Ethics in Science and Technology
Year:2018 | Volume:12 | Issue:4|Papers Count:21

Background Nowadays, the importance of the concept of personality is undeniable retailer. Scientists and researchers believe that retailers, both individuals and brands have different characters that may make them distinct in the minds of buyers. Method The method of the study is descriptive-correlation. Population of the study includes all sellers in shops of Hamedan. Among all, 250 sellers were selected by in access as sample group. Four consumer confidence indexes, consumer attitudes toward private brands, consumer perceptions of the characters retailer and consumer loyalty to the retailer were used for gathering data. Data were analyzed by SPSS22 software. Results The results show that there is a significant relationship between consumer trusts on brand loyalty. Trust factor has the lowest correlation (0/907) and in the assessment of sellers by customer, adjustment has the highest correlation (0/971). Conclusion The trust of customers to private brand and brand tendency towards private has the key role in the formation and management of customer loyalty to the retailer. According to the retailer's branding, private brands are a vital element that retailers must pay attention to it and use it to create, develop and maintain a relationship with your customers and increase their loyalty.

Background Today, ethics and social responsibility is one of the important factors and influencing attitudes and behaviors in the image and reputation of the company. The current research is aimed to investigate the relationship between consumer response (negative word of mouth and protest behaviors) on corporate irresponsible behavior considering the mediating role of moral emotions and virtues. Method The current research method is descriptive survey. The statistical population of this study includes the consumers of car companies in Gorgan. Among all, 384 subjects were selected by stratified random sampling. Standardized questionnaire was used for data collecting since its validity and reliability is confirmed. For data analysis, structural equation modeling (SmartPLS) was used. Results The results indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between corporate irresponsible behavior and consumer response and there is also a significant positive relationship between corporate irresponsible behavior and consumer's negative moral emotional. There is a significant positive relationship between consumer's negative moral emotional and consumer response. There is no significant relationship between corporate irresponsible behavior and consumer's negative moral emotional with moral virtues. But there is significant relationship between consumer's negative moral emotional and consumer response with moral virtues. Conclusion According to feelings and moral virtues that identify, remove and improve the corporate irresponsible behavior will follow, effective step in creating, maintaining and improving consumer response will be.

Background Recognizing the factors of ethical behavior in services organizations can be the background for improving the dominant ethical atmosphere of the organization and facilitate the positive work behavior in different levels of the organization. For this purpose, the present study aims to find the ethical behaviors of workers and managers of Mashhad municipality by considering the meaning and content of ethic and ethical behavior. Method In this study, mix method and exploratory design was performed. The statistical population of research includes all employees and managers of Mashhad Municipality in the central organization. The sample of this study includes 26 employees and 14 managers in qualitative section and 243 experienced employees and 84 experienced managers in quantitative section. Data were gathered by interview and questionnaires. The content analysis was used to analyze the interviews and the initial model of ethical behavior was extracted based on dimensions and components of ethical behavior of employees and managers of Mashhad Municipality. For measuring models, confirmatory factor analysis was used. Results The results from the current research indicate that the ethical behavior of the employees could be placed in the three categories. Each of these categories contains various sections and sub sections. Also, the ethical behavior of the managers of the municipality has two categories that include 7 factors and 30 sub-factors. Finally, by using KMO index and Bartlett's test the appropriate number of data was approved. In order to assess the research model, factor loadings were calculated and since all factor loadings were more than 0. 3 the research model was approved. Conclusion The results of this study show that the task-based approach to assess the ethics and ethical behavior in organizations such as the municipality have an appropriate framework theoretically and can properly explain the ethical behavior of the employees of the municipality.

Background Each organization needs people who are willing to sacrifice their participation in activities for changing conditions, these behaviors exceeded expectations, but for important of survival of organization they called extra-role behavior. In the meantime, according to the essence of the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation, extra-role behaviors are very important among employees. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to answer the question whether the ethical climate, ethical leadership and ethical philosophies can have a relationship with employee's extra-role behaviors of Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation of Guilan Province. Method The research is applied in terms of objective – correlation. Population of the study includes all staffs of Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation. Among all, 236 staffs were studied through simple random sampling method. Data were gathered by standard questionnaire. Also, Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling and SPSS 20 and lisrel8. 54. Results Results show that ethical leadership, organizational ethical climate and ethical Philosophies have a relationship with extra-role behaviors. Also, the relationship with ethical leadership and ethical climate was confirmed. Conclusion According to the findings, it can be said that increasing the level of ethical components in organization will lead to the high level of extra-role behavior in employees.

