JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ENVIRONMENT
Year:2019 | Volume:11 | Issue:3 |Papers Count:69

Asiatic Cheetah, which is critically endangered subspecies has survived only in arid habitats of the central plateau of Iran to less than 40 populations. The species population in the center of Iran, which mainly includes Yazd Province, has had the highest population decline and has lost the population dynamics. Hence, 2. 9 million hectares of Yazd province’ s habitats in which the species has been extinct locally were investigated for climate change over a 14-year period, from 2001 to 2014. In this study, firstly, we used the Maximum Entropy method to model the Asiatic Cheetah suitable habitat. Then, by using the Modis time series method, we identified the maximum land surface temperature and the weather stations data were used to finding the total annual precipitation changes. Assessment of the maximum temperature changes in the cheetah habitats showed that the average temperature increased by 24 percent of the study area during this period. Also, some parts of the southern part of the study area had an obvious reduction of the total annual precipitation. However, the study results showed that climate change factors, including changes in the maximum land surface temperature and total annual precipitation variations, during the study period, were not significant. Therefore, the most important reasons for the reduction of Asiatic cheetah population dynamics in the study area, during the study period are non-climatic factors.

Caracaland mongoose are both species from suborder of Feliformia that live in different regions of Iran. The shape and size of bones of the fore limb have an important role to the state of the body conformation and balance of carnivores and they are also important because of their predilection for bait. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphology of scapula, humerus, radius and ulna in these two species. Investigating and recording of these findings can be helpful as the means of differentiating species, helping wildlife practitioners in various fields of veterinary science and preserving the population of these species. In order to carry out this study, the carcasses of an adult caracal and a mongoose were transferred to anatomical laboratory at Semnan University. After completing the preparation stages, morphological studies and of the bones were performed and also the required images were obtained. In general, it can be concluded that the biggest anatomical differences are in the scapula. This bone in the mongoose is similar to the dog and in the caracal is more like to cat. In the humerus, the most important difference among carnivores is in the distal extremity. Also the most morphological similarities among carnivores, were observed in the radius and ulna.

Today, as population growth has caused extensive destruction of wildlife habitats, conservation and extension of habitats has an important role in preserving wildlife and, consequently, biodiversity. And by assessing the habitat, the quality of the habitat can be achieved easily. The protected area of Sangemes is one of the best and safest habitats of Jebir in Kerman province. The aim of this study was to determine the effective factors on Gazella bennettii 's visibility using the HEP method during the years 2016 to 2017 for spring (The promise of forgiveness), summer (heat and dehydration) and autumn (mating period). The main variables used to evaluate the habitat of the Gazella bennettii species are slope, elevation, aberration, geochemistry, distance to the water source, middle valleys. At first, the habitat was divided into three stations (mountains, hill and plains), then the variables of the index were determined using the HEP method. The results of the region's assessment were shown using the HEP method; Hill habitat in spring-summer season with HSI index, 0. 89 is more desirable than other parts. Among the variables used, the biomass variability in all seasons was higher for both stations, which indicates the region's richness for species nutrition. From the results of this study, conservation and management measures can be used to increase the level of desirable habitats in Kerman province.

This study was conducted to investigate the growth performance, body dimensions and fat-tail measurements of Chall male lambs reproduced from outbreeding of rams and ewe in Qazvin region. Two hundred 18 month ewe lamb were selected from a 1000-head flock and divided in two groups randomly. The first group (control) mated with rams from self-flock and the second group (treatment) mated with rams from other flock. After lambig, 10 male lambs from each group were selected randomly for recording the body dimensions and fat-tail measurements. The results showed that the average circumference of neck (36. 6 V 35. 1 cm), fat-tail circumference of upper part (40. 4 V 37. 1 cm) and fat-tail length of middle part (15. 1 V 14 cm) in the treatment group was significantly higher than the control group. The effect of ram in control and treatment on birth weight (4. 9 V 4. 8 kg), weight at two, four, six and eight months (45. 1 V 43. 2 kg), final weight gain (40. 2 V 38. 4 kg) and body height and length, circumference of heart girth, loin width, diagonal length, and fat-tail measurements including length at the right, left and gap part, width at top, middle and down part, circumference at top, middle and down part, depth at top, middle and down part and fat-tail weight (2. 4 V 2. 3 kg) did not change significantly. In total, using rams from other flocks, increased circumference of neck and some fat-tail trait, but had no effect on growth performance of lambs.

This research was carried out to compare the nutritional value of two seaweeds in coasts of Bushehr province (Sargassum ungustifolium) and Sistan and Baluchestan province for ruminants feeding. To determine the digestibility, each seaweed was mixed in 10, 15 and 20 percent ratios with dry alfalfa, and each feed was tested by fecal sampling method on four adult male sheep. Six treatments consisted of three feeds containing Sargassum and three feed containing Cystoseira in a randomized complete block design. The chemical composition of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and gross energy (GE) for Sargassum were 92. 6, 58. 6, 8. 4, 16. 9, 16. 6 percent and 2316 cal/g, respectively and for Cystoseira were 93. 2, 82. 2, 15. 2, 38. 17, 27. 7 percent and 3267 cal/g, respectively. The results showed that nutrients percentage of mentioned above, was increased significantly, except for DM of Cystoseira in comparison with Sargassum. Among the treatments of Sargassum and Cystoseira feeds, the best nutrients digestibility coefficient was in 20 percent treatment of Cystoseira feed that for DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF and GE were 58. 8, 60. 8, 64. 5, 49. 7, 50. 8 and 62. 1 percent, respectively. Totally, the results showed that due to higher CP and GE and lower Ash (higher OM) in Cystoseira rather than Sargassum, it is more suitable for ruminant feeding and the most suitable level of Cystoseira is 20 percent.

This Experiment was carried out to determine the effects of urea and molasses-treated Corn Single Crosses SC 704 Stalklage in fattening performance of Turky-Ghashghaii male lamb. At first, corn residues were gatherd after harvesting of corn grain by Cambine method and processed with urea and molasses. Then, evaluates its chemical composition and in vivo apparent digestibility. The Corn Stalklage treated and untreated were included in the ration as to replace zero, 30 and 50% of total forage in a completely randomized design in the ration of fattening lambs. The rations (iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic) were fed to 6 Turky-Ghashghaii ram lambs. Results showed that In vivo digestibility coefficients for DM OM, NDF and ADF had significant differences between treated and non-treated Corn Stalklage. It seems that according to the results of fattening traits and digestibility, the use of treated corn residues with 4% urea plus 10% molasses with ratios of 50% as total forages in feeding lambs in comparison with other treatments, had a better daily weight gain.

