Ethics in Science and Technology
Year:2018 | Volume:13 | Issue:3 |Papers Count:23

Background: At the beginning of the application of internet to realize research purposes, it seems that research methods of physical world (or actual world) would be similarly applicable in virtual world. Gradually, the researchers found that some ethical challenges of internet researches could be different of alternative ethical dilemmas of traditional researches or there are developed at least. The aim of this article is studying and analyzing the concept of human subjects as one of the most ethical issues in the traditional researches and it presents a developed concept of human subjects in internet researches. Conclusion: At the same time with developing internet researches territory, the research human subjects as the most basic of concept in the internet research ethics has become a conceptual development. This development is following concepts of person-based/text-based, research human non-subjects and human subjects harming, so that are concerned for studying ethical issues associated with internet researches. Considering the concept of human subjects to understand the moral conditions of unpredictability in internet research is very important. Hence, the developed dimensions of human subject concept must be applied to analyze and evaluate the ethical situations in internet research holistically.

Background: New technologies, which are resulted by human thinking and have suddenly changed the level and quality of human life and have caused yesterday's impossibilities to be not only possible but also obvious, has brought the education system into a new era, which is called lifelong learning era. The existence of appropriate opportunities in the lifelong learning era that provides possibility of learning at any time and place a well as increasing information growth has created a serious challenge to traditional ethical education in the education process so that founders of educational system must find a solution for the growth of ethical education. Thinking is the highest level of education. By integrating the components of critical thinking in lifelong learning environments, the context of the growth of ethics education is being provided more than ever. Conclusion: Lifelong learning era has provided a challenge and an opportunity for ethical education. The challenge is that traditional education approaches cannot grow up audiences of educational system in terms of ethical education, and the opportunity is that the ethical education goals can be realized through integrating critical thinking elements in a lifelong educational system considering the potential that the lifelong educational system has in terms of critical thinking. The lifelong learning system in the lifelong learning era lies in the components of critical thinking, and these components can be brought from the hidden and potential levels to the actual level by designing and integrating them.

Background: Creating conditions for healthy and balanced interaction with others so that community members are not abused and not exploited by others is a hallmark of ethical health as one of the components of health. According to The important mission of the science of law, as well as its rules for the establishment of order, stability and security of morality and peace and the promotion of mental health in the community, is obviously the extension of the legal rules in the legal acts and communications and transactions of people of the community can lead to security and peace And avoiding tension and mental and psychological damage to the community as well as providing social health and therefore education Conclusion: Considering the characteristics of the official document, it seems that social health in the field of legal interactions between individuals depends on the formal arrangement of the transactions in question, since the official document seems to have many social functions. Including the reduction of claims and social conflicts, the development and expansion of social peace, the creation of trust and confidence among the community members for greater participation in economic activities and investment security, all of which contribute to the promotion of morality and social well-being.

Background: One of the basic needs of human being is the requirement to communicate with others and since human has deep differences in features like linguistic, ethnic, racial, cultural, social and economic, the only way of healthy communicating is moral tolerance between them. The aim of this study is to evaluate the tolerance and social ethics of Muslims against Zoroastrians in Yazd city. Method: This study is applied and descriptive-correlation. Statistical population includes all people over 16 years old who are Muslims and residing in Yazd province. Sample study, based on a Cochran formula, includes 384 people. Sampling was based on multistage cluster. Data were gathered by researcher made questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation test and one sample t-test. Results: Results showed that moral and political tolerance has significant relationship with social dimension of life satisfaction. Variables of age and gender have no significant relationship with social tolerance. In ethical dimension, people with high class in compare with middle and low classes were significantly more tolerated. Conclusion: Respondents in terms of social and moral tolerance levels were high. Tolerance and social ethics of solidarity between Muslims and Zoroastrians is increased after which the tolerance of peaceful behaviors between individuals are formed.

Background: One of the critical requirements for organizations is the organizational development that can be developed in the light of organizational and ethical intelligence. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between moral inteligence and organizational development with the mediating role of organizational inteligence. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlation research. The study population includes all employees of the Department of Education in Kurdistan. Among all, 190 subjects were selected by simple sampling method. Three questionnaires were used for data collection: organizational intelligence, moral intelligence and organizational development. Data were analyzed by Pearson correletion test and for detecting the role of mediator, structural equation model based on Amos software was used. Results: The results of the structural equation showed that there is a positive relationship between moral intelligence with organizational intelligence (0/27). The relationship between these variables and organizational development was significant (0/25). The relationship between organizational intelligence and organizational development was positive and significant (0/21). Also, the relationship between moral intelligence and organizational development with mediating role of organizational intelligence was significant (0/53). Conclusion: Organizations have to pay more attention on ethical and organizational intelligence for developing organizational development.