Background People's value system is an effective factor on their behavior. Whistle Blowing can reduce corporate wrongdoing as a voluntary ethical behavior. Therefore, the aim of this research is the study of motivational values on auditor’s ethical whistle blowing. Method The research method is descriptive-correlative. Population of the study includes all private and public auditors in 2015. Among all, 385 auditors were selected randomly as sample. Standard questionnaire was used in this study. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using LISREL software was used in order to data analysis and hypothesis testing. Results The findings show that auditors with the high level of individual's motivational values will have a lower tendency to whistle blowing. The severity of the impact increases by their perceived seriousness of the act in question and their perceived personal responsibility to report, but findings are reversed when auditors have a high level of collectivist's motivational values. Conclusion According to this study, the most important mechanism influencing the auditor's whistle blowing is their perceived personal costs of reporting. Because of perceived losses as a result of wrongdoing reports, auditors with any value system, have a lower tendency to whistle blowing.

Background Education of moral intelligence is an important component of child education that can help individual and social development of children. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of moral intelligence on social performance and behavioral problems of elementary students. Method This study was a semi-experimental research with pretest-post test. The population consisted of all girl students of 2th grade of elementary schools in Ardakan city in 2014-2015. 36 students were selected by in access sampling and randomly assigned in experimental and control groups (each groups 18 students). Each group has pre-test with child behavior checklist (CBCL) and social competence scale (teacher form). In study group, participants received 11 session of moral intelligence intervention and control group received no intervention. In the final sessions, each group have post-test. Finally, the data analyzed by multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results The results show that a significant difference between experimental and control group in social performance and behavioral problems and moral intelligence could significantly improve social performance and decrease behavioral problems of children. Conclusion Regarding social needs in moral development, results show that intervention based on moral intelligence is an appropriate approach to improve social and behavioral performance in children.

Background In today's world, human resources are the best competitive advantage of any organization, both public and private ones. Especially in organizations that constantly face with the stressing situations, like constant contact with the clients, it's very important to oversee the employee's behavior. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between professional ethics and job conflicts with the mediating role of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in Justice Administration of Guilan province. Method This research is a correlative study. The statistical population of this study was 950 employees of Justice Administration of Guilan. Among them, 205 employees are selected as sample by simple random sampling method and Morgan Table. A questionnaire with three parts is used to collect data. Validity (content, convergent, and divergent) and reliability (factor loading, composite reliability, and Cronbach's alpha) of the questionnaires indicated that the instruments were fairly valid and reliable. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Smart-PLS software were used for analyzing data. Results The results indicate that professional ethics has a positive relationship with organizational citizenship behavior, organizational citizenship behavior has a significant negative relationship with job conflicts and practical ethics has a significant negative relationship with job conflicts. Also, results show that the OCB plays a mediating role in the relationship between professional ethics and job conflicts. Conclusion The results of current research show that organizations, through creating and encouraging ethical behaviors and organizational citizenship behaviors, can solve the conflicts and tensions restore calm and friendly climate in providing better services and consequently improve the organizational performance.

Background It can be said that the problem of being justified ethical criticism of art, at least from three centuries ago, has been one of the most important problems of the relation between art and morality, and always has serious oppositions and positions. Confirming the two kind of ethical and aesthetic values, most oppositions of ethical criticism have attempted to show that these two realms are autonomous, therefore art can`t be criticized ethically; but Nietzsche goes over, and challenges the ethical values. That is, in contrast to moralists, he takes an immoralist position. Ethical values, he thinks, are of less authority than aesthetic ones, therefore not only art but also the whole of life must be evaluated according to aesthetic values. This view is called “aestheticism. ” In this essay, analyzing Nietzsche`s words, considering his commentators` ones, it has been, first, given an accurate description of this view, and, then, criticized it. Conclusion Nietzsche`s words, albeit the profound insights they give, do not prove that aesthetic values are more true or practical than ethical ones. Therefore, in this respect it can be speak of being justified ethical criticism, in general, and ethical criticism of art, criticizing artworks ethically, in particular, in addition to aesthetic criticism, criticizing artworks aesthetically.