Manipulation of ruminal fermentation can be considered as an optimization procedure for methane emissions. Although, magnesium oxide meet a large portion of the magnesium needed for ruminants, it has a proper buffering capacity and can alter the rumen fermentation pattern. In this study, the effect of a commercial magnesium oxide in the levels of 1, 2, 3 and 4% of a high-concentrate diet was investigated in an in vitro batch culture prepared from sheep's ruminal fluid. Some of fermentation and degradability parameters, methane emissions and gas production parameters were measured when the diet incubated to the culture medium. The pH of the culture medium was significantly increased compared to the control, but the total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) did not change when magnesium oxide was added to the culture medium. The lowest amount of ammonia nitrogen (23. 26 mg/dL) was observed at 4% of magnesium oxide. The gas production parameters and methane emissions were significantly lower in the treatments containing magnesium oxide when compared to the control group. Although the partitioning factor (PF) and the microbial mass yield were not affected by the treatments, but the efficiency of microbial mass synthesis increased significantly in the treatments containing magnesium oxide. It seems that the use of magnesium oxide can improve the rumen fermentation pattern via enhance the efficiency of microbial mass synthesis; reduce methane yield and increase of organic matter degradability. Also, further studies are needed to determine the effects of magnesium sources according to in vivo conditions in the future.

Gastrointestinal parasitism is responsible for a wide range of clinical syndromes in horses. Clinical symptoms vary from weight loss, impaired performance, anaemia, unthriftiness and diarrhea to colic and occasional deaths in heavy infections. A cross sectional study was conducted in Tehran province to estimate the prevalence of gastrointestinal tract helminths infection and to identify the common Gastrointestinal helminths parasites of horses. Clinton Lane technique was utilized to identify the eggs of parasites in feces and EPG. A total of 294 horses were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 20. 7% (61 from 294), as 16. 3% (48 from 294) Parascaris equorum, 4. 42% (13 from 294) Strongyle spp. and 0. 68% (2 from 294) Oxyuris equi was observed by adhesive tape test. The average worm egg in the feces of horses was 1-12, including strongyles and parascaris. The results of stool cultures showed that larvae of the third stage were from small strongyles.

This experiment was conducted to determine the chemical composition and evaluation of protein quality raw tomato pomace (RTP) and fermented tomato pomace (FTP) in broiler chickens. The amount of dry matter, fiber and crude protein in RTP were changed from 92. 96, 35. 13 and 14. 35 to 91. 40, 30. 16 and 15. 54% in FTP, respectively. Lactic acid bacteria population (log10 CFU/g) in RTP was changed from 7. 53 to 14. 85 in FTP. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments including nitrogen-free diet, soybean meal, RTP and FTP as semi-pure diets on broiler chickens. Protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR), feed efficiency and weight gains chickens were investigated. The results showed that the PER at 14 and 17 and the whole period for FTP was 2. 69, 2. 72 and 2. 70, for RTP 2. 36, 2. 03 and 2. 24, and for soybean meal 3. 06, 3. 26 and 3. 13, respectively. NPR for FTP was 3. 84, 3. 76 and 3. 82, for RTP was 3. 47, 2. 92 and 3. 28, and for soybean meal 4. 03, 3. 99 and 4. 02, respectively. Although weight gain and feed efficiency in chicks fed with FTP was lower than soybean meal, but these values were higher than the RTP (P <0. 05). Therefore, due to the improvement in the quality protein FTP, it can be used to feed broiler chickens.

Malt extract exhibits antioxidant activities both in vitro and in vivo. In order to study the effect of malt extract on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks, a total of 180 day-old broiler chicks were purchased and divided accidentally into 4 equal groups and each group to 3 subgroup of 15 chicks. Chicks of groups A, B and C received 0. 2%, 0. 3% and 0. 5% of malt extract respectively in drinking water all period of experiment for forty-two days. Chicks of group D were kept as control group and did not receive malt extract. Feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of each group were determined at 21, and 42 days. At the end of the experiment, two chickens from each replication were killed to investigate the carcass characteristics. This study showed that receiving malt extract in drinking water had no effect on mean feed conversion ratio, carcas percentage, abdominal fat, crop, gizzard, pancreas, liver and heart weight compared with control group.

The objective of this study was to investigate the additive effect of 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 IU/kg of vitamin D3 on the productive and egg quality characteristics in Japanese quail. 320 adult Japanese quail were used. Experiment was done in a randomized complete block design with 5 treatments, 4 replicates and 16 quails in each replicate (12 female and 4 male birds) for 42 days. After 2 weeks of treatments, the productive characteristics of birds were recorded weekly for 6 weeks. At the end of experiment, 5 eggs were selected randomly from each replication and egg quality traits were examined. Feed conversion ratio and also some egg quality parameters including eggshell weight, egg width and diameter of thin albumen were influenced by levels of vitamin D3 (p<0. 05). Although the egg quality parameters had no significant difference with control, but the egg shell weight and egg width percent were increased with increase the levels of vitami D3 from 4000 (15. 90 and 2. 67, respectively) to 8000 (14. 41 and 2. 51, respectively) IU/kg (p<0. 05). The feed conversion ratio in 4000 IU/kg of vitamin D3 (3. 68) was significantly lower than the control (4. 22) (p<0. 05). The other egg quality characteristic as well as feed intake, percentage of egg production and egg weight were not affected by treatments (p<0. 05). The results of this study show the improvement of feed conversion and eggshell weight and egg width in Japanese quail's, especially at the level of 4000 IU/kg of vitamin D.

The hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricate) is important species and a critically endangered species. In present study reproductive ecology and biology of hawksbill turtle from Ommolgorm Island in Mond Protected Area investigated in 2017. During monitoring period, 110 turtles were biometry that 41 of them have been successful nesting. The results showed that mean of nest length, width and depth were recorded 110. 76± 16. 65, 99. 45± 11. 90 and 55. 3± 8. 5cm. Carapace curved length and width were 70. 25± 3. 75 and 64. 72± 3. 08cm, mean of total number eggs was 108± 11. 5, mean of normal and abnormal eggs number, diameter and weight were 74± 3. 9, 37. 9 ± 2. 1 mm and 28. 85± 3. 82gr, and 26. 9± 6. 25, 20. 6± 2. 6mm and 11. 1± 3. 85gr, respectively. Mean of hatchling length, width and weight were recorded 38. 1± 1. 97mm, 29. 95± 1. 45mm and 12. 4± 0. 97gr. Incubation period, egg hatching percentage and death embryos were calculated 62. 5± 14. 9 days, 52. 45± 14. 9% and 19. 4± 6. 4 embryo, respectively. Results showed that the hawksbill turtles in ommolgorm Island are similar to other area of the Persian Gulf in some reproduction characters, while they are smaller than other hawksbill turtles in the world. The mean of total number eggs in this island was more than other coastal in the Persian Gulf and close to global mean.