Background: The expectation of the realization and development of citizenship ethics in all urban actors is a phenomenon that is considered today in social and urban studies. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain the factors affecting citizenship ethics. Method: The research method was descriptive-correlation survey. The statistical population is consisted of heads of households and non-careers of Ahvaz households in the amount of 1112021. 390 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method using Cochran's formula. A researcher-made questionnaire was used in order to collect data in 6 components and 36 items. To analyze the data, correlation coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations and SPSS21 and Pls software were used. Results: The findings of this study showed that the person's perception of citizenship commitment, supervision of collective conscience on the person's performance, conformity with other citizens, sense of citizenship, home affection and the importance of citizenship with respect to citizenship ethics has a positive and significant relationship Conclusion: Regarding the results, it can be stated that if the citizens' mentality and culture are based on morality, one can expect that citizenship ethics are well observed, and all of them are aware of their duties and responsibilities and based on their relative performance will have.

Background: It seems that non-educational use and aimless surfing on the internet can have negative consequences, such as victimization of non-ethical cyber bullying and reducing students' sense of happiness. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between “ cyber loafing" with” non-ethical cyber bullying" and "feeling of happiness". Method: The research method was a descriptive-correlation study. The research sample consisted of 197 medical students of Shiraz University of medical sciences who were selected by random sampling method. The research tools included the triple scales of cyber loafing, non ethical cyber bullying and happiness, which after calculating their validity and reliability, were distributed between samples and data were analyzed using structural equation model. Results: The findings showed that cyber loafing has a positive and significant relationship with students' vulnerability to non-ethical cyber bullying. Also, cyber loafing and non-ethical cyber bullying has a negative and significant relationship with students' happiness. Conclusion: By increasing awareness of students in order to reduce cyber loafing, can be reduced non ethical cyber bullying and provide the basis for cyber space optimization and increase students' sense of happiness.

Background: Today ethics and related issues have become one of the most important factors in acceptance of technology and its innovations. The aim of this research is to provide a model of ethics-based technology acceptance in small and medium enterprises Method: The present study is a descriptive-survey research. The statistical population of this research includes all managers of small and medium enterprises in Kerman province. The sample size is estimated 291 persons and the random sampling method is used. For fitting the model, structural equations method and also to study the effective factors, a single-sample t-test is used. Friedman test and analytic hierarchy process are used to rank effective factors of ethics-based technology acceptance in small and medium enterprises. Results: The results of this study indicate that seven factors of individual compatibility, organizational compatibility, perceived usefulness, perceived ease, attitude toward use, intent and intention of use and behavior affect the ethical acceptance of technology. It is also found that the attitudes toward use, and intention, had the most impact on the ethical acceptance of technology. Conclusion: Small and medium enterprises are more innovative than the big companies in terms of innovation and the use of technology. On the other hand, observance of ethical principles in the implementation of technology plays an important social and even economic role in the competitive scope of organizations. In this regard, cultural foundations and related ethical education are considered as a good solution for the implementation and acceptance of technology.

Background: Agility and ethical management plays a decisive role in resolving the crisis. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between agility of human resources and ethical management with resolving the crisis in media organizations. Method: The method of study was descriptive-correlational. Research group consisted of all managers of media organizations and 120 numbers of them with case study were selected by sampling approach (79 cases of male and female managers 41 individuals). In this study, to collect data related to factors agile media organizations of the questionnaire organizational agility, inventory ethical management (CEP) and the anti-crisis questionnaire was used and data were analyzed using a statistical correlation and regression. Results: According to beta coefficient values for agility (0. 672) and ethical management (0. 169), it can be seen that any deviation of changes in anti-crisis creates. In this model, predicts of human resource agility has increased about 53 percent and organizational agility predictor is stronger and more effective for anti-crisis. Conclusion: Attention to training your agility and ethical management organizations can used one of basal Guideline in order to management and resolving the crisis.

