CONSUMED IN FARS PROVINCE WERE CHECKED FOR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR ACTIVITIES BY USING SCIENTIFIC PAPERS AND PUBLISHED ARTICLES. FINALLY, DATA WERE ANALYZED BY DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICAL TESTS USING SPSS 10 FOR WINDOWS SOFTWARE (SPSS INC., 444 N. MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60611, USA).THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT MORE THAN 1, 581, 690 LITERS OF PESTICIDES, IN 86 DIFFERENT BRANDS, HAVE BEEN USED IN FARS PROVINCE DURING YEAR 1380 AND 25.93% (34 TYPES) OF THEM HAD AT LEAST ONE CARCINOGENIC AGENTS. AT LEAST 30 PESTICIDES (711720 LITERS, 44.99%) HAD ONE ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR AGENT AND THEREFORE CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS ENVIRONMENTAL HORMONES OR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS. THE PERCENTAGE OF PESTICIDES WHOM INTERFERING WITH NORMAL ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ACTIVITY WERE, 7.82% (66572 LITERS), 4.54% (39975 LITERS), 22.02% (348400 LITERS), 5.12% (81000 LITERS) AND 21.18% (34500 LITERS) OF PESTICIDES WERE ANTIESTROGENIC, ANTIANDORGENIC, ANTITYROIDIC, ANTIGONADOTROPIN AND ANITESTROID HORMONES, RESPECTIVELY. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT ABOUT 50% OF PESTICIDES WHICH CURRENTLY BEING USED IN FARS PROVINCE SHOULD BE BANNED.

URBAN POPULATION IS INCREASE IN THE CHANGE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND TO RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL.THESE CHANGES HAVE UNPLEASANT CONSEQUENCES ON THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT SUCH AS REDUCTION OF URBAN GREEN SPACE AND INCREASED TEMPERATURE AREA. IN THIS PAPER, SAQQEZ, A CITY IN KURDISTAN PROVINCE, WAS EXAMINED IN A CASE STUDY VIA THREE TECHNIQUES OF REMOTE SENSING: (1) NDVI COMPARISON, (2) PRINCIPLE COMPONENT ANALYSIS, AND (3) THE POST CLASSIFICATION. TO CARRY OUT THESE THREE TECHNIQUES, TM AND ETM+ DATA OBTAINED FROM LANDSAT SATELLITE WITHIN THE YEARS 1989 TO 2001 WAS USED TO MONITOR ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES ESPECIALLY THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE AREA AND ITS DEVASTATING EFFECTS ON THE GREEN SPACE. IN THIS RESEARCH, ONE OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THEMATIC MAPPER OF LANDSAT SATELLITE IS PRESENTED WHICH IS ORIENTED TOWARDS DETERMINING LAND USE CHANGES AND METHODOLOGY IN COMPARISON TO THE CHANGE DETECTION TECHNIQUES VIA THE STANDARD METHOD. FINALLY, THE NDVI AND POST CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS SHOWED THE DEVASTATING ROLE OF UNPLANNED CONSTRUCTIONS AND HOUSING PROJECTS ON SAQQEZ GREEN SPACE AND ITS REDUCTION FROM 530 TO 249.7 HECTARE.

THIS ARTICLE INDICATE BASIC PROBLEMS WITH OLD COMPUTER HARDWARE AND OTHER ELECTRONIC SMITHEREENS, INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH HAZARDS FROM OBSOLETE HARDWARE AND EQUIPMENT THAT IS TYPICALLY DISCARDED TO THE NEAREST LANDFILL. THE COMPUTERS HAVE CHANGED AND NEW COMPUTER MODELS COMING OUT EVERY YEAR, BUT WHAT HAPPEN TO YOUR COMPUTER SMITHEREENS WHEN THEY GET OLD? THAT OBSOLESCENCE. COMPUTER RECYCLING AND ELECTRONICS RECYCLING PROGRAMS HELP KEEP WASTE OUT OF OUR LANDFILLS BUT THERE IS SOME TOXIC ELEMENTS IN COMPUTER AND ELECTRONIC HARDWARE THAT MAKE RECYCLING A MUST FOR UNUSED WORKSTATIONS.

ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN MOST PARTS OF THE COUNTRY, ESPECIALLY IN GILAN PROVINCE, IS THE UNHYGIENIC DISPOSAL OF GARBAGE. THIS HAS CAUSED SOIL AND GROUNDWATER POLLUTION. RASHT IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT CITIES IN THE NORTH OF IRAN, WHICH COVERS AN AREA OF 136KM2 WITH ABOUT 500TON/DAY OF WASTE GENERATION. THEREFORE, IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO DETERMINE A LONG-TERM SUITABLE PLAN FOR WASTE DISPOSAL IN THIS AREA. CURRENTLY, THE WASTES CARRY IN SARAVAN FOREST WITHOUT TECHNICAL CONSIDERATION. THEREFORE, IN THIS PAPER RASHT LANDFILL WITHIN SARAVAN FOREST HAS BEEN CHECKED AND ANALYZED BY GIS TO DETERMINE ITS EXPANSION AREA DURING THE PAST YEARS. IN THIS REGARD, THE LANDFILL AREAS IN 2006, 2007 AND 2009 WERE CALCULATED USING SATELLITE IMAGES AND FIELD DATA TO CHECK THE TREND OF AREA EXPANSION DURING THESE YEARS TO ESTIMATE THE FUTURE AREA CONDITION. THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ANALYSES SHOW THAT THE LANDFILL SITE SELECTION IS UNSUITABLE. ALSO, THE LANDFILL LATEX FLOWS TOWARD THE SIYAHROUD RIVER DUE TO THE TOPOGRAPHY, LACK OF COLLECTION SYSTEM IN THE LANDFILL AND THE AREAL SLOPE. THE RESULTS ALSO SHOW THAT ABOUT 16 HECTARES OF FOREST LANDS DESTROYED IN THIS AREA DURING THE PAST YEARS TILL 2009 AND ABOUT 25 HECTARES IS REQUIRED FOR LANDFILL SITE IN THE YEAR OF 1400. THIS MEANS THAT 9 MORE HECTARES OF THE SARAVAN FOREST WILL BE DESTROYED IN ADDITION TO RIVER AND GROUNDWATER POLLUTION DAMAGES. FINALLY, SOME SUGGESTIONS ARE GIVEN TO REDUCE THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS.

ATTENTION TO GROWING DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN POPULATION IN ONE HAND SIDE AND INCREASING CONSUMPTION AND DEVELOPING INDUSTRIES IN OTHER HAND, IT SEEMS PRODUCTION OF WASTES IS IRREMEDIABLE. THE PLACES OF RUBBISH BURIAL WERE OFTEN ATTRACTIVE AS ONE OF POLLUTION RESOURCES AND DIFFERENT STRATEGIES ARE SUGGESTED TO DECREASE POLLUTION. THE IMPORTANCE OF RUBBISH DISCHARGE HEALTHILY WHEN WILL BE OBVIOUS FOR ALL THAT THEIR HAZARDS WOULD BE KNOWN WELL. RUBBISHES NOT ONLY RESULT IN TO PRODUCE DISEASE, UGLINESS OF LANDSCAPES AND FETIDNESS BUT CAN RESULT IN LOSS BY POLLUTING SOIL, WATER AND AIR. AMOL CITY IN MAZANDARAN PROVINCE PLAIN AND AROUND SIDES OF HARAZ RIVER WITH 76 M FROM SEA SURFACE IS BETWEEN 52 21 EAST LONGITUDE AND 26 25 NORTH LATITUDE.IN THIS PAPER WE GO FOR TO SURVEY THE PLACE OF RUBBISH BURIAL ITS COLLECTION PROCESS IN AMOL.

ONE OF HIGH RISK HEAVY METAL WHICH EXPOSURES HUMAN AND OTHER ANIMALS IS CADMIUM. (CD) IS PLAYING THE MAJOR ROLE IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH THREATS AND APPEAR TO BE SERIOUSLY AFFECTING THE MINE WORKERS' HEALTH. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE CONCENTRATION OF TOXIC HEAVY ELEMENT CADMIUM IN ZINC MINE WORKER'S BLOOD WAS DETERMINED.FLAMELESS ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETERY WERE USED FOR CD MEASURMENT. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT IN 100% OF THE WORKERS, THE CONCENTRATION OF CD IN BLOOD IS MORE THAN THESTANDARD VALUE RECOMMENDED BY WHOM. THE AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF CADMIUM IN THE BLOOD SAMPLES IN THIS STUDY HAS OBTAINED 5 FOLD THAN GENERAL POPULATION.

