JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ENVIRONMENT
Year:2019 | Volume:11 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:33

Maintaining and restoring the relationship between different parts of the terrestrial landscape requires communication models and indicators that are reliable and efficient. One of these models is a communication model based on electrical circuit theory. To predict the pattern of movement in terrestrial landscape, identification of important habitat spots and corridors with the aim of planning for conservation has been used. Electricity is a network of nodes connected to each other by the resistors (electrical conductive parts of the current) and the amount of flow through the nodes is determined by the potential difference and the resistors. The circuit theory assumes that the terrestrial image is a conductive surface that converts each pixel into a node and connects it to adjacent electrical circuits. In this study, the desirability of the Iranian leopard habitat in two habitats of Khobyyalagh wildlife sanctuary and Golestan National Park was investigated by means of factor analysis of ecological niches and Biomper software. The data layers used as variables affecting the presence of species including elevation, slope, and vegetation index (NDVI), distance from roads, distance from villages, springs and rivers. Also, in the present study, the theory of electrical circuits was used to investigate the Iranian lagoon habitat links between the two habitats, and based on flow maps, movement patterns and functional communication for target species as well as important communication areas in the study area were identified.

Integrity and connectivity of habitats in protected areas is important for the plants survival and animals' populations. Investigating on the integrity of areas could help to interconnect islanded patches and preventing the negative impacts of fragmentations. This study aimed to quantify the fragmentations of the landscape to study the habitat of the important wildlife species in Jajroud protected area. To achieve this goal, after preparing area land use map using remote sensing and geographic information system techniques, the fragmentation elements were extracted to create fragmentation geometries. The acquired data were employed to study structure and the wild goat habitat integrity, wild sheep, the leopard and gazelle considering the landscape metrics. The results indicate that, the greatest increase in the fragmentation in landscape and between animal habitats has been happened due to the obstacles of the first geometry, which is included man-made lands and asphalt roads. Also, the greatest increase in fragmentation for wild sheep and gazelle occurred in first geometry, for wild goat in second geometry (garden) and for leopard in the fourth geometry (dam). Many conflicts pass through the sensitive species habitats of the wildlife, and the irreparable effects of conflicts will be more identified in the long term. The results of this research indicate that by analyzing landscape metrics in protected areas, it is possible to identify and prioritize the most important obstacles of maintaining the integrity of the habitat of different wildlife species; and also planning for the conservation of the habitat of the wildlife species will be prepared.

Wild sheep (Ovis Orientalis) is a species of Artiodactyla order and Bovidae family. Dareh Anjir Wildlife refuge is one of the suitable habitats of wildsheep in the center of Iran. This research was aimed to analyze the demographic structure of rams and ewes in different locations of Dareh Anjir Wildlife Refuge from 2012 to 2015 in the spring (laceration period), summer (heat and dehydration), autumn (mating period) and winter seasons (cold season). The results showed that the average number of groups was about 10. 87. In this study, 454 herds were observed, which included a total of 4934 wild sheep. The male to female ratio was about 31: 69 and the lamb's sex ratio was 35: 65. There was no significant difference between seasons and different places in terms of average number of groups (P> 0. 05). The most of the species observations were during the summer (n=150), near the water resources which mostly located in Khoshumi area (n=238).

This study was conducted to determination potential of gas production and ME of bakery wastes and its comparison with barley and wheat. ME content for bakery wastes include BARBARY(B), LAVASH(L), SANGAK(S) and TAFTOON(T) were 13. 23, 12. 11, 13. 76, 13. 53, 13. 90 and 13. 59 MJ/Kg DM respectively. The highest content of metabolisable energy (ME) was for SANGAK and the lowest content was for barley. As well as ME content between Wheat and barley and among wheat and barley with bakery wastes were significantly different. Total gas production for wheat, barley and bakery wastes (B, L, S, T) were 94. 03, 86. 43, 94. 90, 92. 03, 96. 77 and 93. 77 percentage respectively in 200 mg that the highest content was for SANGAK and the lowest was for barley. Total gas production for barley had significant difference with wheat and bakery wastes. The results were illustrating that usage of bakery wastes as a feed with high degradability an ME in farm animals diet formulation especially in feedlot animals is possible.

