PLANT AND ECOSYSTEM
Year:2012 | Volume:7 | Issue:29|Papers Count:9

Darreh-Kahrizak region covers an area of 700 hectares located in the East of Ashtian city. The altitude of the study area is 2015 to 2500 abave see level. The amount of annual precipitation of the area is 333 mm and avarage annual temperature is 11.5oC the aim of this research was to identify the plant species, introducing the flora, determination of life forms and geographical distribution of species in the area. For this purpose, plant samples were collected from the area during growing season in 1387. The biological spectrum of the area was plotted by means of life forms results. The position of the area within Iran’s phytogeography classification was studied based on geographical distribution data. In this study, 222 species were collected and identified. These species belong to 36 families and 139 genera. The following families had the highest number of species: Asteraceae (33 species), Papilionaceae (29 species) and Apiaceae (17 species). Hemicryptophytes with 117 species (53%) were the most frequent life form. Investigation on geographical distribution of species showed that 190 species (85.5%) belong to Iran-Turanian region.

In this research plant associations between Veresk and Pole-sefid zones with formation of Shrubland and step was studied, Ten quadrat randomly in the opproximate unique units for phytosociological analysis by the Brown blanquet method were taken. To classify the data the twinspan Binomial division was used. The, Principal Component Analysis technique (PCA) was an ace way in data description. The results showed that there were one association in scrubland formation and three associations plus one sub-association in steps. Those associations were separated by edaphic and climatic properties.

Equisetum as a medicinal plant is the only living genus of Equisetaceae family and consists of eight species in Iran. E. arvense L., E. pratense Ehrh., E. fluviatile L. and E. palustre L. have similarities especially in stem and strobil characters, difficult to identify.In this study, the anatomical traits of stem such as stem shape, diameter of cross section of stem, branches, and the number of vascular bundle and ridges of stem were compared. To each other the results showed that the cross section of stem in E. arvense L. was 4-angled but in E. pratense L. was triangle. Most of the vascular bundles in E. hyemale L. and the lowest ones in E. arvense L. were showed. The number of arms in E. palustre L. was more than that of E. fluviatile Desf.

Performing appropriate management guidelines is necessary to conserve and continuation of Castanea sativa stands in Hyrcanian forests as the protected forest. To this end, the acquaintance of ecological needs and the study of genetic diversity are very important. Leaf morphological diversity of Castanea sativa stands was studied to assess phenotypic diversity in rare and natural sites of Guilan forests (Siah Mazgi, Ghaleh Rood Khan and Visrood). Multivariate statistic was used to analyz the collected data. The results of ANOVA with nested design showed that all characters had significant statistical differences in populations. The highest genetic distance was detected for Siah Mazgi and Ghaleh Rood Khan Populations, while the highest genetic similarity belonged to Visrood and Ghaleh Rood Khan Populations. All three populations were separated into scatter plots in second component by discrimination analysis. The discrimination analysis confirmed the clustering results about 96.7%. Teeth parameters (count, distance and length), leaf type and countable vernations were introduced as the best identifying parameters by discrimination analysis. In conclusion, the low variability within populations and the high variability among populations were confirmed by the present research that can be important for taxonomists. To make a decision, it was necessary to do a molecular study.

In order to find out the role of Reforestation Practices in Forest ecosystems restoration damaged by 1991 Persian Gulf War. Six sites were selected in three proviences: Khozestan, Fars and Boushehr with different NDVI. In each site adaptable species were planted and compared according to the ecological conditions using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Information such as Quantitative and qualitive data and leaf sample from old leaves on four sides of crown cover was recorded. The effect of tree species on absorb pollutants from the environment and reducing their leaves 4 samples from acid and black rains from different depths under crown cover were harvested and analyzed. The results showed that the roles of tree on decreasing pollution, completely related to trees characteristics, site factors (environmental factors) and also rate and concentrations of pollution. In regions that, NDVI and site soil were high fertility and no water deficit, native trees such as Popolus euphratica and Dalbergia sissoo were superior to exotic species, because of their ability to uptake more soil's material. Among exotic trees, Eucalyptus species were superior to others. These species had more roles in decreasing pollution. Investigations on soil (Pb) element in different profiles and species, showed that the capacity of Eucalyptus ssp. for soil component up taking were better than other species. After that, Acacia spp. and Dalbergia sissoo were more successful to decrease pollution soil. other results indicated that when NDVI was high, Eucalytus micro theca enabled to uptake massive Pb, Zn, Cd compounds and restored them in their leaves.