DEVELOPMENT OF VILLAGES AND HAVING THEIR BASIC FACILITIES SUCH AS HOUSING, HEALTH, EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, INCREASE WELFARE AND REDUCE POVERTY AND... DURING THE LONG YEARS IN IRAN HAS BEEN CONSIDERED. ACCESS TO COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND RURAL SOCIETY BOOST AND PROGRESS THROUGH THE RURAL DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT IS POSSIBLE. MANAGEMENT OF RURAL ORGANIZING AND CONDUCTING THE PROCESS OF RURAL SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT THROUGH ORGANIZATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS SHAPE THAT IT IS BASED RURAL DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT AND IN OUR COUNTRY WITH A LONG HISTORY, BUT THERE IS A CHALLENGE AND LACK OF CONSISTENCY AND INEFFICIENCY. THE RESEARCH OVERVIEW OF THE PROCESS RURAL DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT IN PAST YEARS AND RECENT, PARTICIPATION OF VILLAGERS IN THE VILLAGE OFFICE WILL BE SURVEYED BY VILLAGE COUNCILS AND RURAL PROVIDERS. SINCE THE MAIN MANAGEMENT OF VILLAGES IN 1377 TO ISLAMIC RURAL COUNCIL AND RURAL PROVIDERS WAS ASSIGNED, REVIEW COMBINED EMPLOYMENT, EDUCATION, AGE AND SEX OF ITS MEMBERS IN THE TOTAL PROVINCE AND ITS CITIES AND THUS RECOGNITION OF THESE TWO INSTITUTIONS AS THE MAIN OBJECTIVE RESEARCH IS CONSIDERED. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT MANY VILLAGES IN LOW-POPULATION PROVINCE LACK OF PROBLEM FACING MANAGEMENT. IN ADDITION, THE MAJORITIES OF COUNCIL MEMBERS AND VILLAGE RURAL PROVIDERS HAVE THE AT LEAST EDUCATION OR DIPLOMA AND IN AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ARE EMPLOYED AND THEY DO NOT HAVE MANAGEMENT EXPERTISE NECESSARY.

TO DETERMINE BROWN TROUTS DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE IN CENTRAL EFFLUENTS OF CASPIAN SEA SOUTHERN RIVERS (TAJAN RIVER AND BABOLROD), IT HAS SAMPLED IN AUTUMN 2007.STUDIED EFFLUENTS OF BABOLROD INCLUDE KELYAREH, KHOJIROD, TAREH ROD, SAJJAD ROD AND SHIRALIM, WHILE FOR TAJAN RIVER INCLUDE PAJIMIANA AND SHIRIN ROD.2 OUT OF 5 EFFLUENTS OF BABOLROD (KELYAREH AND KHOJIROD) AND BOTH EFFLUENTS OF TAJAN RIVER HAD THIS SPECIES. IN KHOJIROD AND KELYAREH HAVE CAUGHT 10 AND 47 SPECIMENS; WHILE IN PAJIMIANA AND SHIRINROD HAVE COLLECTED 49 AND 51 SPECIMENS, RESPECTIVELY. IT SEEMS BOTH BIOLOGICAL AND ABIOTIC FACTORS, AS WELL INTERACTION OF THESE FACTORS ON BROWN TROUTS DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE WERE EFFECTIVE, SUCH AS TEMPERATURE, DISSOLVED OXYGEN, SEDIMENTATION, INTER-SPECIES AND INFRA-SPECIES COMPETITION AND FOOD AVAILABILITY.

