BAGH-E NAZAR
Year:2019 | Volume:16 | Issue:75 |Papers Count:6

The collective unconscious psyche of humans consists of archetypes represented through their choices, rituals and their behaviors in symbolic forms. Architecture is one of the media that can be the incidence area of unconscious psyche archetypes by reflecting these symbols, and mother is one of the most important archetypes. Problem Statement: The mother is more symbolic for the male gender, and the Iranian historical architecture is apparently a masculine arena. So, the pursuit of the representation of this archetype in the architecture of Iran is meaningful. The issue of this research is a psychoanalytic reading of Iranian historical architecture by finding the representation of the mother archetype in the works of Iranian historical architecture. The study of the works of Iranian historical architecture often includes theological, technical, historical criticisms or decoding of visual symbols based on religious culture; whose foundations are mostly wisdom-oriented. Therefore, the gap of psychoanalytic criticisms is evident in Iran› s architecture. Aims: The aim of this research is to investigate the fundamental concepts of the Iranian historical architecture by taking an interdisciplinary approach and providing new perspectives beyond the general view of the research so far done. Question: How has the Iranian architecture been influenced by the collective unconscious? What are the representations of the mother archetype in Iranian architecture? Methodology: Qualitative and fundamental research is based on descriptive-analytic method. Data have been collected based on documentary and library studies. Conclusion: The research suggests that the notion of the motherland is the source of holiness in the unconsciousness of Iranians and, the mother archetype in Jung’ s signs have been appeared in the architectural spaces through the blending of these spaces with the earth and its complications.

Problem Statement: As everlasting places, cemeteries have the same history as the cities they are located. Historical cemeteries acts as collective memory of the society and represent the identity of their primitive participants. Although academic researchers and experts emphasis on different values lied in the burial landscapes and their important role in the society, there is no precise definition for the concept of historical cemeteries. This issue, added to other factors, like various attitudes of modernity facing the concept of life and death, destructive interventions and inappropriate urban legislations, rapid development of urban areas, modern vandalism and the passive approach of relative sciences like urban planning & management and conservation etc. caused historical cemeteries to face different perturbation. Aims: Emphasizing on the importance of historic cemeteries as a principal component of human settlements, the present study tries to give an appropriate answer to these questions: What is the definition of a Historic Cemetery? Which elements are important in the formation process of these historical sites? Research Method: Using hermeneutical approach to read the cemetery as a text, this research uses the Grounded Theory (GT) methodology (Open Coding, axial Coding & Selective Coding) to analyze the environmental data gathered from four case studies in Tehran (Ibn Babawayh, Emamzadeh Abdullah, Dulab Armenian Cemetery & Zahir-ol-Doleh). Conclusion: Iran historic cemeteries are formed by six main components (context, urban fabric, socio-cultural factors, history, physical ingredients and landscape) and can be classified in two categories (Internal & External Paradigm). A data-based theory shows that historical cemeteries are, in fact, cultural landscapes. By definition, these cemeteries consist of sets dating back more than 100 years and having a designated area. The obvious characteristic of such a landscape is a fundamental connection between its internal layers with the surrounding context that is a combination of natural and manufactured elements itself. Enriched by monuments, sculptures and abstract motives, these places have different religious, socio-cultural & monumental aspects and are respected by various groups of the society (local, township, regional & country). Iranian historical cemeteries express a fundamental relation between urban landscape, historical factors, human organization power and undeniable role of water and plants, enriching the existing fabrics through architectural and artistic concepts. Presence of symbols and mythical believes, as well as architectural monuments and historic events occurred in such places, bring a new essence into the burial fields that is both culturally and historically prosperous. By adding a ‘ historical’ adjective to cemetery, this could be a subject of a specified discipline entitled ‘ the Eco-historical environments’ that needs to provide an appropriate platform to guarantee the constant life of cemeteries as collective memorials of the cities.

Problem Statement: Regarding the nature of the New Towns in Iran, the attempt to have a desirable habitation and an expected level of urban qualified life by residents in these settlements is faced with multiple challenges. Aims: This research aims at presenting an evaluative model of the urban management challenges in New Towns based on the interpretive structural modeling approach. Methodology: In the present study, the interpretive structural modeling is used to map the hierarchical relationships of the main factors. Hence, the main sources of data in this study are the opinions of a panel of experts in this field. In this method, the initial self-interaction matrix is created and the final reachability matrix is drawn. Thereafter, the variables are ranked and their relationships are clarified and clustered. Conclusion: The results indicate that the factors are ranked in six groups that are included in the cause and effect diagram as follows: the “ environmental” factors at the first level, the “ social and cultural” factors at the second level, the “ facilities and services” at the third level, the “ administrative and institutional” factors and “ urban development and architecture” factors at the fourth level, the “ financing and budgeting” factors at the fifth level and finally the “ planning and policy-making” and “ legal” factors at the sixth level. Moreover, the clustering of factors showed that the two “ planning and policy making” factors and “ legal” factors are recognized as independent driving factors. In addition, “ urban development and architecture” , “ administrative and institutional” , “ financing and budgeting” , and “ environmental” factors were identified as intermediary factors. Finally, the “ facilities and services” , and “ social and cultural” factors were considered as dependent ones. None of the factors were clustered as autonomous. The results of this research can help planners and policy-makers to review the urban management system of New Towns for further improvement of the system structure and enhancing the ability of facing the challenges and improving the quality of life for citizens of these towns.