Background: Organizational culture can have a significant impact on organizational trust. Today, ethical standards have been considered and can play a significant role in the relationship between organizational culture and organizational trust. The purpose of this research is to analyze the role of moderating ethical standards in the relationship between organizational culture and organizational trust. Method: The research was descriptive-survey. The statistical population includes all employees who working in the Azad University, Islamshahr branch (N=346). The sampling method was random stratified sampling. Using Cochran’ s formula, 183 people were chosen as the sample size. To gather the data, standard questionnaires were used. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was adopted for data analysis. The validation of the structural model was achieved using Smart PLS . Results: The results confirmed the role of moderating ethical standards in the relationship between organizational culture and organizational trust, and communication and job challenge are ranked highest in importance. Conclusion: This finding means that in the Islamic Azad University of Islamshahr the emphasis on the importance of ethical codes and observance can not only have a positive effect on the organization's culture, but also significantly affects the organizational trust of the staff. Therefore, we must pay special attention to it in the organization.

Background: Productivity has attracted the attention of many researchers as one of the issues that stated in today's organizations. Therefore, the study of this concept requires the consideration of numerous influential factors. In this regard, the present study was conducted to analyze the relationship between professional ethics, productivity, and creativity among faculty members. Method: This research is a descriptive-correlation study. Population of the study includes all faculty members of the Payam-e-Noor University. To do this research, a sample of 265 people was selected by stratified sampling method. Measurement tools include three questionnaires including of Work ethic, Creativity, and the Productivity. Also, structural equation model was used to evaluate the relationships between the measured variables and the conceptual model. Results: The results showed that the work ethics has a positive and significant relationship with creativity. Also, the relationship between work ethic and productivity is through mediating creativity. In other words, the ethics of work through creativity in the work increases the efficiency of the faculty members and, finally, the structural model of the research is meaningful and fitness. Conclusion: According to research results, organizations will take steps to create, maintain, and improve organizational productivity by increasing attention to professional ethics that will promote creativity.

Background: Professional ethics is a branch of applied ethics that is necessary for new societies. The aim of this study is to predict the components of professional ethics of staffs based on the use of satellite networks and the Internet. Method: The research method was descriptive-correlation. Statistical population included all employees of education departments in Chaharmahal-e-Bakhtiari Province in 2016-2017 (N=895). Using random cluster sample and sampling, 268 samples were selected. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information that their Cronbach's alpha coefficient, 0/92, 0/89 and 0/91 respectively. Validity of questionnaire was based on the experts confirmation and construct validity was based on the factorial analaysis. Information obtained in this study were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the use of satellites and professional ethics. There is a negative significant relationship between internet use and professional ethics of staff. Conclusion: As employees of the satellite and the internet increases, their professional ethics will be decreased in their office.

Background: Human societies will be declined without commitment to professional ethics. Purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between managers' professional morality and the level of companies’ social responsibility information disclosure. Social responsibility includes the collection of tasks and the commitments that the company should do in order to maintain, care and assist to the society in which it acts. Method: This is an applied research and its population is the whole companies accepted in Tehran stock exchange. The sample consists of 54 companies that have been chosen using convenience sampling. To assess the level of disclosure of companies' social responsibility the social responsibility pattern and for assessing managers' professional morality the questionnaire was used; the study period includes 2015. To test the hypothesis, the ordinary minimum squares method and cross-sectional method were used. Results: The findings show that after controlling the company's size variables, the ratio of the book value to the market value of equity of shareholders and systematic risk, there is a significant positive relationship between the levels of company managers' professional morality and the level of company's disclosure of social responsibility. Conclusion: Regarding the findings, it can be claimed that with an increase in the level of professional morality, the level of corporate's social responsibility information disclosure is increased. Consequently, it is recommended that to increase the level of social responsibility, companies pay special attention to professional morality.

Background: One of the main factors that lead to weak productivity of the organization is the lack of desirable performance appraisal system. Discrimination and injustice in the organization, particularly in evaluating performance of staff will be more important that will have effect on employees' motivation and inconsistency. The goal of this article is to get acquainted with the deliberate and unpredictable ethical errors of the performance appraisal system, and plans appropriate strategies for dealing with them. Method: This is an applied descriptive study that is performed by quality and quantity method. Population of study includes all staffs of 5 governmental organizations. 12 qualified samples were chosen with result oriented method. Data gathering is accomplished with interview and questionnaire. For Data analysis, the fuzzy delphi technique has used. Results: After an interview with the experts and the initial extraction for improving ethical solutions in the performance appraisal system, a Fuzzy Delphi technique was implemented. Out of 23 initial solutions, 12 solutions for improving ethical dimensions in the employee performance appraisal system were finalized by experts. Among them, such issues scored the most: participation of all employees in the design of the performance appraisal system, education and training the evaluators and mechanisms for dealing with poor staff performance. Conclusion: Ethical dimensions in the performance appraisal system should be investigated by the stakeholders in order to identify and implement solutions to improve them.