Habitat suitability prediction for the animals is one of the ways to achieve the conservation goals for biodiversity. In the present study, habitat suitability of Lacerta media has been evaluated. Based on the maximum entropy result, northwest and western Iran has been predicted as the most suitable for the species presence. Also there are several records of the species presence in Alborz, Markazi, East Azarbaijan and Esfahan provinces that currently situated outside of the suitable predicted region. Precipitation of the coldest quarter with contribution more than 40% was distinguished as the most contributed environmental variable for species presence. Unsuitability prediction of the species presence in central plateau and East Azarbaijan province directly has been influenced by the recent decreasing of winter precipitation. Also, disturbance the habitats of the species along valleys and rivers is the main factors to the decreasing population size of the species. Finally, evaluation the effective factors for species distribution and finding new suitable areas for species presence can help to prevent the species extinction risk in the wild.

Lizards have significant roles in lifecycle and are related to humans either directly or indirectly. Identifying the fauna of a region is the most necessary and significant biological and fundamental research on it. Golestan province has a variety of climates due to its special geographical location. In this study, 26 specimens of keeled rock gecko, Cyrtopodion scabrum were collected from different areas of Golestan province since 2017 by hand. Colorful photos were taken; then fixed in alcohol 75% and finally identified using valid keys. 14 morphometric and 13 meristic characters were studied in all specimens. Sexes of the adult specimens were determined by observing the pre-anal pores (PAN) in males and their absence in females, and finally, with a brief dissection of the specimens and observation of genital glands. Analysis of data descripted using SPSS (version 22), T-test, Kruskal Wallis Test and PCA were analyzed Slight differences between mean of characters of males and females were observed based on descriptive analysis. It was not observed significant difference in morphometric characters between two sexes based on the analysis of T-test. Meristic characters (pre-anal pores) had significant difference, indicating sexual dimorphism in this species. Also, PCA analysis revealed that there is no separation between males and females based on morphometric and meristic characters.

This study aimed to identify and determine the species diversity of fish in the Arizin creek in the east of Hormozgan province for one year in 1395. Sampling of fish by trawls boat and was done seasonally. In this study, 41 species belonging to 30 genus and 26 families were identified. The greatest abundance and diversity were related to Leiognathidae and Clupeidae families with 19. 2 and 15. 3 percent respectively. The most frequent species in the spring season, Thryssa vitrirostris 45. 8 %, Summer leiognathus fasciatus 36. 3 %, autumn, Gerres filamentosus 20. 8% and in winter leiognathus fasciatus13. 2 %, respectively. The abundance of fish in the spring with other seasons, there was a significant difference (p <0. 05) planktonic feeder species were the most frequent in the spring. In other seasons, fish with small carnivorous diet and Hunter were more abundant. Families Leiognathidae, Platycephalidae, Gerreidae, Sillaginidae and Haemulidae samples were collected in all seasons. Shannon diversity index was highest and lowest values in winter and spring with 1. 33 and 0. 86, respectively. Also the highest richness index was 4. 5 and 2. 64, respectively, in the winter and spring and maximum value evenness were 0. 42 and 0. 31 in the winter and spring.

The Caspian Sea is the world's largest closed lake that is very important. Bony fish is the most important and most valuable fish in the sea, which unfortunately its reserves in recent years for various reasons is declining. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of the stress of cavity on changes in physiological parameters effective in the reproduction of Caspian white fish. Reproduction of fish was adapted to the new conditions for 3 days in order to adapt to the new conditions and then distributed equally to three fiberglass tanks and held for 10 days in captivity. After 10 days of storage, to the fish of first and second treatment of the sexual stimulation hormones (Ovaprim) were injected. Blood samples were taken from the samples during 3 stages. The results showed that plasma beta-estradiol 17 hormone levels were decreased after 10 days and after sexual examination in all experimental groups compared to the beginning of the experiment which, this decrease after sexual maturity was significantly higher than before the start of the experiment. Plasma testosterone levels decreased significantly in all experimental groups (P<0. 05). Changes in progesterone levels in all experimental groups were not significant (P>0. 05). Based on the results of this study, it can be stated that the stress of the cavity in the reproduction of white fish has affected the physiological parameters studied. The relative reduction in the parameters of the examined blood plasma of these fishes shows these effects.

This research was carried out to evaluate the effects of different levels of Siberian Bimini Immo on growth, nutrition and survival indices in Green Terror fish (Andinoacara rivulatus) for 60 days. The experiment was designed by using randomized method including control, 0. 5, 1 and 1. 5 g of Biomin Imbo synbiotic per kg of diet in four treatments with three replications. Based on the results, BWI, PBWI, SGR, and PER and FCR in 1. 5 g / kg synbiotic had a significant improvement compared to other treatments (P <0. 05). Also, the amount of CF significantly increased in treatment of 0. 5 g / kg synbiotic (P <0. 05). In terms of survival, no casualties were observed among treatments. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the addition of synbiotic to diet, especially at 1. 5 g / kg, can be effective in some of the growth and feeding factors of Green Terror fish, and as a supplement Suitable for the diet of this species.

The main goal of the current study is to evaluate the impact of dietary herbal On Some Of The Hematological, Biochemical and Immune Parameters Of Rainbow Trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss). This project was conducted at Caspian sea research institute of ecology from 2017 to 2018. Totally 180 rainbow trout with an average weight of 28. 8g were randomly distributed to 9 fiberglass tanks with area and depth of 1m2 and of 0. 6 m. The experiment lasted for seven weeks and the rainbow trout were fed by three different diets as follows: 1. Commercial pellet contained no herbal additive (control diet) 2. Commercial pellet contained 2% dietary herbal and 3. Commercial pellet contained 4% dietary herbal. At the end of the trial, blood samples were collected to determine some hematological, biochemical and immunity parameters in different groups and compared to one another. Results showed that 4% dietary herbal can enhance the non specific immune system of O. mykiss. Thus, addition of dietary herbal at 4% is recommended in improve immunostimulants in rainbow trout.

In the present study, the effects of dietary malic acid on growth and intestinal histomorphology of goldfish (Carassius auratus) was investigated. 120 goldfish (mean initial weight 14. 62 ± 0. 92 g) (Mean ± Standard Error) were divided into 4 treatments and 3 replicates. Treatments included different concentrations of malic acid 0 (control), 2. 5, 5 and 10 g/kg diet. Fish feeding was carried out three times a day for 8 weeks. Fish biometry performed every two weeks and at the end of the experiment, six fish per each tank were sampled for histological study of the intestinal tissue. Results showed that there were not significant differences in final weight, percentage of body weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and condition factor between different treatments (P> 0. 05). There were not significant statistical differences in the length of the villi, the diameter of the tunica mascularis and also the number of calyx in the intestinal tract between different treatments (P> 0. 05). The results of the present study showed that the use of malic acid does not affect the growth performance and intestinal histomorphology of goldfish.