The aim of current study was to evaluate the effect of Mentha piperita extract as a natural antioxidant on quality of frozen-thawed ram sperm. In this study, four Moghani ram were used for semen collection twice a week. Then semen samples were pooled and diluted with extenders supplemented with different concentrations of Mentha piperita extracts (0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 mL per dL diluent solutions). Following cooling and freezing, semen samples were stored in liquid nitrogen until evaluation. After thawing, the sperm dynamic parameters were evaluated using CASA system. The results showed that the addition of 4 and 8ml/dl extracts resulted in higher (p < 0. 05) percentages of total motility compared to control. Addition of 4 ml/dl extract improved progressive motility compared to control group and higher levels of extract groups (P <0. 05). The percentages of LIN, STR and VSL were higher (P<0. 05) in the extender containing 8 mL/dL extract. Addition of 4 and 8 mL/dL extract to the extender significantly (P<0. 05) improved VCL and VAP parameters. Addition of 4 and 8ml/dl extract improved the percentage of viability and sperm plasma membrane integrity compared to control (P <0. 05). Sperm morphology was not affected by treatments. In conclusion, supplementation of extender with Mentha piperita L. extract improves post-thawed ram sperm quality in a dose dependent manner.

Profenophos is one of the organophosphorus poisons. This fast-acting poison control a very wide range of rodent and sucker organisms. Due to the widespread use of this poison in the farms around the Caspian Sea, we measured the amount of bioavailability of perthenophosum in 10 corpsees of the Caspian Sea, collected from the coasts of Golestan and Mazandaran provinces. Caspian seals is the only mosquito of the Caspian Sea, which has been endangered in recent years. corpsees were transferred to the laboratory and samples were taken from the adipose tissue to measure Profenophos toxin and, after preparation, samples were injected into a Gas chromatograph(GC-MS) and the concentration of toxin was measured by the apparatus. 100% of samples were contaminated with Profenophos. The mean of poison concentration in adipose tissue was 3. 68± 0. 73μ g / kg. The highest amount of this toxin was measured in adipose tissue 6 μ g / kg and the lowest amount of this 0. 5 μ g / kg poison was measured. Considering the high concentration of Profenophos in the tissues of the Caspian seals and also the widespread use of this poison in agriculture to cope with the problem, in order to reduce pollution of the Caspian Sea, as well as to save the remaining Caspian seals, as well as the health of others Aquaculture in the Caspian Sea, it is necessary to take measures to prevent the entry of this dangerous pollutant into the Caspian Sea.

This study aimed to identifying and zoning biodiversity risk criteria in the Central Alborz protected area by using multi-criteria multivariate decision-making methods (DANP) (ANP_DEMATE method combination). firstly, using a review of various sources, some of the criteria for evaluating biodiversity hazards in two socio-economic and ecological sectors were determined in the 33 sub-criteria and related indicators. Then, the existence of these sub-criteria in the study area was investigated and Sub-criteria in the region were identified. The indicators were screened by Shannon Entropy method and were prioritized using the DANP combined technique and the sub-criteria that were more important were zoned. As a result, the risk of the region in the five critical classes is about 48. 1%, at high risk, about 34. 9%, at medium risk, about 96. 9%, at low risk, about 34. 5% and at invulnerable class, about 69 / 1%, classified. The results of this research indicate that the effectiveness of this research method in determining the appropriate indicators and also determining the areas requiring conservation programs in protected areas.

The conservation of genetic resources using knowledge of the genetic structure and the study of mitochondrial genome between and within species is an appropriate indicator of genetic diversityfor population genetic study and Non-coding genes of 16sRNA, 12sRNA, and tRNAs are regulatory elements involved in mitochondrial replication and transcription. For these reasons, in the current research, sequences of 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs were compared and analyzed with bioinformatics analysis of the mitochondrial genome in one humped camel and two-humped camel. The results showed that 6 nucleotides of 16sRNA sequence, 45 nucleotides of 12sRNA and 44 nucleotides of tRNAs were varied in comparing the sequences of non-coding RNA genes of one-humped and two-humped camels, which only two genes of rRNA and four genes from tRNAs were significant for Neutrality tests. Investigating the structural implications of these variable nucleotides using modeling confirmed that only the variable nucleotides in the D ring of the tRNA-Trp gene caused the spatial deformation of the cloverleaf form of tryptophan tRNA and Gibbs' free energy. Based on the results of this research, non-coding RNA genes of mitochondrial genome of camel species are conserved.