RUBBISH PROBLEM AND ITS REPELLING IS NOTED AS A MAIN ISSUE ALL OVER THE WORLD THAT, UNFORTUNATELY, BECAUSE OF LACK OF PUBLIC CULTURE GROWTH AND EVEN ITS RETRO GRADATION. THIS PROBLEM IS SIGNIFICANT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. AND EVEN IN ITS PART HAS ATTRIBUTED DIVERSE PROBLEMS AND ISSUES TO THE HUMANS ENVIRONMENT, SPECIALLY, THE HEALTH OF CITIZENS.A MONG THE VARIOUS METHODS OF REPELLING, THE BEST AND THE MOST ECONOMICAL METHOD IS RECYCLING, THAT CAUSE REDUCED USE AND WASTING NATURAL SOURCES AND RETURN A PART OF COSTS RELATED TO REPELLING OF THE RUBBISH. REGARDING TO THE OBTAINED EXPERIENCES IN RECYCLE ORGANIZATION, THE BEST METHOD OF RECYCLING WHICH CAN ECONOMICALLY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY BE MOST HELPFUL FOR THE ENVIRONMENT IS RESIDUE SEPARATION METHOD IN PRODUCTION PLACE. IT CAN BE CONSIDERED IN DIFFERENT RESPECTS.BEHBAHAN PROVINCE IS ONE OF THE PROVINCES OF THE KHOOZESTAN CITY, ITS POPULATION IS MORE THAN 100000 PERSONS, WHICH IS CONFRONTED WITH THE RUBBISH REPELLING. IN THIS CITY, THE RUBBISH IS REPELLED AFTER COLLECTING IN ABROAD AREA OF CITY. THE RUBBISH PRODUCTION RATE IN THIS CITY, DAILY IS MORE THAN 100 TON, WHICH WE CAN SAY THAT DAILY, ONE KILOGRAM RUBBISH IS PRODUCED PER PERSON. DRY RUBBISH AMOUNT IN BEHBAHAN PROVINCE WHICH ARE RECYCLABLE IS 20-30% OF TOTAL RUBBISH. THIS INDICATED THAT SEPARABLE MATERIAL AMOUNT IN PRODUCTION AREA IS CONSIDERABLE AND SHOWS THE IMPORTANCE OF SEPARATION FROM THE SOURCE.MONTHLY, 650 MILLION RIAL IS COSTED FOR COLLECTING RUBBISH, ITS REPELLING AND ITS TRANSPORTATION IN BEHBAHAN PROVINCE.REGARDING TO THE PRODUCTION OF RUBBISH, 100 TON DAILY. THE COST OF COLLECTING AND REPELLING OF ONE KILOGRAM RUBBISH IS ESTIMATED ABOUT 216/6 RIALS. ALSO REGARDING TO THE FACT THAT ABOUT 30TON OF THE RECYCLABLE MATERIAL IS IN BEHBAHAN PROVINCE, WITH PERFORMING SEPARATION DESIGN, DAILY, THE REPELLING OF 30 TON OF RUBBISH IS PREVENTED AND WE CAN SAVE ABOUT 6500000 RIAL IN COLLECTING UNIT AND TRANSPORTATION AND REPELLING OF THE RUBBISH.

INCREASING POPULATION AND DEMAND OF WATER SOURCES USAGE, BECOMING INVESTMENTS AND DEVELOPING OF WATER SOURCES ARE INEVITABLE.DAM’S CONSTRUCTION MIGHT BE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT SOLUTION. RIVERS AS THE MOST IMPORTANT INLAND WATERS ARE HABITATS OF MANY AQUATICS, ESPECIALLY FISHES. IN THE PREVIOUS DECADES, DAM’S CONSTRUCTION IN IRAN AND SUBSEQUENTLY IN MAZANDARAN IMPROVED SIGNIFICANTLY THAT INDICATING INDUSTRIAL GROWTH AND COUNTRIES DEVELOPING. WHILE THIS GROWTH, IN OTHER HAND, COULD BE A SERIOUS RISK FOR SURVIVAL OF MANY ORGANISMS, ESPECIALLY FISHES. AT THE PRESENT, 9 RESERVATION DAMS, 4 DEVIATION DAMS AND 3 PLASTIC REGULATORY DAMS ARE USING IN MAZANDARAN AND 10 DAMS ARE STUDYING AND SO CONSTRUCTING. CONSTRUCTING ANY OBSTRUCTION HAS ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS THAT ACCORDING TO THE BIODIVERSITY OF THE RIVERS, EMPORTANCE OF THIS CONTENT WILL DOUBLE. THE MOST SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS INCLUDE TEMPERATURE FLUCTUACTION IN RIVERS, DEGRADATION OF NATURAL SPAWNING BEDS (DUE TO MOST SPECIES IN NORTH OF IRAN ARE ANADROMOUS), DECREASING OF SELF – PURIFICATION POTENTIAL, SEDIMENTATION IN BACK WATERS AND LACK OF SUFFICIENT GROWTH OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND BENTHOSES AS FISH FEEDING. IN THIS STUDY, EFFECTS ON BIOLOGICAL SOURCES IN THE MAZANDARAN RIVERS HAVE ANALYZED.

THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) IS A POWERFUL, SIMPLE AND FLEXIBLE TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING WHEN CONFLICTING DECISION CRITERIA MAKE THE CHOICES BETWEEN DIFFERENT ALTERNATIVES DIFFICULT. IN THIS SURVEY, AHP WAS USED FOR PRIMARY HABITAT ASSESSMENT OF OTTER ALONG JAJROOD RIVER TO DETERMINE THE WEIGHTS OF EFFECTIVE FACTORS. AT FIRST THE HIERARCHY STRUCTURE WITH FOCUS ON BIOTIC FACTORS AND THREATENING FACTORS WAS PREPARED AND ACCORDING TO THIS STRUCTURE, A QUESTIONNAIRE WAS DESIGNED. THE RESPONDENTS OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE WERE INFORMED PEOPLE; THEN THE COMPLETED QUESTIONNAIRES WERE ANALYZED. IDRISI SOFTWARE WAS USED TO DETERMINE THE WEIGHTS OF THE FACTORS AND BY CONSIDERING THE OBTAINED WEIGHTS OF 12 ASSESSMENT PARAMETERS, 16 SURVEYS SITES WERE CLASSIFIED IN THE RIVER AND THE HABITAT WAS ASSESSED.

WATER IS A BASIC SOURCE OF LIFE AND ITS AVAILABILITY AT ADEQUATE QUANTITIES AND QUALITIES IS NECESSARY FOR HUMANS, ECONOMIC PRODUCTION AND ECOSYSTEMS. THE NEW WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE THAT WAS PROPOSED IN MARCH 1997 PROVIDES A MORE COMPREHENSIVE, SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE APPROACH IN ADDRESSING WATER ISSUES. IN THE DIRECTIVE, THE RIVER BASIN IS THE SPATIAL UNIT UPON WHICH TO PLAN AND COORDINATE MEASURES FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF OBJECTIVES AND ITS PRINCIPAL INNOVATION IS THAT RIVERS AND LAKES WILL NEED TO BE MANAGED BY RIVER BASIN – THE NATURAL GEOGRAPHICAL UNIT – INSTEAD OF ACCORDING TO ADMINISTRATIVE OR POLITICAL BOUNDARIES. THE DIRECTIVE INTRODUCES A NEW PLANNING PROCESS AT THE RIVER BASIN LEVEL. THE OUTCOME IS A RIVER BASIN PLAN THAT ITS GOAL IS THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES OF THE DIRECTIVE FOR THE WATERS OF THE RIVER BASIN DISTRICT AND HELPS TO ACHIEVE ITS SUSTAINABILITY OBJECTIVES. THE NEW WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE WILL BE INTRODUCED AND DISCUSSED IN THIS PAPER.

ACCORDING TO UNITED NATION REPORT PERCENTAGE OF URBAN POPULATION IN IRAN IN 1339 WAS ABOUT 34% WHICH INCREASED TO 58% IN 1371. INCREASING THE URBAN POPULATION IN IRAN IS CAUSED BY DIFFERENT OPERATIVES LIKE EMIGRATION OF VILLAGERS REGARDING INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT; SETTLE DOWN OF MOVING POPULATION IN NEW CITIES AND CONVERSION OF TOWNS TO CITIES. CONVERSION TOWNS TO CITIES IN IRAN ARE RULED BY BILATERAL APPROACH WHICH PAYS FEWER ATTENTIONS TO ALL ASPECT AND DIFFERENT FACES OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS. JUST PUBLIC REQUEST AND POLITICAL FACTORS ARE SIGNIFICANT IN THIS PROCESS. THESE INCORRECT POLICIES CONCENTRATE POPULATION AND PUBLIC SERVICES IN THESE SETTLEMENTS WHICH LEAD TO UNCONTROLLED DEGRADATION OF ENVIRONMENT AND ILLEGAL LAND USE. THE AREA WHICH IS STUDYING IN THIS ARTICLE IS A RIVERSIDE CITY CALLED “ZAYANDEH RUD”.THE CITY IS LOCATED BESIDE THE MAIN ROAD OF ISFAHAN TO ZARRIN SHAHR. FIVE LARGE TOWNS WERE JOINED TOGETHER IN 1379 AND CITY WAS CREATED. IN ORDER TO ANALYZE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MAKE STRATEGIES AND SOLUTIONS EIA MODEL IS APPLIED. RESULTS SHOW THAT DEBRIS AND SEWAGES HAVE NEGATIVE IMPACT IN URBAN STAGE WHICH IS CAUSED BY INCORRECT PATTERNS IN LOCATING.