The present study investigates the effect of different levels of probiotic Lactobasillus caseion vitellogenin (Vtg) gene expression in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). For this purpose, Zebrafishwith average wight of 0. 15+ 0. 01 gr fed on diet supplemented with 0%, 105, 106 and 107CFU/gr of probiotic for 6 weeks. After this period and sex determination, females fed with probiotic for 1 month. At the end of feeding trial, RNA extracted from liver and brain, cDNA syntesised with Superscript RTase kit and PCR were done using Vtgprimer and Beta-actin as housekeeping gene. Evaluation reproduction gene expression showed increase in fish fed probiotic compare to control. Vtg gene expression showed significant increases in fish fed 106 and 107CFU/gr of probiotic compared to 105. According to the results it seems that using probiotic could consider as a new strategy for improving reproductive performance.

The Alburus chalcoides (Guendenstaedt, 1772), of Cyprinidae family, is a valuable bony fish of the Caspian Sea. Checking the start of a feedind is one of the most significant cases of larval growth. Actually, Specifying the day of opening the mouth of the fish and the day the active nutrition and pelleting is started will also affect the growth of the fish, especially as the guinea pig fish feed more on protein sources and this will speed up the digestion and absorption of food. The King of Gypsy was opened from the fifth day after hatching his mouth and was seen as a gutter. To evaluate morphological characteristics of larvae and infants, 10 samples were considered. The length of larvae on this day is 4. 6 ± 2. 2 mm and weighs 0. 010 g. On this day, larvae can use environmental food in the water, but given the size of the mouth of this fish on the eighth day to the size The size is 84 micrometers (5. 5 ± 4. 4 mm in length and 0. 013 grams in weight). This day was calculated as a starting point for feeding pellets, which could be used for larvae in addition to perennial food from pellet. The purpose of this research is to determine the appropriate feeding time for fish.

The present study investigates effects of different levels dietary sodium acetate (SA) salt on the growth and activity of digestive enzymes activity in goldfish (Carassius auratus). 120 fish (mean initial weight 14. 24 ± 1. 29 g) were fed 3 times a day with four experimental diets supplemented with 0, 2. 5, 5 and 10 g/kg SA for 10 weeks. Biometry was done to measure growth and nutritional indices every two weeks. Also, six fish were randomly sampled at the end of experiment to study the activity of protease and lipase enzymes. The obtained results showed that fish fed with 5 g/kg SA had highest final weight, so there was a significant difference between the treatments compared to other treatments (P<0. 05). However, no statistically significant difference was observed in other growth indices between control and SA fed fish (P>0. 05). There was no significant difference in the lipase and protease activities between different treatments (P> 0. 05). The results of the current test showed that the use of 5 g/kg SA could increase the growth of this fish. However, no notable effect was noticed in case of the activity of the digestive enzymes.

In this research, it was studied the effect of acidifier supplementation on growth, hematological and immune indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. A completely randomized design was performed with four treatments in three replicates. Acidifier supplementation was added in four levels including 0, 2, 4, and 8 g/kg to the basal diet. A total number of 84 common carp fingerlingsweighing 18. 30± 2. 08g were fed and kept at a density of 7 fish per aquarium in twelve 40-L aquaria for 60 days. Results showed that the highest final weight, body weight increase, average daily growth, specific growth rate and the lowest feed conversion ratio were observed at the level of 8g/kg acidifier supplementation (P<0. 05). No significant difference was recorded in condition factor and survival rate among the treatments (P>0. 05). Acidifier supplementation at the level of 8 g/kg showed significant difference (P<0. 05) in RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin and neutrophil counts with other treatments. Also, this treatment had the highest non-significant WBCs and monocyte counts (P>0. 05). On the other hand, the highest values of IgM and lysozyme were showed in treatment 2g/kg acidifier supplementation (P>0. 05). Based on obtained findings, it can be declared that acidifier supplementation can promote growth performance and improve some hematological and immune indices of common carp.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of lysozyme on dietary supplement scales in some growth factors, hematologic immunity indexes, and serum biochemical parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). For this purpose, 180 pieces of fish were weighed 25. 94 ± 0. 1 g in 12 tanks and 4 treatments with 3 replications. After the adaptation period, fish were fed with diets containing 0, 0. 5, 1 and 1. 5 g / kg lysozyme for 8 weeks. At the end of the period, the fish were biometric and blood samples were taken and blood indices were examined. The results of this study showed that this immune stimulant had a positive effect on growth rate of about 26/37 grams and there was a significant difference between treatments (p<0. 05). Lysozyme diet showed a significant difference between the number of white blood cells and the control group. There was an increasing trend in the number of hemoglobin in the experimental group. The differential count of white blood cells only showed a significant increase in lymphocyte count between treatments and control. There was a significant difference between treatments and control in neutrophil count. Also, in the study of biochemical parameters of blood, we found that there was a significant difference in all three factors and there was an increasing trend. According to the results of this study, it seems that the use of doses of 1 and 1. 5 g / kg of lysozyme may have a beneficial effect on the improvement of blood and biochemical parameters of the serum and the growth of this breeding stock.

To determine the nutritional value of giant gourami as a new edible species and compare it with common carp as a common species, fishes were purchased in the same weight range (5± 0. 27 and 5. 02± 0. 26 g, respectively) and presented to concrete ponds in a monoculture system, two treatments with 3 replicates. Fish were fed with common carp commercial diet of for one year. At the end of experiment, protein and carcass moisture content were significantly higher in common carp, as well as ash and total lipid in giant gourami. Total omega-6 fatty acids were registered higher in common carp than giant gourami fish, significantly. There were no significant difference in total omega-3 fatty acids, levels of high unsaturated fatty acids and EPA and DHA content at two species. ω-3/ω-6 ratio was significantly higher in giant gourami than common carp. In contrast, the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to the saturated fatty acids of common carp was more favorable than giant gourami, and the difference was statistically significant. In conclusion, according to the EPA and DHA content in the two tested species, and also the promotion of the ratio ω-3/ω-6 in giant gourami, due to the qualitative features and nutritional value of giant gourami, it can be considered as a valuable farmed fish.

In this research to study genetic diversity of cultured broodstocks of common carp, 60 samples were collected from Guilan and Mazandran provinces (30 from each province). DNA were extracted by phonol-chloroform method and investigated for 11 microsatellites loci. The results showed that the range of alleles number, expected and observed heterozygocity were 11-18, 63%-86%, respective. The analysis of molecular variance was not showed high genetic diversity (93%) within populations, but the Fst and Rst values were significantly different between Guillan fish and Mazandran fish populations. The Fst value was 0. 011 wich indicated the low genetic differentiation between the studied sites. this differentiation may be due to broodstock transportation by farmers. Tree investigated loci showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (p<0. 005), mosly due to the excess of heterozygocity of Mazandran samples. The Fst value and Gen flow due to number of alleles were 14. 5 and 2. 11, respectively. UPEMA cluster analysis based on Nei genetic distance showed that there are two different populations. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that there were significant differences between number of allelesand genetic diversity in Guilan and Mazandran.