The fragmentation of the habitats and the islanding of the populations, followed by unbridled hunting, have caused the red deer to be a vulnerable situation. Therefore, in order to improve the conservation and management of this species, firstly, potential habitats of the species should be identified. The purpose of this research is to model the desirability of red deer habitat in Golestan National Park. used. For this purpose, Maximum entropy approach (MaxEnt) and 35 species presence points as dependent variables and 10 environmental variables were used as an independent environmental variable affecting red deer distribution. The results of this study, based on Jackknifes test, show that the most important factor affecting the distribution of red deer variables are distance from the road, height and vegetation, and the variable has a small effect on the distribution of the species. The most important regions are the presence of this species in the central and western parts of the park. The accuracy and ability of the prediction model for red deer based on the surface area under curve (AUC) is 0. 95, which indicates a great prediction of the model. The desirable height for the red deer is in the range of 1200 to 1800 meters, the distance is 4000 meters from the villages and the slope is less than 30 percent. Also, the red deer species in the Golestan National Park is a species dependent on water resources.

Mitochondrial DNA has been one of the most widely used molecular markers for phylogenetic studies in animals because of its simple genomic structure. This study examines the genetic characteristic of domestic goat using sequence analysis of mitochondrial DNACytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) to identify and differentiate among three common breeds (Adani, Najdi and Markhoz) of Iran. The genomic DNA was isolated by salting out method and amplified cytochrome oxidase I gene using PCR method with a pair of primer. Phylogenetic trees and pairwise calculations were obtained by using Mega 6 software. The COXI sequence from 60 individuals with haplotype diversity was 0. 47 and a nucleotide diversity was 0. 0500. The analyzes with the BioEdit Composition procedure indicated that the sequence for COXI was 28. 87% nucleotide A, 25. 25% nucleotide C, 15. 86% nucleotide G and 29. 66% nucleotide T, which had a C + G ratio of 42% and A + T is 58%. Phylogenetic analysis of haplotype in the combination with the goat from Gen Bank showed that Iranian goat clustered in a separate lineage. This study was found informative for establishing relationships between breeds from different parts of the world. This study may facilitate the future researchers and breeders for better understanding the genetic interactions and breed differentiation for devising future breeding and conservation strategies to preserve the rich animal genetic reservoir of the country.

In this study population changes, density and diversity of birds in 4 study stations with different habitat type, which were consider as a surveillance stations for each season were estimated by linear transect method during one year (1395-1396). In order to determine specious diversity used indexes of Simpson, Shannon-Weiner and Brillouin, and for uniformity were calculate Simpson and Camargo indexes. For evaluating specious diversity were used Ecological Methodology. During this study 74 specious of birds were observed and identified the most frequency were belonging to Galerida Cristata, Ammomanes Deserti and Alectoris Chukar species. According to the results the most amount of diversity index (4. 091 and 4. 372) were belong to winter season, which expresses the most species diversity, and the lowest amount of diversity changes (3. 607 and 3. 221) were belong to fall season which expresses the lowest species diversity.

Ectoparasites play a key role in transmission of various pathogens by blood-sucking from birds. The aim of this study was to identify and determine the distribution of ectoparasites of wild partridge (Alectoris chukar) in the Bahramegoor Protected Area (BPA). The method of this research was sampling and identification by morphological, molecular and Phylogenic methods. From the late spring to late fall, 2016, samples were collected. 29 partridge were live-captured by stratified random design method from plain, mountains, hill-valley and garden habitats of the BPA and ectoparasites were collected from partridge’ s head by forceps and transferred to glass containing 70% alcohol, then transmitted to the laboratory for identification. The stereoscopic microscope and diagnostic keys of parasitic books as well as molecular methods were used for identifying parasites. All ectoparasites were ticks. A total of 40 ticks were collected, of which 38 ticks (95%) belonged to Ornithodoros genus and Ornithodoros canestrini species and two ticks (5%) belonged to the Hyalomma genus and the Hyalomma sp. species. The Ornithodoros canestrini species was most abundant in the garden habitat (45%) and in the autumn (57. 5%) whereas Hyalomma sp. species was found only in the hill-valley habitat (5%) and in the spring (5%). So, the Ornithodoros canestrini species are known as the dominant species of the area. Due to the importance of these species in transmitting diseases to birds and other wildlife species, appropriate health and management tasks should be taken in place to control and combat these ectoparasites.