HEAVY METALS OCCUR AS NATURAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE EARTH CRUST, AND ARE PERSISTENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS WITH BIOACCUMULATION FEATURES THAT RAISE PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN. IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN MILK BESIDE DANGER OF IN POLLUTION TO HEAVY METAL RESULT TO DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METAL IN HUMAN MILK CONSIDERS STUDIES. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE CONCENTRATION OF ZINC IN THE COLOSTRUMS MILK OF INDUSTRIAL AREA LENJAN WITH VARIOUS THAT MAY INFLUENCE THEIR CONCENTRATIONS I.E. AGE MOTHER, WEIGHT MOTHER AND CONSUMING LENJAN RICE. THE 63 NUMBERS OF HUMAN’S MILK COLLECTED OF THIS AREA HOSPITALS AND ITS CHEMICAL DIGESTION. ZINC WAS MEASURED BY FLAMELESS ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY IN COLOSTRUM SAMPLES FROM HEALTHY LACTATING WOMEN COLLECTED ON THIRD DAY POSTPARTUM. PRIMARY RESULT SHOW: ZN 12.27 MG/L. COMPARISON RESULT OF LEVEL ZINC TO TOLERABLE PROFESSIONAL DAILY INTAKE WHO/FAO.70% OF INFANT HIGHER OF PROVISIONAL TOLERANCE WEEKLY INTAKE (PTWI) RECOMMENDED BY FAO/WHO EXPOSURE TO ZINC, WHICH POSE A THREAT TO THEIR HEALTH.

THIS STUDY EXPLORES THE QUESTION OF HOW SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT-SPECIFICALLY, DECENTRALIZED RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES - CAN COMPLEMENT AND BENEFIT FROM THE GOAL OF INCREASING WOMEN’S ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT. MANY OF THE EXAMPLES GIVEN IN THE PAPER DRAW ON CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND THINKING DEVELOPED IN CONNECTION WITH ENERGIA NEWS, THE NEWSLETTER OF THE INTERNATIONAL NETWORK ON WOMEN AND ENERGY.

WITH REGARD TO IRREGULAR DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES, IMPROPER CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AND INCREASING PRODUCTION OF WASTE AND ALSO DEFICIENCY IN WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, SANITARY LANDFILL IS THE MOST LOGICAL AND THE LEAST COST MATTER FOR DISPOSING OF MUNICIPAL WASTE. COMPONENTS OF SANITARY LANDFILL ARE INCLUDING DAILY SOIL COVER, IMPENETRABLE BARRIERS TO PREVENT LEAKAGE OF LEACHATE, LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM AND MAKE A SAND LAYER TO CONTROL OF METAN EMISSION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILL OF SEMNAN AT THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION PHASES AND COMPARE WITH CURRENT LANDFILL BY RAPID MATRIX METHOD. RESULTS SHOW NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION PHASES ARE AT LOW A VERY LOW CATEGORY AND POSITIVE IMPACTS ARE PERFORMED AT SLIGHTLY AND MODERATE LEVELS. SOIL AND AIR POLLUTION ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEMS AND MAKE GREEN SPACES, EMPLOYMENT, INCREASING INCOME, SATISFACTION OF LOCAL SOCIETY AND INCREASING SANITARY INDICES LEVEL ARE DESIRABLE FACTORS OF PROJECT. SANITARY LANDFILL OF SEMNAN AT THE SUGGESTED PLACE, WITH REGARD TO HIGH POTENTIAL TO SOLVE THE SANITARY PROBLEMS IS ASSESSED AS POSITIVE ACTION.

