Seed and Plant
Year:2000 | Volume:16 | Issue:2|Papers Count:13

The stability and adaptability of 10 winter safflower cultivars and lines in different environmental conditions were evaluated in three locations of Karaj, Isfahan, and Darab in a Randomized Complete Block design with 4 replications in three years (1995, 1996 and 1997). Simple analysis of variance on grain and oil yields of each experiment showed significant differences among the genotypes. After homogeneity test for error variances, combined analysis of variance was performed. F-test of different sources of variation revealed that effect of genotype x year x location was significant (P<1%). Analysis of the grain and oil yields using the method of Eberhart and Russell showed significant difference for the main effects of genotype and genotype x environment (linear) interactions and non-significant difference for deviation from regression. According to the classification of genotypes based on the mean of grain and oil yields, coefficient of regression and deviation from regression, the line LR.V.51.51 with high grain and oil yields and stability was selected as a desirable genotype.

In order to study the effect of transplanting date on yield and yield components in four rice cultivars, a field experiment was carried out in the Rice Research Institute (Amol) in 1998. A factorial design arranged in completely randomized block with three replications was used, in which genotype in 4 levels including Tarom, Nemat, Sahel (7325 Line), and Fajr (7328 Line), and transplanting dates in 3 levels with 10 days intervals (from 13 May 1998 to 1st. June 1998) were the treatments. In this experiment some traits such as grain yield, biomass, harvest: index, tiller number, grain number per ear, ear fertilized percentage and 1000 seed weight at different transplanting date were evaluated. Results showed that delay in transplanting date caused decrease in grain yield, harvest index, tiller number, grain number per ear and ear fertilized percentage but different transplanting date did not show any significant differences in 1000 seed weight and biomass. Nemat cultivar had higher tiller number and 1000 grain weight compared to the other cultivars. Among yield components, tiller number per plant, 1000 seed weight and grain number per ear had a positive and significant correlation with yield.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of irrigation deferment and different harvesting dates on tuber yield of Morene and Cosima potato cultivars after emergence of 90 percent of plants, in a split plot design during 1992-1994. Irrigation after nearly 80, 160, 240, 320 mm evaporation from A evaporation pan equal to irrigation nearly after 9, 8, 27, 36 days respectively were assigned to the main plots. Morene and Cosima cultivars were subplots and harvesting dates (end of September and end of October) were sub plots. The tuber yield data were subjected to analysis of variance in every year and combined years. The means were compared according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that irrigation after 9 to 36 days (after emergence of more than 90 percent of plants) had no significant effect on reduction of tuber yield. There was no significant difference between Cosima and Morene cultivars in tuber yield. However, tubers skins in the second harvesting date was tougher than the first harvesting date. One way and two ways interaction effects were not significant in every year and combined years. The tubers that obtained from the last year of experiment were sorted and data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared in the same way. According to the results the number of seedy tubers in the wettest treatment was more than that in the other irrigation treatments. Cosima had more seedy tubers than Morene.

In order to investigate the effects of Vesicular Arbusclar Mycorrhizae fungi, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, and phosphorus on nutrient uptake efficiency in soybean (c.v. Williams), 3 factors of Mycorrhizae (with or without application), phosphorus (0.6, and 12g P2O5 per m2) and bacterium (with or without application) were studied in a factorial experiment on RCBD with 4 replications. The results showed that inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum significantly increase the phosphorus uptake efficiency. Effects of fungus and phosphorus were also significant at 1% level on this character. Application of VA Mycorrhiza on soybean caused a significantly increase in potassium uptake efficiency. Effects of bacterium and phosphorus were also significant at 1% level on this character. High phosphorus uptake efficiency (517.7 gka-1) resulted when 6g P2O5 per m2 was applied in soybean inoculated with bacterium and fungus together. Whereas application of 12gP2O5 perm2 without using bacterium and fungus, .decreased phosphorus uptake (160.6 gka-1). The highest potassium uptake efficiency (95.5 g ka-1) was obtained when soybean was inoculated with both bacterium and fungus together with application of 6 g P2O5 per m2 and the lowest uptake efficiency was obtained when none of those factors (bacterium, fungus and phosphorus) were applied.