Powder made from surimi normally prepared in dry from and use as a crude material for preparation of marine processed products. The aim of this study is producing and comparing the nutriotional value and Shelf life of protein powder made from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) in two methods drying under vacuum condition (at a temperature of 6o± 0/5° C for 5 hours) and in oven condition (at a temperature of 7o± 0/5° C for 24 hours). Then, surimi powder, stored in conventional packaging for 60 days at room temperature. Sampling and laboratory analyzing of nutritional value (Include: protein, lipid, moisture, TBA and TVB-N) were done to 3 times with 20 days intervals. Statistical analysis of SPSS, showed that the most values of protein was observed in vacuum drying method (86. 33%) that was significantly higher than oven drying method (77. 76%) (p <0. 05). Total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) was assessed during storage showed that oven drying treatment after 20 days (20± 3. 18 mg/100g) and vacuum drying treatment after 40 days (20± 4. 84 mg/100g) were out of the standard range (19. 6 mg/100g). Results showed that the quality of surimi powder which was prepared with vacuum drying method is better than oven drying method and this method had the higher shelf life (up to 40 days) compared to oven method in room temperature.

This study examined the effect of probiotic (Pediococcus acidilactici), sodium propionate salt and probiotic compound and sodium propionate salt on growth and expression of GH and IGF-I genes in common baby carp. For this purpose, 142 baby fishes (weighing approximately 14 g) for eight weeks were treated with four treatments of zero, 0. 1% probiotic pseudococcal acidic acid, 1% sodium propionate, 0. 1% pseudococcus acidic acid and 1% sodium propionate, Were classified and fed. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. At the end of the biomarker period, there was a significant difference between treatments. The highest body weight gain (35. 53 ± 0. 47 g) and specific growth rate (3. 5 ± 0. 01) were observed in the third treatment (p <0. 05). Also, the amount of food conversion factor (1. 05 ± 0. 07%) was observed in the third treatment (P <0. 05). After sampling, GH expression in probiotic and sodium propionate salt treatments was significantly different with other treatments (P <0. 05). Also, expression of IGF-I in probiotic and sodium propionate treatments was significantly different with probiotic treatment (P <0. 05). Due to the beneficial effects of P. acidilactici, sodium propionate salt and probiotic compound and sodium propionate salt are clear on the expression of GH and IGF-I genes, it seems that the use of probiotic and sodium propionate salt in fish meals Ordinary carp can affect the growth and expression of GH and IGF-I genes in this species.

Due to silver carp fry mortality in Rasht city from April to August 2017, 90 fish from 3 farms were sampled. Samples collected from 3 pools in each farm. They were included 1-infected to parasite, 2-Blood samples were taken to measure blood factors, immunity and stress. Blood samples were collected using caudal fin cutting to measure blood factors, immunity parameters, and stress factor. Then fish weight and length were measured. Also parasitology and gill histology examinations were done. Diplostomum spathaceum, Dactyloyrus sp, Chilodonella sp and Trichodina sp were find in fish samples. In fish belong to unknown syndrome group, just Dactylogyrus was seen. The highest WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct, lysozyme and total immunoglobulin were seen in group with unknown causes, also the highest Glucose and Cortisol were seen in infected group and the highest Igm was seen in safe group. Histology studies showed the most gill injuries in infected group and group with unknown causes. Moreover, parasites were included Dactylogyrus, Trichodina and Trichopyra. Also Dactylogyrus and Desmocystidium spore were observed in group with unknown causes. Totally, the results should that silver carp health status is influenced by fish parasites.

In this research, in order to eliminate the adhesion of fertilized eggs, common carp of common carp from three materials of alkalase, tannic acid and sodium chloride was used. The results of fertilization rate and hatching rate were compared with the general method of the workshop (egg washing with carbamide solution). 9 concentrations of sodium chloride were used at 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 10000 mg / L for three times 15, 30 and 60 minutes. Three concentrations of tannic acid (500, 1000 and 1500 mg / L) were used at three times 0. 5, 2 and 5 minutes. All three concentrations were performed in three replicates. After activation, 50 milliliters of the enzyme were added at a concentration of 2 milli liters per liter for 20 minutes and exposed at 45, 60, 75, and 90 seconds. Finally, they were washed 4 times with hatchery juice and transferred to incubation. The results showed that the best fertilization rate (99. 57%) and hatching rate (99. 46%) were related to treatment 1 at a concentration of 500 mg / L in 0. 5 time It was a minute. Regarding removal of egg adhesion by sodium chloride treatment, the best fertilization rate (87. 1) and hatching rate (28. 86) were related to 1000 mg / l treatment at 30 minutes. The highest percentage of fertilization (97. 52%) and hatching (96. 72%) with alkaline enzyme was 50 mg / L treatment at 45 seconds.

The use of natural and vegetable ingredients as an additive in fish diets will increase the health of the host. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding sugar beet molasses to carp fish meal to evaluate some blood indices. The experiment consisted of 360 pieces of common carp with an average weight of 22 ± 2. 5. After one week of adaptation, it was fed for a period of 8 weeks. The experiment was carried out in the form of 4 treatments and each treatment with 3 replications including: Molasses (treatment 1), diet containing 0. 5% molasses (treatment 2), diet containing 1% molasses (treatment 3) and diet containing 2% molasses (treatment 4) Done. The fish were fed daily with 3% body weight and twice daily with experimental diets. Food from the control group, the commercial food of the common carp of the corporation was no molasses. The results showed that red blood cells were significantly increased in 2% molasses. Hemoglobin was also found in 2% molasses (P <0. 05). MCHC also increased in 2% molasses. There was no significant difference between the treatments after the differential count of white blood cells. In general, a diet containing molasses was effective on the blood indices of common carp, increasing the number of red blood cells and increasing hemoglobin in 2% molasses.

This research was carried out for comparing the efficiency of nanosil (Hydrogen peroxide with silver ions) and malachite green in order to control the fungal contamination in eggs of sturgeon (Acipenser persicus and Acipenser stellatus). Nanosil treatment at concentrations 40, 80, 100 mg/l, malachite green treatment at concentration 2 ppm and control treatment (all of them with three replicates) were evaluated in Yushchenko incubators during three days so as to compare and control the fungal contamination and determine the best concentration in different treatments in reproductive and restoration center of Sturgeon fishes in Sangar from April to June 2014. Firstly, adult breeders were selected and after fertilization, total number of seeds, fertilization percentage, percentage of fungal, healthy and unhealthy eggs, unfertilized eggs, total number of larvae and hatch percentage were calculated. The results showed that the lowest percentage of unfertilised eggs, the highest percentage of healthy eggs, the lowest percentage of fungal eggs and the highest percentage of hatching in Acipenser persicus was related to nanosil 80 mg/l (P<0. 05). Also, the results of comparison of different treatments showed that the lowest percentage of unfertilized eggs, the lowest percentage of fungal eggs and the highest percentage of hatching in Acipenser stellatus was related to nanosil 80 mg/l (P<0. 05). In a general, it can be said that nanosil 80 mg/l had a more effective effect in hatching percentage and disinfection of eggs. Because malachite green has a vast number of disadvantages, it is recommended using nanosil as a new disinfectant.