This experiment was conducted for Comparison the effects of raw and fermented sesame meal by solid state fermentation on tibia bone characteristics and some blood parameters of broiler chickens. Raw sesame meal was fermented with the liquid mixed culture containing Lactobacillus plantarum in the ratio of 1: 1. 2. After 28-day fermentation phytic acid and tannin were reduced from 17. 39 and 15/26 to 5. 26 and 2/22 mg/g, respectively. A total of 315 Ross-308 broilers in a completely randomized design were allocated to 7 treatments with 3 replicates. Experimental treatments were containing 25, 50 and 75% raw or/and fermented sesame meal replaced by soybean meal in diets. The results of this experiment showed that the use of 25 and 50% levels of fermented sesame meal, similar to the control treatment, improved the amount of ash, calcium, and phosphorus in tibia bone of broiler chicken (P<0. 05). The amount of calcium and phosphorus in the blood treatments containing fermented sesame meal compared to other treatments significantly increased (P<0. 05)

Anuranare semi-aquatic species of amphibian, harbored different speciesof blood parasites. In this study a total of 66 adult marsh frogs were captured from north of Iran between April-July 2017 in order to investigate for blood parasites fauna. Samples of blood were collected from the facial vein or by cardiac puncture depending on the size of the frogs. The blood smears were dried, fixed with methanol and stained with Gimsa solution. Samples were examined by light microscopy using a 100 × magnification lens and immersion oil in search for hemoparasites. Their hematozoan fauna included intraerythrocytic Rickettsials and Haemogregarines as well as interearythrocytic microfilariae and different morphologically distincttypes of trypanosomes. This is the first comprehensive morphological study of blood parasites within the marsh frog from Iran, a study hoped to encourage the use of phylogenetic analysis that will give a better indication of these parasites possible vectors and life cycle dynamics.

Shadegan wetland is one of the most important natural resources of Khuzestan in terms of richness. This wetland is an important habitate for many types of aquatic species(freshwater species and salty water species). Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi and Brbus grypus are among the most valuable species and resistant to environmental adverse conditions, so that they live easily in warm waters with low oxygen content. This study was conducted to investigate the helminth parasites of the abdominal cavity organs, gastrointestinal tract and eyes of these two species of fish in shadegan wetland. In this survey in a few steps 100 pieces of Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi and 100 pieces of Brbus grypus, randomly and without considering a specific season, was prepared and transferred to aquatic laboratory, faculty of veterinary, shahid chamran university of ahvaz. Separated parasites of fish stabilized in 70% alcohol and then identified with identification keys. Identified parasites in this survey were include: Diplostomum spathaceum from eyes and Varelacreptotrema, Contracaecum, Anisakis, Neoechinorhynchus, Bothriocephalidae and khawia fromgastrointestinal tract. In this survey the variety of helminth parasites was higher in Brbus grypus and the severity of infection in fish was relatively low except in the case of Neoechinorhynchus. According to the results, the most helminth parasites infection was Diplostomum spathaceum (31%).