NOTWITHSTANDING WATER RESOURCE DEFICIENCY IN HAMEDAN, UNFORTUNATELY, WATER USAGE IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR IS UNSUSTAINABLE. ATTENTION TO ROLE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN PROVINCE AND RURAL ECONOMY, THIS RESEARCH GOING TO EXPLAIN THE AGRICULTURAL WATER RESOURCE UNSUSTAINABILITY IN THE PROVINCE. THIS RESEARCH WAS APPLIED AND DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH THAT SECONDARY RESOURCE AND DATA SUCH AS GOVERNMENTAL DATA, ELECTRONIC SOURCE, BOOK AND ARTICLES WERE USED. RESULTS SHOW THAT ON THE BASES OF QUANTITY WATER RESOURCE IS UNSUSTAINABLE AND HAS 308 MILLION M3 SURPLUS EXTRACTIONS. ON THE BASIS OF MANNER OF EXPLOITATION, 80% OF WATER USAGE THROUGH GROUND WATER AND 20% FROM SURFACE WATER. WATER USAGE EFFICIENCY IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR IS 30%. SCILICET, WE LOSE 70% OF WATER IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR. THE FINDING OF THIS STUDY COULD CONTRIBUTE TO DEVELOPMENT RELATED ORGANIZATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS, INTERESTED RESEARCHERS AND PRACTITIONERS AS WELL AS NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNER AND POLICY MAKERS.

THE AIMS OF THIS ARTICLE ARE DETECTION AND INTRODUCING OF VALUABLE SPECIES, MOUNT ATLAS PISTACHIO, HABITAT AND ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID ECOSYSTEM OF BAJESTAN TOWNSHIP IN KHORASAN RAZAVI PROVINCE OF IRAN. IRAN-TURAN FORESTS OF BAJESTAN ARE TYPE OF DELICATE ECOSYSTEM THAT SITUATED IN DESERT REGION. THIS AREA IS LOCATED ON SIDES' MOUNTAIN OF NIAN VILLAGE OF BAJESTAN TOWNSHIP. RANDOM POINTS (SAMPLE) WERE DETERMINED USING CRUISING OF FOREST WITH ACCOMPANY OF EXPERTS AND FOREST GUARD WHERE HAD THE HIGHEST PROBABILITY OCCURRING OF MOUNT ATLAS PISTACHIO TREES. RANDOM POINTS WERE SITUATED ABOUT 800 HECTARES AREA. IN ORDER TO STUDY OF FLORISTIC AND SPATIAL PATTERN WERE USED PLOT LESS SAMPLING (NEAREST DISTANCE TO INDIVIDUAL). FOR DETERMINING OF PISTACIA ATLANTICA SPATIAL PATTERN WAS USED JOHNSON AND ZIMMER (1985) INDEX. INDEXES AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS WERE MEASURED SAME AS HEIGHT OF TREE, COVER DIAMETER MEAN, ELEVATION, ASPECT OF SLOPE AND DISTANCE OF RANDOM POINT TO NEAREST INDIVIDUAL WERE DOCUMENTED IN RELATED FORMS. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND CHARTS DESIGN WERE ACCOMPLISHED BY ARC VIEW, AUTOCAD, EXCEL SOFTWARE. DATA WERE ANALYZED WITH MENTIONED INDEX AND TREES DISTRIBUTION PATTERN WAS OBTAINED AS RANDOM TREND TO CLUMP WITH LOWER OF 5% ERROR. RESULT OF DISTANCE OF RANDOM POINT TO NEAREST INDIVIDUAL INDICATED MEAN OF DENSITY 63 STEM PER HECTARE WERE ESTIMATED IN STUDY AREA. WITH ATTENTION TO REGION DROUGHTS, LIVESTOCK PRESSURE, LOW DISTRIBUTION AND UNSUITABLE, EDAPHIC FACTORS AND OTHER ECOLOGICAL FACTORS, REGENERATION AND MOUNT ATLAS PISTACHIO ESTABLISHMENT IS VERY LITTLE AND BECAUSE OF SITUATED PERCENT OF THESE SPECIES IN NORTHERN ASPECTS, EXECUTED ADMINISTRATIONS SHOULD BE PROGRAMMING SUCH AS ENRICHMENT (PLANTING IN EMPTY SPACE INTER FOREST), CONSERVATION OF MATURE TREES AND DEVELOPMENT OF THIS TREE THAT RESISTANCE TO DROUGHT IN NORTHERN ASPECTS AND LEAST DEVELOPING OF SEEDLING SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED IN EASTERN ASPECT. ALSO, HEIGHT CURVE OF THIS SPECIES WAS PLOTTED IN TERMS OF AREA OF CROWN COVER.