Habitats potential introduce can to be suitable pattern for daphic determined ceracus avium the most north forest Astara, Talesh and Mazandaran, Gorgan distributed. This study C. avium habitats need in clouding fours respect (north, east, sout, west) and fours land form (vally, slop, ring and less slop) in the tree sea level surface lowland (250-750) midland (750- 1250) and upper land (1250-1750) overall, 129, plots were allocated and site demands, soil texture, pH, caco3, o.c and tree punitive and qualitative characteristics were studied each plot in Guilan province. In 129 plots, 48 plot each area soil characteristics studied. Results show the most of slope (25-50) percentage 46.8% middle height 39.6%, slope 28.6% est 27.6% was distributed. The results soil analyses including pH, o.c and caco3 respect 5.7, 8.7 and 2 percentages showed. Diameter and height tree in variability environment significant.

Cold hardiness is a quantitative trait which is controlled by different genes. An understanding of its genetic control and developmental genes such as vernalization influencing vegetative – generative transition can help the improvement of cold tolerant varieties of wheat in cold regions.Although many different researches have been made, there is no consensus idea about genes which control cold hardiness. Spring wheat varieties are less tolerant compared with winter habit ones. This study was carried out using 20 isogenic lines in which a chromosome of “Capple Desprez” was substituted by a chromosome of “Bezostaya” and also two parental varieties. The results of this study showed a significant difference (a=0.01) between isolines (F=5.02**). Chromosome 5A moved from “Bezostaya” to “Capple Desprez” caused an increase in cold tolerance (from -10oC to -13oC), while 5D chromosome of Bezostaya” showed no significant effect on cold hardiness of “Capple Desprez”.

More than 25 percent of farm land in the earth is calcareous soils .As a result deficiency of some elements such as copper, zinc, manganese and especially iron, in these soils is considered a problem .Most areas where the average annual rainfall of 500 mm is less severely affected are complications .Next cholorosis low in calcareous soils with disabilities are not mentioned elements but very low solubility compounds and minerals containing elements such as copper, zinc and iron in soils is caused by the concentration of these elements in soil solution decrease .In this study, five types of iron fertilizer chelate Brands Libfer, Master Crescal, Solufeed and high consumption of 138 secestrin most fertilizers are Jahrom Chelate iron were selected and each of four levels., 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1 soil of four Mrkbaty most acreage in this region are assigned to Orange, Mandarin, Sweet lime and sour lemon in three replications in a garden soil added was .The results showed :Among all the fertilizers consumed the lowest levels of fertilizer Crescal the local concentration of iron have orange leaves .Libfer fertilizer with the highest level of 20 mg of iron increased the leaf chlorophyll content has local oranges .Master fertilizer level of 10 mg Fe kg-1 soil greatest effect on the leaf chlorophyll concentration in Kyno Clementine has had the significantly higher than control and others treatments .Crescal fertilizer not only increased iron concentration and leaf chlorophyll content Kyno Clementine has not decreased but the amount of leaf iron and chlorophyll, even in Mandarin has been compared with control. secestrin 138 fertilizer level 5 and 10 mg iron kg-1 between other fertilizer had has the highest concentration of iron fresh lemon leaves .The levels of 5 and 10 mg of iron to secestrin 138 fertilizer although no significant differences with each other but significant increase in iron concentration than control plants and has had other treatments.

Increasing the vase life of cut flowers, which are perishable products and being short postharvest life, are very important. Vase life of cut flowers can be increased by using different materials. Essential oils of plants are considered as the natural antimicrobial compounds which enhance postharvest life of different parts of plants such as fruits, vegetables and cut flowers. In this research the effects of natural essential oils on the quality and vase life of Lisiantus (Eustoma grndiflorum) cut flowers cv. Echo, were investigated. These experiments were carried out by the method of application of essential oils (dipping). Cut flowers were dipped in different concentration of essences i.e. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris), Mint (Mentha spicata) and lavand (Lavandula officinalis) for one hour and then were placed in 10 percent Sucrose solution for 24 hours. Then they were kept in distilled water up to the end of experiment. The effects of these treatments on morphological characteristics and attributes related to protection of quality of flowers were measured in evident days. The results shooed that the vase life treated with 50 ppm thyme flowers had the longest vase life (17.6 days) whereas the control treatment had the shortest vase life (11 days). In addition, this treatment (50 ppm thyme) was led to increase the water uptake, relative fresh weight, chlorophyll content and water content of leaf and flower. The treatments of high concentrations (200 ppm) of each three essential oils had the least effector the measured attributes.