Longnose trevally is one of the most important species of the Carangidae and is considered as a commercially important fish species. In this research, 440 samples were collected by trawl net from different locations of fishing harbors from spring 2016 to winter 2017 in Hormozgan waters authority. After the initial analysis and biometry, the samples were frozen and transferred to the laboratory. At the beginning of the study, samples were dissected and the stomach weight, type of stomach contents, gastric contents and liver weight were analyzed. The results showed that the preference of food in males and females for fish, as main food, was 76. 6% and 18. 1%, respectively, for crustaceans were 11. 1% and 17. 4%, and for molluscs were 4. 8% and 4. 3% respectively. Among the fish samples obtained from the stomach, Engrauliudae, Ambassidae, Nemipetridae and Mullidae composed 56. 6%, 19. 62%, 5. 6%, 4. 67% respectively, and the total of the other fish was 13. 51%. Among the crustaceans, shrimps and crabs made up 63. 15 and 36. 85% of the stomach contents, respectively. Statistical analysis did not show a significant difference between male and female nutritional preferences (P ≥ 0. 05). The average Stomach emptiness index (CV) was 69. 67%. The longnose trevally is a carnivorous species, and the results of the current research show that the main food of this species are fish and crustaceans in the studied region. This species is considered as relatively low appetite fishes, and the highest percentage of Stomach emptiness index was obtained in the summer and winter seasons.

According to the importance of roach as a valuable species in Caspian Sea and the entrance of toxin to the sea, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endosulfan toxicity on mucus immunity and hematological factors in Rutilus caspicus. So, after determining the LC50 for this species, 20 fish with the average weight of 18. 46± 2. 32 g were exposed to 10% and 20% LC50 for 21 days. Samples from mucus and blood were performed on days 1, 7, 14 and 21. At the end of the experiment, the results showed that total protein and IG had the highest levels in 20% endosulfan in 21 day and there were significant differences between 20% and control (P<0. 05). Although hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cells decreased when the dose of endosulfan and time exposed to it increased, the number of white blood cells increased. The most of Hb, Ht and RBC were in the control group, which had a significant difference with other treatments (P<0. 05). In general, it can be concluded that exposure to endosulfan stimulates the non-specific immune system of the Rutilus caspicus.

Microplastics exists in marine habitats all over the world, and laboratory studies show that, this substance can be swallowed up by fish and transmitted through human consumption of fish. However, data on its abundance in lakes are limited. The purpose of this study is to determine the amount of micro-plastic accumulation on Caspian kutum as a seafood. This study was carried out on 51 whitefish collected during the fishing season (February to March) 2017 at six stations (Gomishan, Babolsar, Mahmoudabad, Tonekabon, Chamkhaleh, Bandar Anzali) on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. The results showed that in the gastrointestinal tract, 66. 6% of the fish were micro plastics. On average, each fish was swallowed by 1. 47 pieces of micro plastics the most of these micro plastics were fibers (38. 75%), then fragments (42. 31%), films (30%) and beads (11. 42%). These data show that there is a significant amount of micro plastics contamination in the Caspian Sea fish. The consumption of this fish may transfer micro plastic to humans. The results of this study were compared with reports from other parts of the world indicating that more study in the Caspian Sea should be conducted.

The aim of this study was to investigate the replacement of soybean meal instead of fish meal in the diet of sterlet and and its effect on growth, quality of meat and some blood factors during 56 days. For this purpose, 5 treatments were selected. Treatments 1, treatment 2, treatment 3, treatment 4 and treatment 5 had 0%, 10%, 20%, 30. 7% and 45% soybean meal, respectively. There were 300 fishes (70. 95± 1. 8 g) in fiberglass tanks. After the biometric and blood sampling, growth indices and blood factors were measured. Also, the quality of meat was evaluated. The results showed that fishes had a significant difference in terms of growth and obesity coefficient (P<0. 05). Fishes fed with 10 percent of soybean meal diet had the highest blood indexes. There was a significant difference between treatments in terms of hemoglobin, hematocrit and protein in blood (P<0. 05). Fishes fed with 10 and 45 percent of soybean meal diet had the highest hemoglobin, fishes fed with 45 percent of soybean meal diet had the highest hematocrit and fishes fed with 30. 7 percent of soybean meal diet had the highest protein in blood. Also, the highest amount of protein in fish meat was seen in fishes fed with 20 percent of soybean meal diet and there was a significant difference compared with other treatments (P<0. 05). It is better for the treatments 2 and 3 of soybean meal to be replaced with fish meal.