The aim of this study was to determine the use of olive pomace in the diet and effect on growth performance and blood parameters in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Fish with average weight of 13. 73 ± 0. 03 g were fed for 8 weeks with five diets including controll diets without olive pomace and diets containing 2, 4, 6 and 8% dry and alcoholated olive oil. Finally, blood samples were taken from caudal vein and hematological indices including red (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC), differential count of WBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were determined. Based on the results, fish were fed by the diet supplemented with 2 percent olive pomace displayed significant difference in final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, body weight increase, condition factor, protein efficiency ratio and lipid efficiency ratio (P<0. 05), while dietary olive pomac had no effects on the final length and feed conversion ratio of goldfish fed different diets (P>0. 05). Differences among treatments in all hematological indices were not significant (P>0. 05). According to the results of this study, the use of olive pomace in goldfish diet up to 2% is suggested.

In order to know the optimal level of addition of vitamin B12 to water, in a Aquaponic system using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Saffron plant (Crocus stativus), 240# Nile tilapia fish and 120# corms of saffron were randomly divided into 12 experimental groups and influenced by treatments of adding 0 (control), 10, 20 and 30 mg L-1 vitamin B12 to water, weekly, for 60 days experimental period. At the end of the experiment period, weight gain and other indices of fish growth performance did not show any significant differences in any of the treatments, but some growth performance indices of saffron plants such as leaf length showed the lowest rate in treatment of 30 mg L-1 and root weight in treatment of 30 mg L-1 vitamin B1 in water was significantly higher than other treatments. Measurement of serum biochemical parameters of fish showed that with increasing levels of vitamin B12 in water, treatment with 30 mg L-1 vitamin in water showed the highest amount of Alkaline phosphatase enzyme and Aspartate aminotransferase enzyme in blood serum of fish. Finally, the results indicate that adding 10 to 20 mg L-1 vitamin B12 to the water of the aquaponic system using saffron plant and Nile tilapia can improve the growth and yield of the saffron plant.

Fat plays an important role as the source of energy and essential fatty acids for growth and development of fish. Excessive dietary fat can penetrate into the liver and accumulate in it, and resulting fatty liver disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of Livergol drug on growth parameters and gonadal development in different levels of fat in goldfish diets. For this experiment, 9 diets of different were prepared with 3 levels of 0, 0. 2 and 0. 5% of Livergol and three levels of 9, 12 and 15% fat. 540 individuals of gold fish were applied in this study. The feeding trial was carried out to complete the reproductive season of fish. Gonadal sampling was performed for detection of gender and determination of sexual development every 45 days after feeding with experimental diets. After the end of experimental period, fish growth indices (end weight, percentage of weight gain, weight gain, status index, specific growth rate, survival rate and food conversion ratio) were investigated. The results showed that the final weight, body weight gain, body weight gain, specific growth rate, status index and feed conversion ratio were significantly different in the experimental treatments (P≤ 0. 05), While survival did not show significant difference between treatments (P≥ 0. 05). The highest growth indices were observed in treatment 8 (fat 15% + livergol 0. 5%). In this experiment, the comparing of ovarian stages of fish fed with different diets indicated that all stages of ovarian stages except treatment 6 were similar in all treatments, but delay of the vitellogenin and development phases were observed in treatment 6 containing 15% fat and without livergol drug.

The purpose of this study was an estimation of the exploitation and also determination of some biological aspects for trapped Pharaoh Cuttlefish by wire pot (Gargoor) in Bushehr province (north of Persian Gulf). The data collection process was carried out from February 22 to April 19, 2017. The landing and yield of caught Pharaoh Cuttlefish by wire pots in Bushehr province, for 12 years, were 354. 833 tones and 162. 260 kg. km-2. year-1, respectively. The length (mantle length) and weight range of caught Pharaoh Cuttlefish (300 biometeried specimens) were 13-36 (24. 62 ± 4. 59) cm and 300-4200 (1870 ± 791. 61) gr, respectively. Randomization Test and Two Independent Samples Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test were used for comparing the length frequencies, while showed a significant difference in all different parameters of catch; such as soak depth of Gargoors, soak time of Gargoors and types of vessel (p=0. 001). The average of condition factor for Pharaoh Cuttlefishes was 1. 25 which indicates the favorable living conditions of trapped Pharaoh Cuttlefish by Gargoor. Independent Samples T Test was used for comparing the condition factors, while just showed a significant difference in soak time of Gargoors (p=0. 001). The results showed that due to the overlapping and synchronization of the fishing and reproduction season of Pharaoh Cuttlefish in Bushehr province and based on the range of length and weight frequencies of trapped Pharaoh Cuttlefish by wire pots, it can be stated that fishing operation using wire pots is a selective method for Cuttlefish.

Zooplanktons have a special role in the food chain and the ecological pyramid of the marine ecosystem. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Monsoon on biodiversity of zooplanktons in the eastern coasts of Chabahar. Sampling was carried out on the eastern coast of Chabahar using a 100-micron zooplankton net with a horizontal extension stretch of 30 cm at 8 stations in the Chabahar bay during four seasons from summer of 2016 to spring of 2017. According to the results, Copepoda have rise to 66. 87 percent of the zooplankton population. After the Copepoda, bivalvia (7. 53%) and Thaliacea (6%) have highest presence and Polychaeta, Cephalochordata, Ostracoda were found to be the lowest (in total with 2. 22%) in different sampling seasons. The highest and lowest Shannon index was calculated, respectively, in autumn (3) and spring (0. 99), respectively, in the autumn and winter (0. 95), and in summer and spring (0. 94), respectively. The highest and lowest indexes of uniformity were in autumn and spring (0. 97) and summer (0. 94) respectively. According to the results of this research, the structure of the zooplankton communities in this region is affected by the changes caused by the monsoon winds and the coastal upwelling flows. The cycle of production and seasonal changes of zooplanktons depends on the environment response to these changes. Ultimately, when zooplankton organisms are exposed to severe disturbance (monsoon), several species become dominant and decrease the species uniformity.

Iranian cichlid fish is one of the unique ornamental fish such as other fishes, feeding cost is determined the final product price. On the other hand, invasion of Azolla to Anzali lagoon changed it to a pond. By using Azolla powder in Iranian cichlid fish feed formulation, it can be an opportunity to optimum utilization of this aquatic plant. In this study, different percentages of this plant powders (15, 30, 45 and 60%) was replaced to basic feed protein resources, fed for 8 weeks, 4 times per day on sanitation to fish with weighing 4. 0± 0. 3 g. Food was purchased from CP Company, Thailand with 40% crude protein, including fish, soya, corn, squid and head of shrimp) with 41% iso-nitrogenous and 4230 kcal per 100 g of dry weight, iso-caloric. Results showed that azolla as a protein supplement replaced with protein sources of Iranian cichlid fish feed formulation without any adverse impacts on growth performance (P>0. 05), with statistical impact on survival (P<0. 05). Treatment with 45% replacement led to increase in body weight but higher replacement percentage caused negative effect on growth performance and survival rate.