Background Organizational identity is given prominence due to its importance. This study aims to investigate the relationship between organizational identity and its aspects with those of ethical work climate. Method The method of study is correlation-descriptive. The population of study includes the staff of both Ferdowsi and Medical Sciences University of Mashhad. 465 employees were selected randomly in 2016. They complete the questionnaires regarding to organizational identity and ethical work climate. Data were analyzed by SPSS. Results The results clearly demonstrate that there is a significant relationship between the organizational identity and ethical work climate. Conclusion The findings of the present paper are aligned with results of the previous studies conducted in this field. Therefore, the researcher advises senior decision makers to focus further on organizational identity. Also, the university directors are required to maintain a satisfactory balance of ethical work climate in their workplaces.

Background The existence of professional ethics in accounting is very crucial, because accountants have effective roles in social and economic processes and without fidelity to their roles; they may cause irreparable damages to the society. In order to increase the effectiveness of professional ethics, the existence of patterns corresponded to the societies’ cultures is necessary. Because, to date, no significant and effective attempt has been flourished in Iran in this field, this study aims to present a practical and comprehensive model of the accounting professional ethics. Method In this study, first by adopting “archival method”, 569 Iranian’s published articles relating to professional ethics in different journals and dissertations associated with accounting ethics, for the period of 2006-2015, were collected. Second, by employing “content analysis”, a novel model entitled “Sustainable Development Model of the Accounting Ethical Standards” (SDMAES) with its various constructs was presented. Third, the significance of the elements of each construct of the model was enumerated statistically via the “Delphi Technique” by seeking the opinion of the 15 professional experts in the accounting ethics. Results Findings show that during span of the study, a total of 104 articles related to ethics were published in the accounting journals and there is a statistical significant difference between numbers of ethics’ articles published in various journals. The proposed model, which is based on the content analysis, consists of 4 constructs and 69 factors. The priority of the model is: individual construct, social construct, economic construct, and sustainable environmental construct. Conclusion The promulgated model is practical and shows the significance of professional ethics, constructs, and sub-factors of the model.

Background Moral intelligence can play an effective role in people's lives as one of the factors influencing the performance of individuals and the accomplishment of their transactional behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between moral intelligence and life style of public school teachers in Bilehsavar in 2013-2014. Method The method of study is descriptive-correlation. Population of study includes all teachers. Of all the teachers (n=386), 190 were chosen randomly based on Morgan table. To collect data, two standard moral intelligence and life style questionnaires were used. Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient and regression tests. Results The results showed that there is a positive and meaningful relationship between moral intelligence and life style. Moreover, regression analysis showed that moral intelligence factors are able to predict life style. Conclusion According to the results, taking moral intelligence factors to consideration can improve the life style of teachers significantly, and if they are more committed to ethical principles, the sense of value in the lives of teachers will improve.

Background In spite of significant role of professors in education process at universities and the importance of professors’ ethics, there are not so many researches to develop conceptual models of professors’ ethics. This paper has investigated faculty members’ professional ethics in view of students. Method The research method for identifying the indicators is text logical analysis and for verification and re-conceptualization is a survey. The research population includes all students of public non-medical universities, that among them, 373 subjects were selected. Sampling method was stratified and research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. Alpha-Chronbach, exploratory factor analysis, t-test and Friedman ranking test were implied for data analysis. Results The concept of professors’ professional ethics was designed through factor analysis including three dimensions and eight indicators as “justice, regulation-orientation, moderation, tolerance, generosity, motivation, effective teaching and scientific guiding”. Extracted factor explains 62% of the variable variance. All points are more than average level and professors’ tolerance at the highest level in view of students. Conclusion This investigation indicated that in view of students, professors have some gaps in following eight indicators of professional ethics with desired level. Therefore, it can be acknowledged that universities and the supreme organizations need to adopt more effective actions to improve professors’ professional ethics.

Background In all scientific research, research ethics guaranteed research quality. This article offers a causal model of psychological and educational variables that affecting research ethics among the students of according to improve the ethical points. Method This was an applied correlation-descriptive study. The population consisted of 730 students of Allameh Tabatabai University, among which 252 subjects were selected through stratified random sampling. Data collection tool was a compilation of five standardized questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics tests and the correlation matrix, path analysis and goodness of fit indices using Lisrel 8. 5. Results The results of path analysis showed that conscientiousness, perceived severity of the punishment, the research ethics education and religious attitudes had the highest to lowest influences on research ethics, but the impact of self-regulation on the criterion variable was not confirmed Conclusion According to the findings of the research, entering clear strategies for monitoring the research activities and regarding ethical codes in student’s curriculum may improve ethics in research.