To study the biological characteristics of Paracobitis hircanica with 150 fish samples that obtained in December 2015 to May 2016 with trawl net. Sex ratio of male to female was 1: 0. 65 that showed significant difference between sex ration of male to female in population (X2 = 6. 83, p < 0. 05). Maximum total length and weight were 87 mm and 5. 30 g for females, 104 mm 7. 31 g for males. The weight-length relation of female was W = 0. 0085 TL2. 89 (r2 = 0. 97) and the weight-length relation of male was W = 0. 0109 TL2. 74 (r2 = 0. 98) and the total relation was W = 0. 0099 TL2. 80 (r2 = 0. 97). The results showed Isometric growth for female and negative allometric growth for male and population (t-test, tmale= 6. 31, tfemale = 1. 61, tpopulation= 5. 03, p < 0. 05). Average absolute fecundity were 328. 86, while the relative fecundity (eggs/g) were 110. 56. Eggs diameters were ranged from 0. 45 to 1. 79 mm with a mean value of 0. 99 mm. The highest mean Gonadosomatic (GSI) for females in April and for males in May was observed, 8. 06 and 1. 43 for female and male respectively.

Cryopreservation is as an effective way to prevent species extinction risk. In this study, we have investigated the protective effect of different concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide and ethylene glycol as cryoprotectant and effect of different dilution ratios on sperm motility percent and its motility duration after thaw. For this work dimethyl sulfoxide and ethylene glycol was used as cryoprotectant, each at concentration of 5, 10 and 20% were added to the extender. Then, extender with 1: 0. 5, 1: 1, 1: 2 and 1: 5 mixture ratios of the extender and sperms collected and the sperm was frozen. In this study semen obtainad from four stellate males were used. Frozen sperms after 20 and 40 days were excluded from freezing. The results of the experiment showed that the between various treatments dilution with different concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide and ethylene glycol on motility duration and motility percentage of stellate post-thawed sperms after 20 and 40 days of freezing were significantly different in treatments (P<0/05). highest motility duration and the most motility percentage of post-thawed sperms after 20 and 40 days was related to the sperm with the concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide 10% and the dilution ratio of 1: 1 (253. 00± 24. 81 s and 36. 51± 3. 20%; 234. 36± 23. 70 s and 27. 50± 2. 12%, respectively).

In this study, concentration of ten metals (As, Fe, Hg, Zn, Pb, Se, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni) in muscle tissue of 20 Vimba bream (Vimba vimba) Caught with cast net from Siah Darvishan River, Guilan province, Iran were investigated by Varian Atomic absorption spectroscopy. The lowest and highest mean accumulation of metals were observed, as follows: Zinc 19. 55-23. 15, Iron 11. 50-13. 41, Copper 1. 58-1. 80, Manganese 1. 45-1. 66, Lead 0. 56-0. 67, Arsenic 0. 45-0. 53, Selenium 0. 39-0. 48, Nickel 0. 26-0. 29, Cadmium 0. 16-0. 19 and Mercury 0. 059-0. 071 microgram per gram dry weight, respectively. According to the results of this research, mean concentrations of all metals in the muscle tissue of vimba bream, except for Arsenic (0. 490 ± 0. 042), Lead (0. 602 ± 0. 056) and Manganese (1. 557 ± 0. 098) were found to be lower than determined threshold limit value of FAO/WHO international standard.

In order to Comparison of reproductive biology Capoeta damascina and Capoeta trutta breeders were collected from the Gheshlagh River Sanandaj during reproduction season (June and July, 2017). Total length and weight in Capoeta damascina breeders was higher than Capoeta trutta breeders (P<0. 05). Sperm volume, sperm density and spermatocrit in Capoeta trutta breeders was higher than Capoeta damascina breeders (P<0. 05). The duration of sperm motility and the percentage of sperm motility was higher in Capoeta damascina breeders (P<0. 05). PH and seminal plasma osmolality in Capoeta trutta breeders was less than Capoeta damascina breeders (P<0. 05). Sex steroid levels of testosterone and dihydroxyprogesterone in Capoeta trutta breeders was greater than Capoeta damascina breeders (P<0. 05) but 11-kettoesterone was not significantly (P>0. 05). Histological studies in both group of breeders showed that the presene of spermatozoa cells in the lumen ducts which represent the onset of the stage spermatogensis in both group of fish, however, the distribution of spermatozoa cells in the lumen of Capoeta trutta breeders was more than Capoeta damascina breeders suggested that the testicle is more active in terms of sperm production.