Twenty-one promising lines and cultivars of durum wheat were studied electrophoretically for the seed storage protein variation at the Glu-A1 Glu-B1, and Gli-B1/Glu-B3 loci. Allelic variation at the above loci was identified according to the International Nomenclature Systems. Most of the lines and cultivars were homogene for seed storage proteins, whereas in some cases the existence of intracultivar heterogeneity was observed. Gliadin components in an off-type genotype in cultivar Lican showed two bands of slow mobility in (J)region which are characteristic of D genome of bread wheat. In all samples analysed low molecular weight glutenin-subunits type-1 (LMW-1) and type-2 (LMW-2) were accompanied with γ 42 and γ 45 gliadins, respectively. However in cultivar Bronte which is a progeny of a cross between cultivar Berillo (recombinant, LMW-2, γ42, ω35) and Latino (LMW-1 / γ 42, ω 33-35-38)), LMW-2 was accompanied with y 42 and (J) 35 gliadins. Out of 24 seeds analysed in this cultivar, two showed gliadin and LMW-glutenin subunit composition as those in cultivar Latino. Twenty of 21 lines and cultivars analysed showed inactivity at the Glu-A1x locus. In the remaining Line (line-7) a novel high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-G.S.) of slow mobility was observed and named subunit 1.2. Three types of HMW-G. subunit (7 +8, 7+ 151 and 20) were observed at the Glu-B1 locus, in this study. Only five of 21 lines and cultivars analysed, showed type-1 and the remainings showed type-2 of the B-group of the LMW-G. subunits. The results of the present study can be used in durum wheat breeding programs for improving the flour quality and increasing the purity of the lines.

In order to study the effect of morpho-phenological traits on yield of common bean, an experiment was conducted Research Farm of college of Agriculture, University of  Tehran at Karaj in 1997. The experiment was arranged as observational nursery using 576 genotypes from Gene Bank of University. In this study 22 quantitative traits were evaluated. Principal components analysis was used to determine the' factors involved in yield. In addition to emphasis the importance of yield components by factors analysis, it determined five factors that were effective in yield in which by this 77.1% of total variation in data was explained. These factors were yield and yield components, seed characteristics, phenalogical characteristics, growth vigor and pod size. Factor analysis successfully reduced the number of correlated variables to low number of mian factor. Overall, it was concluded that four improvement of the been cultivars, selection must be based on traits such as number, weight, length and width of pods, number of nodes, number of seed per plant and seed weight.

The trypsin inhibitor proteins have been proposed as one of the major antinutritional factors present in uncooked soybean seeds. Several different trypsin inhibitors have been reported to be present in soybeans, but most of the soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) activity is thaught to be due to the protein SBTI-A2, which generally is known as the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor. In this study 10% polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis was used. Seed proteins of 21 soybean varieties (Glycine max L.) were analyzed for the variability and the presence or absence of electrophoretic forms of SBTI-A2. Seeds of all the cultivars tested had SBTI-A2 with a Rf value of 0.79 (Tia).

In order to evaluate the effect of clipping forage on yield and yield components of three wheat cultivars in double purpose utility, an experiment was conducted at Faculty of Agriculture of Razi University in Kermanshah, in 1995-1997 cropping seasons. The experimental design was a split plot in Randomized Complete Block design with four replications. In these experiments three wheat cultivars (Navid, Batavia and Mahdavi) were used as main factors and forage clipping treatment at two levels [without forage clipping (control) and one time forage clipping at end of plant tillering stage (end of fifth stage of Feek's scale, F5)] in three consecutive years and also late clipping forage in middle of stem elongation stage (end of seventh of Feek's scale, F7) in second year, were considered as sub factor. Wet and dry forage weight, grain yield, yield components and other characteristics such as biomass, harvest index, plant height, and their interactioin effects were measured and analysed. The results showed that the forage clipping often had significantly affected the measured characteristics. So that grain yield and number of spilke per unit area in forage clipping treatment were 16 and 10% lower than control respectively. Forage clipping treatment also had significantly affected on plant height reduction. Reducing plant height causes plant lodging was decreased 30% less than control. Total biomass among different treatments was not significantly different, but considering higher grain yield of the control, harvest index was higher in that than forage clipping. In the second year late forage clipping treatment produced high forage but in the most cases had lower yield and yield components in comparisons with control and early forage clipping. Totally the best results were obtained from early forage at PS stage. Interaction effects between cultivars and forage clipping were not significant in the most cases.