Background Having professional and ethical standards for faculty members can play an important role in enhancing restore confidence in their performance. The aim of this study is to consider the relationship between professional ethics and restore confidence among faculty members. Method The method of this study is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population was 410 academic members at Iran University of Science and Technology in 2015-2016. From this population, 196 people were selected randomly as a sample. For data collection, two self made questionnaires were used for professional ethics and trust. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistics software and Spearman correlation coefficient. Results The results of this study have shown that the views of professors between the two variables professional ethics and its components, there is a significant direct relationship with the faculty members restore confidence. Conclusion Attention to the standards of professional ethics of faculty members can be one of the important strategies to increase the restore confidence academic members.

Background Sustainable business ethics is one of the most important organizational issues. The lack of understanding and commitment to the observance of the indicators can cause a variety of negative psychopaths’ consequences during the time. In this regard, this study has tried to identify indicators of sustainable business ethics and determine the degree of their importance using fuzzy TOPSIS technique and explore the network of causal relationships and degrees of influence and impressionability of these indicators using the fuzzy Dematel technique. Method This study is applied in terms of objective and is descriptive in terms of obtaining data. Population of the study includes all experts and faculty members. Among all, 5 experts were selected by meaningfully sampling. Data were collected by questionnaire. After identifying sustainable business ethics indicators from the literature and expert opinion, fuzzy TOPSIS technique was used to prioritize them and Dematel fuzzy technique was used to determine causal relationships between these indicators. Results Of the eight indicators of sustainable business ethics (social responsibility, social values, Introspection and inner purification, cultural competence, moral ideals, Spiritual ideals, social competence and moral integrity), the first four indicators, in order of priority, were detected as the major indicators. Also, it was found that most impressionable indicator among other indicators of sustainable business ethics, cultural competence, and opposite it, respectively are social values and social competencies. Conclusion Result of the study demonstrates that social values and social competencies effect on other factors. Therefore, in order to improve indicators of sustainable ethics, business ethics should be integrated with managerial efforts and with more investment to qualify social values and competencies.

Background Instruction of ethics in accounting is an issue that, despite its importance and frequent recommendations of researchers in this field, has no place in Iran's educational system. In addition to discussing the necessity of including ethics course in accounting curriculum, the main objective of this research is to investigate the degree of student's tendency to take the elective ethics course (if offered) using Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as well as Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) while the role of individual identity is involved. Method This research is analytical-descriptive study. The statistical population of the research includes the college students of Shiraz University, Islamic Azad University of Shiraz, and a number of other universities in Fars Province, Iran. 309 students were selected as the statistical sample by random sampling. Questionnaires were used for data collection. The collected data were eventually analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, and ordinary least squares (OLS). Results If the elective ethics course is offered, the students show great interest in taking the course. Furthermore, Theory of Planned Behavior is a better predictor of behavioral intentions than Social Cognitive Theory. The predictive power of Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory increases when the individual identity is involved. Conclusion Due to students’ interest in ethics, academic centers and regulatory bodies should find a solution for this basic need and include ethics course in accounting curriculum.

Background Accountants who working in the accounting profession, involved in judging and selecting of accounting practices. Therefore, this study was to investigate the relationship of personality traits and ethical judgments of accountants, CPAs located in Tehran. Method The research is descriptive-correlation. The population of the research includes all CPAs in Tehran, according to the survey conducted by the time of this paper audit firms are 236 and according to Morgan table 103 CPAs as the sample were selected. The present study used random sampling methods and research instrument and statistical method are questionnaires and Pearson correlation in respect. Results The findings showed that the test of sub hypotheses regarding the correlation and regression coefficients, agreed, extraversion, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience have a significant relationship with ethical judgments of CPAs. The results of the test showed that there is significant relationship between personality traits and ethical judgments of CPAs. Conclusion According to the findings, emotional stability and openness to experience of CPAs have a direct correlation with their ethical judgment, it seems that the auditors who have right ethical judgments poses the type of personality that these two characteristics are more prominent in them.