Problem Statement: Layla and Majnun is a classic story of love most notably expressed by the great poets. In addition, various scenes of this love story have been painted by Iranian painters. According to researches, the first painting of Layla and Majnun at school illustrated on Seljuk pottery and then repeated in different Iranian schools such as Herat and Shiraz. This paper investigates the structural and conceptual aspects of the scene of Layla and Majnun at school painted on Seljuk pottery. Since, Erwin Panofsky interprets the subject of artworks by studying the literary texts and the thought of a nation during a particular era, this article attempts to answer this question: What is the relationship between the dominant Iranian thought during Seljuk era and the painting of Layla and Majnun at school illustrated on Seljuk pottery? Purpose: Ahmad Ghazali (d. 520 AH/ 1126 AD) is a prominent Iranian thinker whose view about love had profound effect on Iranian mystical thought in Seljuk era. So, the main purpose of this research is to find out the relationship between Ahmad Ghazali`s thought and the painting of Layla and Majnun at school illustrated on Seljuk pottery. Research Methodology: The data have been obtained through a documental and librarian method. In this research, information collected through documentary and librarian, historical-analytical method is based on the iconology of Panofsky`s approach. Result: Visual and conceptual patterns of Layla and Majnun painting illustrated on Seljuk pottery reflect Ahmad Ghazali’ s thought about the essence of love, in addition to Nizami poems.

Problem statement: Germany has always been one the most important economic, political and cultural partner of Iran. During the first Pahlavi government, Germany had had a tangible role in constructing some educational, economic, and industrial centers in Iran; hence some eminent German specialists and experts of different fields, such as industry and economy and eminent professors at universities, provided the background for the foundation of a modern country in Iran. Consequently, architecture, besides other social, political, and cultural phenomena, witnessed a substantial transformations and German architects had played a noticeable role in this process. The objective of this research is to analyses and explain the rank of German experts in Iran’ s contemporary architecture, in order to find out the concealed Wisdom within German architects’ art pieces, and finally explain the features and criteria of the work, created by German experts and architect who were present in Iran. The hypothesis: Theory of this research is that after Reza Shah consolidating of power, the relationship between Iran and Germany, changed from coldness, which was caused by the first world war, to become strong gradually. Furthermore, during the third decade of 20th century, Germany tried to recreate and extend their relationships with Iran. Therefore, so the connection between the two countries provided for the presence of German specialists and engineers in Iran. Research methodology: This research uses and combines the historical interpretation, analytic and descriptive methodologies. Thus, by using the historical resources, and documents, identifying and introducing German experts and their role in Iran, and their reflection on different aspects of contemporary architecture. Conclusion: German engineers influence on Iran’ s architecture can be categorized into three sections: first, the increasing quality of Iranian traditional architecture constructions and transformations, by using modern materials. Then in new practical models design field, and finally in the aestheticism and symbolism which illustrated the concealed Wisdom in German architects’ constructions.

Statement of the problem: The variety of space-place experiences can be regarded as a feature that differentiates modern men from traditional men. Man’ s existence across natural and social realms, not only has a theoretical and epistemological history but also various distinctive perceptions of experiencing natural and social places. Throughout history, distinctive perceptions have had a unique spirit on one hand and a common spirit in human body on the other. Nevertheless, body and its corporeal and physical characteristics have not been given their due attention in dominant architectural discourses. Body has always been considered a passive object. Purpose: The present study aims to investigate bodily perception as a source of inspiration for redefining the concept of space in architectural experience. The secondary purposes of the study include examining the manifestations of reading space by incorporating bodily perceptions, as well as scrutinizing the integration of human senses in space perception. Methodology: The current study is qualitative and uses a hermeneutic phenomenologicalphilosophical approach. The study is “ interpretive” in terms of research “ purpose” , and aims to produce new insights so as to use the findings to improve the existing knowledge about the topic of interest. Hence, the “ results” are “ pure” . The “ logic” of the study is “ inductive. ” In the present study, a deep interview was conducted to infer and extract the “ subconscious” from the responses of interviewees. The data analysis method includes qualitative content analysis via open and axial coding. Conclusion: The results suggest that phenomenal reading of spatial perception experience can be categorized into three levels of complete perception, dynamic perception of space through senses; space as a medium for perceiving collective nostalgia, and space as the possibility of intuition and perception of the other.