Background: Organizational entrepreneurship can be in a straight way as a key to the growth and development of any organization in light of work ethics. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between work ethics and organizational entrepreneurship. Method: The research method was descriptive-correlational study. Statistical population included all male and female employees in the departments of Youth and Sports in Western Azerbaijan province (N=219) that by using sampling method purposefully non-random statistical sample 196 persons as sample were selected. For gathering data, two standard questionnaires work ethic and organizational entrepreneurship were used. Research were analyzed by using statistical software SPSS. Results: Results showed that the relationship of attachment and interest to work, human relationship in the workplace and Collective spirit and participation in work with effect of perseverance and seriousness in the work on the organizational entrepreneurship was not significant. Conclusion: As a result, Managers for development organizational entrepreneurship should pay attention to work ethics.

Background: According to the important role of spirituality in human life and organizations, spirituality is entered in work place. Therefore, this study evaluate the relationship between spirituality in work place and team working among staff and nurses of Imam Khomeini hospital in Urmia. Method: This study is a descriptive-correlation research. Population of study includes all staffs and nurses of the Imam Khomeini hospital in Urmia province. Among all, 96 participants were selected by random sampling. Data were gathered by two questionnaires: professional ethics and Social Responsibility. Finally, data were analyzed by SPSS through multiple regressions. Results: It shows that there are significant relationships between spirituality in work place and team working. Also, integrity in work and adjustment with values of organization can predict the factors like commitment, trust, responsibility and constructive collision. Conclusion: Spirituality in work place increase commitment, responsibility and trust among staffs and nurses. It is also led to efficient communication among staffs and nurses in group activities.

Background: It should be stated that corruption is an issue that has been encroached upon by organizations and organizations throughout the era, and has formed the core of many scholars’ and political thinkers. To this end, organizations need to plan for effective ethics training courses and formulate policies and procedures that support ethical values and organizational justice. Method: The purpose of this research is applied and is of descriptive-correlative nature. The research community is the employees of the 6th District Branches of Tehran, Melli Bank of Iran. The total number of employees is 450 people, according to Cochran's sampling formula and 207 samples with a 95% confidence level. To measure the conceptual model of the research, the partial least squares method of the combined reliability indices, convergent validity using the mean value of extracted variance has been used. Results: The findings of this study indicate that the status of ethical leadership has a significant relationship with administrative corruption and organizational justice, and all the hypotheses of this research are confirmed. Conclusion: In the end, it should be noted that this opens up a new gateway in the context of studies on ethical leadership and ethics in the organization, which can be seen in many ways. Therefore, one of the help of this research, in addition to increasing the research, can fill this gap and explain it in this regard.

Background: Many studies have been conducted on democracy and citizenship rights, but none of them focused on ethical and human necessity of studying the required basis for developing the concept of democratic citizenship in public organizations. With these interpretations, the purpose of this study is to explain the model of democratic citizenship in Iranian Public organizations. Method: The research method is qualitative and quantitative. The statistical population of the qualitative section includes public management experts, of which 15 selected by available sampling method. The research tool in this stage is an open questionnaire, which have been used in four stages to reach consensus in the field of indicators. In addition, the statistical population of the quantitative section includes employees of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology and Social Security Organization of Tehran Province that Using randomized sampling, 385 of them screened by closed questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS and Lisrel 8. 5. Results: Results indicate that this model is fit to governmental organizations, which also confirms the high correlation between the two elements of the quantitative phase data. Conclusion: The development of morality requires the emergence of citizenship concepts in a democratic form, in order to provide justice and equality in accordance with the needs of citizens.

Background: One of the main educational subjects in these days is focuses on moral intelligence. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between exercise habits or life style and moral intelligence. Method: The method was descriptive-correlational research. Statistical population of this research includes all faculty members of Yazd universities. The 144 faculty members were randomly selected. The participants fill the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) and moral competency inventory (MCI). The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The results showed that there was a strong positive correlation between the moral intelligence and exercise habits. Also, there was a strong positive correlation between the moral intelligence subscales and exercise habits. Conclusion: The findings showed that there is positive relation between active life style and moral intelligence. So, concentration on physical activity is one of the main factors that can be effective on well-beings, and also by doing exercise, people can be achieved endurance in the face of adversity. Accordingly, it is recommended that for achievement to the fullest and most influence in society, they have to pay attention to physical activity in their lifestyle.