Cyclamen, an ornamental pot plant, has many genotypes with a series of beautiful colorful flowers. The varied flower colors, high number of flowers on a single plant and almost a long flowering season, have all brought cyclamen in a position in which it is not only used as a pot plant but also as a cut flower crop. For the latter aim, in 1996 and 1997, two independent experiments were conducted in order to improve the vase life of the existed genotypes of cyclamen. Experiment No. 1 was conducted in a randomized complete block with 3 replications. To study the effect of sucrose, silver nitrate, silver thiosulfate, 8- hydroxy quinoline, and water, as the control, under two temperatures of 4oC and 6oC of cold storages. Experiment No. 2 was conducted also in a randomized complete block with 3 replications. In this experiment 4 genotypes of Pink, Purple, Red and White cyclamen were used. Chemical treatments were just the same as treatments in the first experiment, but 3 levels of ethanol were also included and the experiments was conducted under room temperature (20oC) and 4oC of cold room. Five cyclamen cut flowers were used as an experimental unit. Vase life of cyclamen cut flowers were significantly improved by using a cold temperature of 4oC and by applying silver nitrate treatments. Red cyclamen showed longer vase life in comparison with other genotypes. Beside, ethanol at 5 percent level and early flower harvesting showed to increase significantly vase life of cyc1amen cut flowers.

In the present study, 47 advanced wheat lines for dryland areas were evaluated for resistance to different pathotypes of yellow rust at seedling and adult-plant stages. Pathotypes 6E14A-, 38E18A +, 134E134A+, and 134E150A+ were used in the greenhouse (seedling stage) tests. Field tests were conducted in Karaj, Sari, Moghan, Islamabad, Orumieh, Khoramabad, Boroujerd, Mashhad, Sanandaj, and Gachsaran Research Stations. In addition to planting susceptible check, Bolani, after each 20 entries, it was planted around the experiment as spreader. Mist irrigation systems were used in Karaj, Mashhad, Orumieh, Islamabad, and Moghan Research Stations and artificial inoculation were done in Karaj and Moghan at tillering, flag leaf, and booting stages using spores which were previously collected from these areas. Inoculations. were done in the afternoons. In seedling tests, 0-9 scale was used for recording seedling infection types, and infection types and severity were used for assessment of adult-plant responses. At seedling stage the infection types were increased with increase in virulence factors for Yr-genes in used pathotypes. Varieties Dari 2, Dari 3, Dari 4, Dari 5, and Dari 6 were completely resistant to all used pathotypes, that indicated their resistance may might be controlled at least by one seedling resistance gene(s) which all pathotypes were a virulent for that (those) gene(s). Pathotype 134E134A+ were used in both seedling and adult-plant tests at Karaj experiments and according to the obtained results, entries no: 10, 16, 18, 19, 20, 24, 27, 28, 30, 33, 36, 37, 38, 41, and 42 were susceptible at seedling and resistant at adult-plant. This possibly indicates presence of some adult-plant resistance genes in these varieties.

Research was conducted to develop and release new improved winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar suitable for cold rainfed areas of Iran. In 1988/89 cropping season Kvz/Y m71/3/Maya"S" /IBb/Inia/4/Sefid was created by crossmg between Kvz/Ym71/3/Maya"S"//Bb/Inia/ and Sardari [Sefid (local variety)] in Karaj. Based on agronomic scores, diseases and abiotic stress resistance under field conditions, a line, KvzlY m71/3/Maya"S"/ IBblInia/4/Sefid (IMW88-1-10838-0MA-OMA-OMA-3MA-OMA) was selected. It was further evaluated in main research stations in cold areas of Iran together with other 16 wheat lines, including the widely grown improved check cultivars Sardari and Sabalan. Results revealed that this line is similar to Sardari in all agronomic traits, but is much more, tolerant to loding and rust, and gives significantly higher and stable yield. This line is early in maturity with mean yield of 2.14 t ha-1 (in five years of evaluation). Its plant height and thousand kernel weight are around 76cm and 35g, respectively. Its grain color is white and its protein content is 10.2% Based on these evaluations, the new line was released under the name of Azar-2.

It is a double zero Brassica napus variaty which was received by the name of Ceres from the university of G6ttingen in Germany in 1989 and was tested in yield trials at Karaj Experimental Station. The variety was further evaluated in regional advanced yield trial in Karaj, Hamedan, Uromieh, Mashhad and Kermanshah for five years. It is high yielding and stable in different environments. Mean grain yield of that in Karaj, Hamedan, Uromieh and Mashhad was 3044, 2263, 3865 and 2737 kgha-1, respectively (Table 1 in Farsi text). It is cold tolerant and in case of loosing leaves in cold winters, is able to regenerate itself and produce new leaves. It has optimum lodging resistance so combine harvesting of that is possible. It is densely sub-branched and podded. Thousand kernel weight of that is 49 (Table 1) and it categoriyed as a late maturing rapeseed. Its erucic acid and glucosinolate of its meal are less than 2% and 30 µ mol g-1 of dry matter, respectively. It is moderately tolerant to sclerotinia disease.