In this research investigated the possible causes of mortality of cultivated wild Carp containing 2 densities (2 and 4 individual/m2) in pens in Gorgan Bay between May and June 2013. Mortality started with increasing the temperature (29 till 30. 8 ° c) in July. Clinical symptoms observed in sick fish include fever, swimming in surface, dark color, Ventricular dilatation, one and two sides exophthalmia and hemorrhage on the body surface. 50 samples of fish at the time of death for autopsy were transferred to the laboratory. The internal organs (kidney and liver) were cultured in the TSA medium. After incubation, purified colonies, the bacteria were identified using diagnostic tests. The results proved that the isolated bacteria were Aeromonas hydrophila. The result of antibiogram test was performed the sensitivity of bacteria to Antroflexacin. To compare mortality in two treatments, it used of the non-parametric tests of Man-Witney and to compare the different times in each of the densities used of Kruskal-Walis test. The results showed there was no significant differences between two treatments (2 and 4 individual/m2) in each months.

The First Cleavage Interval (FCI) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius) were determined. Fertilization was done using eggs collected from 6-9 individuals from each species. To reduce the effects of individual variation among broodfishes on FCI, the gametes from the same sex and species were pooled before fertilization. Dry fertilization was done and the eggs were incubated at 7. 3 ± 0. 3 º C. Sampling was carried out during 5 to 12 hours post fertilization (PF) at 10 min intervals, at each sampling point, at least 30 eggs were collected and were preserved in Davidson fixative after clearing. The eggs were analyzed under x40 magnification to check when the cleavage furrow and/or mitotic division were obvious. The FCI was determined when the complete cleavage furrow presented in at least 50% of sampling eggs. The results showed that the mean FCI for rainbow trout was 3212 ± 30 degree-min (7h, 20 min PF) was significantly shorter than the FCI in the Caspian salmon as 4015 ± 35 degree-min (9h, 10min PF). So, it could be concluded that the suitable time for the Caspian salmon is completely differ from rainbow trout. Future research on the evaluation of any possible differences among individual broodfishes of each species is recommended.

The purpose of this study is to identify suitable areas for aquaculture development and to determine the suitable locations for the establishment of marine cages for Epinephelus coioides in the waters around the Qeshm Island, with an attitude on environmental considerations and aquaculture development approach. In this regard, the ecological conditions of the studied area for the purpose of introducing the Epinephelus coioides for aquaculture in marine cages, the suitable areas for deploying marine cages through hydro biological studies, hydrography, geomorphology, geographic information system (GIS) application as a model for determining the suitable locations for deploying marine cages and prioritizing and rating the selected areas based on the (SWOT) analysis model were determined. The 16-month period of this study continued from October 2016 to January 2017 and the studied area was in Hormozgan province, the peripheral waters of Qeshm Island. Based on a series of studies on the geomorphologic features of the coastal area and the hydrography of the studied area, it was determined that the intended areas included the southern coastal area of Qeshm Island in the western part, as well as the marine range of the island are suitable and environmentally safe places that the taken measures were successful in establishing cage systems with respect to scientific management. Due to the high coefficient of confidence of the region through the PASTAKIA model and the combined matrix method, these areas had high scores. This criterion and score in the middle group are descriptive of the effect and a quantitative criterion of 50-25 which, requires observance of the management principles in terms of decision making and action.