Investigating the ecological and biological conditions of the rivers can indicate potential pressures on them. Different orders of benthic macroinvertebrates have different tolerance for contamination, which are used as indicators of water quality in many cases. This study has examined the structure and assemblage of benthic macroinvertebrates in Karaj river. Considering the factors that cause environmental disturbance, the classification and assessment of water quality of Karaj River at the stations were done. From winter until the end of autumn (2017), 4 sites through Karaj River were sampled for macrobenthos. Based on the results, totally the samples were identified, belonging to 5 class, 10 orders and 23 families. The most abundant groups in Karaj river were Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Diptera. In general, the results show that the river water has a moderate pollution based on the Shannon index and has a suitable quality according to the Hilsenhof index in the upper stations (Sierra and Polekhab) and has less quality at the lower stations of the Dam (Aderan and Pourkan). Also, based on Simpson index, dominance is high at Sierra and Polehwab stations, and based on Hill index Aderan and Puorkan have more uniform populations. Finally, the results show that biological index can present the quality of water.

In order to mitigate impact effects of shrimp culture on the coastal waters environment and improve shrimp culture management, an investigation on the using of biofloc technology in Litopenaeus vannamei culture was carried out in Shrimp research center. Post larva were Stocked with density 250 animals/m² into one pond 40m2, aeration were done continuously, pond was filled with effluent water of shrimp culture, exchange water was zero and treatment of water were done by using different source of carbon such as starch, sucrose and bread. Feeding was done by trash fish and plate food, average amount of salinity and temperature were about 31g/l and 29º C. After of 72 days culture, harvesting operation was done due to electricity and water aeration problems, Average weight and FCR were computed 13. 37g and 1. 4, respectively. The results showed that in spite of some physical problems such as the lack of emergency power, water refining during breeding period is possible without any management problem.

The optimal utilization of waste from aquaculture factories is one of the most important issues and needs to be reviewed. On the one hand, the entry of these wastes as waste in addition to the production of leachate and threats of aquatic ecosystems and the occurrence of environmental problems can be a contributing factor to various diseases. On the other hand, such valuable resources can be exploited and result in the production of high added high value products such as enzymes, gelatin, chitin, chitosan, and so on. Considering the biologically and biologically active effects of extracted oligosaccharides from quintic compounds of marine molluscs in recent years, known as chitooligosaccharides, Possibility of using these superficial components as antioxidant compounds was studied. In surveys, in almost all tests, chitooligosaccharides showed a fairly good inhibitory ability that could be considered as a good source for antioxidant studies. In the DPPH radical neutralization test, with a little distance from vitamin C, indigenous oligosaccharide squid with acid extraction of 78. 23%, Investigation of iron ion regeneration, chitooligosaccharides of crayfish with enzymatic extraction showed the highest effect of 19% reduction activity. Also, in the antioxidant capacity test, total acidity extraction of white leg shrimp chitooligosaccharides showed the highest antioxidant capacity of 42. 19.

In the present study, effect of Palangan fish farms on abundance and distribution of macro-invertebratein three stations including 1) upstream station, 2) station a hundred meters after fish Farms and 3) 1 km after fish farms from January 2015 until June 2015 was investigated. For evaluation of different stations, indicators such as Hilsinhof (HFBI) and Shannon Diversity indices, were used. In this study, 4148 benthic animal were identified, that were belong to 18 families, 13 orders and 20 genus. Based on results, in terms of HFBI index and Shannon diversity, stations showed a significant difference (p <0. 05). In general, the highest and lowest densities in March and June and Variety in May and February, respectively were observed. The most frequent macrobenthose belonged to station 1 in upstream and the lowest frequency at station 2 was located in 100 meters after farms. On average, highest and lowest Shannon Weiner Diversity indices were in June and Feberiery, May respectively. On average, Shannon Wiener Diversity Index was 1. 26 over a 6-month period. From point of view water quality situation of the river in station 1 were exellent and in station 2 due to arrival of pollution was moderate. The average of the highest and lowest Hilsinhof index was in May and March, respectively. On average, Hilsinhof index was 5. 94 over the course of 6 months. From point of view water quality situation of the river in station 1 were exellent and in station 2 due to arrival of pollution was moderate.

To find out the composition of the bottom trawl catch a sampling was used in the Bushehr waters in August and September of 2017. After sampling, the catch composition was included the species of Jinga Shrimp (Metapenaeus affinis), the Green Tiger Prawn (Penaeus semisulcatus), Kiddi Shrimp (Parapenaeopsis stylifera), or Fiddler Shrimp (Metapenaeopsis stridulans) and Trachypenaeus granulosus. P. semisulcatus with 92. 74% was the dominate species, after it, M. affinis with 6. 7%. Also, CPUA for P. semisulcatus was 49/1045 and for M. affinis was calculate as 57. 87 kg / nm2. The CPUE for P. semisulcatus was estimated 44. 41 ± 17. 05 kg / h. The amount of biomass for P. semisulcatus was 3842. 924 t and for M. affinis was 191. 43 t. A total of 3320 fish including 25 species were caught in this study. Of these 25 species, G. poieti with 25. 2% was the most frequent and A. obricus with 0. 12% had the lowest catch. Also, G. poieti, N. japonicus, D. punctate, S. crumenophthalmus, C. talamparpides and N. peronei with 100 percent occurrence were the most frequent species and N. thalassina has the smallest abundance. The S. commersonnianus with a average length of 59. 13 cm has the highest length and S. insidiator with 7. 75 cm has the smallest length. Generally, the density of P. semisulcatus in the eastern part of the province, as well as in the western part, is the lowest and its abundance is moderate in medium and high depths. Therefore, we can say that its distribution is horizontal.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Microcystin-RR (MC-RR) extracted from Microcystis aeroginosa microalgae on Daphnia magna and determine the lethal concentration of this toxin (LC50-96h). Twenty-one Daphnia magna were exposed to concentrations of 0. 5, 2, 10, 20 and 50 μ g. ml-1 of MC-RR Microcystin in each replicate, and the daphnia survival for 24 to 96 hours was calculated. One treatment was considered as control (no toxin), each treatment had 3 replications. According to the results of this study, microcystin (MC-RR) had a lethal effect on Daphnia magna, so that even at a low concentration (concentration of 0. 5), about 38% of mortality was observed, and none of the Daphnia magna had the ability to survive at 2 μ g. ml-1 of pure MC-RR Microcystin for 96 hours. This ability decreased by increasing the concentration of poison, so that at the concentration of 10 μ g. ml-1 of Microcystin, on the second day and at concentrations of 20 and 50 μ g. ml-1 of poison, all daphnia were dead on the first day. The results of this study showed that in the concentration of 1. 75 μ g. ml-1 MC-RR Microcystin, during 96 hours, 99 percent of daphnia were died.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of the hemolymph of two bivalves of Cerastoderma and Didacna in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. In this initial study to determine the antimicrobial activity disc diffusion method, then MIC and MBC were used. In this study, different concentrations of 25, 12. 5, 6. 25, 3. 125, 1. 56 percent was used. The highest and the lowest diameter of inhibitory zone in different concentrations against (ATC C25922) Escherichia coliin Cerastoderma was observed for concentration of 25% and 1. 56%, and in Didacna for concentration of 25% and 3. 125%. Also, the highest and the lowest diameter of inhibitory zone against Klebsiella pnuemoniae (NCTC5056) in hemolymph two bivalve Cerastoderma was observed for concentration of 25% and 3. 25% respectively, and in Didacna for concentration of 25% and 3. 125%. The highest and the lowest diameter of inhibitory zone against Entroccus faccium in Cerastoderma was observed for concentration of 25% and 3. 25%, and in Didacna for concentration of 25% and 1. 56%. With increasing the concentration of hemolymph, its antibacterial activity increased significantly (p<0. 05). Didacna had a lower MIC compared to Cerastoderma against E. coli and P. Klebsiella, but the MIC of hemolymph of Cerastoderma was significantly (p<0. 05) lower than Didacna against E. Facium. Thus, according to our findings Cerastoderma and Didacna can be considered as the important source of valuable bioactive compounds which can be used for producing antimicrobial drugs.