In this research qualitative changes of minced fish were examined in Modified atmosphere (50: 5: 45 for N2: O2: CO2 gases) and Typical packaging stored at supercoiling (-2oC) temperatures, the results showed that the trend of total volatile basic nitrogen change (TVB-N mg / 100 g) by using superchilling method in the modified atmosphere packaging reduced the formation of TVB-N and the increase of this index was significant in typical packaging (P <0. 05). The amount of reactive substances with Thiobarbituric acid (TBARS / mg MDA/kg) in typical packaging peaked over than permissible range and reached to 2/27± 0/05 mg after 35 days, Whereas the TBARS index was significantly lower in modified atmosphere packaging (P<0. 05). The pH changes in treatments were descending and the same, during the evaluation. Entirely there was a significant increase in TBARS and TVB-N in typical packaging samples compared to modified atmosphere packaging. This indicates that fat oxidation during storage in typical packaging due to oxygen penetration into the package and the activity of the oxidative and enzymatic mechanism during storage. In sensory assessments, modified atmosphere packaging treatment obtained a significantly higher quality score in color, odour and texture (P <0. 05). This result can be attributed to the effect of modified atmospheric packaging treatment on decreasing or stopping of biochemical activity. Totally, the modified atmosphere packaging as a selective treatment, increase shelf life for five days.

Instrumental insemination is an important tool that provides complete control of honey bee mating for research and breeding purposes. In this research, the effects of artificial insemination (AI) and natural mating (NM) on performance of Iranian honey bee (Apis mellifera M. ) colonies were investigated. In this research, 10 hives for natural mating and 10 hives for artificial insemination were considered. Comparisons of mean of data were performed based on T-test. The traits examined in this experiment were included measuring the adult population of bees, broods viability, hygienic behavior and pollen collection in the spring and fall seasons. The results showed that the adult population size in AI group was higher than NM group over two seasons (P<0. 05). Hygienic behavior in AI group was significantly better than Nm group in the fall season. There was not found a significant difference between the AI and NM in brood viability factor. In general, the results showed that the performance of the AI group was better than NM group.

Species diversity of Ichneumonid wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea, Ichneumonidae) was studied in some regions of Tehran province. In total 17 species within eight subfamilies, Anomaloninae Viereck, 1918, Banchinae Wesmael, 1845, Campopleginae Fö rster, 1869, Cremastinae Fö rster, 1869, Cryptinae Kirby, 1837, Ichneumoninae Latreille, 1802, Pimplinae Wesmael, 1845, and Tryphoninae Shuckard, 1840 were collected and identified. All the species are related to 14 genera including, Barylypa Fö rster, 1869, Lissonota Gravenhorst 1829, Charops Holmgren, 1859, Dusona Cameron 1901, Pristomerus Curtis, 1836, Temelucha Meyrick, 1909, Cryptus Fabricius, 1804, Glyphicnemis Fö rster, 1869, Ischnus Gravenhorst, 1829, Meringopus (Fö rster, 1868), Ichneumon Linnaeus, 1758, Virgichneumon Heinrich, 1977, Itoplectis Fö rster 1869, and Tryphon Fallé n, 1813. Three species, Charops cantator (De Geer, 1778), Dusona contumax Fö rster, 1868 and Temelucha genalis (Szé pligeti, 1899) are new records for the fauna of Iran. In this research, seven species of moth (Lepidoptera) related to four families Lasiocampidae, Tortricidae, Noctuidae and Nymphalidae were determined as the hosts of the collected ichneumonids.

To the extent that today technology is a strategic factor for the economic development of countries and companies. With the advent of technology, the need to use modern technologies requires more technology to be evaluated, because for the purpose of determining the objectives, the existing situation and the gap between the existing and required level of capabilities must be determined. The purpose of this study was to assess the technological capability to develop new technology strategies using Panda, HEX and Majlof models in the food industry of Sina. To achieve the goal of seven questions, this research has been proposed. The research is descriptive and applied research. The statistical population of the research includes holding food industry in Sina, which includes 15 food companies. Using 48 experts, engineers and managers as the statistical sample, the required research data Six questionnaires were collected by interview and six questionnaires. Panda, HEX and Majlof models were used to analyze the data. Based on the findings of the research, the rating of strategic capabilities was 68. 79%, the tactical technological capabilities score was 69. 83%, and the complementary technological abilities rating was 73. 25%. Also, according to the Majlouf model, the management information management system development strategies, Proper marketing, supply chain replenishment, diversification in product production, promotion and improvement of production processes have been developed as strategies for increasing technological capability along with technical support programs and projects.