Sturgeons are considered to be the most valuable fish in the world and the Caspian Sea. the Collapse of the former Soviet Union and the uncertain division of the Caspian Sea unfortunately have led to environmental problems, as well as an increase in illegal fishing, has led to a significant reduction in the valuable species of the Caspian Sea. In spite of various management inconsistencies, advising and managing the Islamic Republic of Iran after the glorious victory of the Islamic Revolution led to the adoption of uniform policies of the Caspian Sea administration, which can be used to control sturgeon fishing and increase the rebuilding of their reserves. After the glorious victory of the Islamic Revolution, significant activities have been undertaken in this area, including: the restoration of reserves and the release of infants to the sea, the cultivation of sturgeon in unconventional domestic waters and cages, increasing research centers and universities with the management of sturgeon stocks management and Introducing the precious Persian dish. Altogether, in spite of various management inconsistencies, the advisory and management of the Islamic Republic of Iran led to the adoption of uniform policies of the Caspian Sea administration, which could be used to control sturgeon fishing and increase the rebuilding of reserves. Between countries of the Caspian Sea, only Iran has been trying to solve this crisis, which is a significant reduction of sturgeon fish. Many activities, including the construction of reproduction and restore of sturgeons from Iran, have been carried out in this area, which could lead to worthy result.

In this study, proximate composition of Stichopus herrmanni divers from Hormozgan province which were caught by diving, during autumn and winter 2016 and spring and summer 2017, determined. For this, one station was selected in each province, three specimens from each three replication of different seasons sampled. In nutrition laboratory, all specimens from replication of each season of separated province, minced and analyzed proximate compositions protein, lipid, Ash and Humidity based on standard methods. Results showed that the studied sea cucumber species compromised relative high protein level (P<0. 05). The highest protein content was found in Hormozgan at summer season (15± 3. 69) and lowest not significantly in Bushehr at autumn season (10± 1. 73) at spring season (10± 1. 8), caused by higher WT. and consequently higer chlorophyll a contents in Hormozgan water at summer season compare to samples from other studies provinces at the same seasons. Humidity percentage were the highest in the sea cucumber caught at winter (86. 1± 8. 43) and not significantly (P>0. 05), while the lowest (P<0. 05) was obtained from Hormozgan samples at spring season (81. 1± 5. 63). Lipid contents with low levels in this species showed the highest in winter season (0. 29± 0. 08) and the lowest lipid content was obtained from sampled in Hormozgan province at Summer time (0. 12± 0. 02) (P<0. 05).

Determining the conditions for water quality and the status of the trophy is one of the methods for assessing and assessing the ecological balance of wetland ecosystems, because the sustainability and continuity of productivity based on these unique ecosystems requires proper management of the monitoring and control of their environmental conditions. Therefore, conducting biological and ecological studies is necessary before any deployment of activity. Dolan Bayshah wetland is one of the largest wetlands of Lorestan province with a total area of 913. 5 square meters and is located south of Boroujerd city and on the margin of Silakhor plain. In this study, the water quality index (WQI) was calculated based on 5 parameters: nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3), turbidity (TURB), dissolved oxygen (DO), acidity (PH) and Characteristics of Carlsson Trophy Status (TSI) based on total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus to nitrogen (PN) ratio were used to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of four sampling stations of Dalian bischled water in the summer of 2017 The results of this study showed that according to the Water Quality Index (WQI), this wetland for aquatic animals at poor quality sampling stations cement channel in the lower part of the village of Kaper Jodaki and Drainage area ganjine is in good condition at station Perpendicular cement channel village of Kaper Jodaki and is located in the very poorly in Water Quality Station Bayshah Dolan wetland river gle rod. Based on the Carlsson Trophy Index (TSI), the tropic level of the sandy lagoon is characterized by a slight mesotrophic trophic condition and the entry of mesotrophic conditions.

Due to the importance of Babrolrud and Kharoon rivers in providing agricultural water and fish farming around these rivers and discharging many pollutants to them, it seems necessary to evaluate the water quality of these rivers. On the other hand, providing a proper picture of the status of surface water makes any management decision that has direct or indirect impact on the surface water of the country more consciously made. In this cross-sectional study, sampling was carried out monthly from seven stations in Babolrood and Kharoon rivers over a period of one year (September 2018 to September 2019). The studied parameters measured seasonally were acidity, electrical conductivity, temperature, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, sulfate ion and Fecal coliform and some heavy metals, including Co, Pb, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cr and Ni. The data from the experiment were analyzed using the BCWQI quality index. According to the BCWQI index, the overall water quality of river water at all stations studied was evaluated for aquaculture and fish farming, but was moderate for agricultural use. It was found to be suitable in terms of pH, temperature and Total dissolved solids but was found to be unsuitable for aquatic dissolved oxygen. It also increases stress due to water turbidity in the two rivers and almost throughout the study period, while negatively affecting photosynthesis in aquatic communities, In the case of TDS, they were generally within the acceptable range. Heavy metals, too, were virtually exceeded at all stations that caused poor health. In such circumstances, it is necessary to take precautionary and precautionary work to preserve the ecosystem.

This research aimed to measure the fatty acids content of Cholorella vulgaris reared in different culture media containing urban sewage. Four treatments (each with three replicates) containing different ratios of urban sewage and f/2 culture medium were prepared, and kept in the laboratory condition. The microalgae cells were separated by centrifugation at different stages of the experiment. The growth rate and fatty acids profile of all treatments were measured. The results showed that treatments 1 and 4 had the highest growth rate. Among all the treatments the highest fatty acid content were those of 0: C17 (Heptadecanoic acid) and 0: C6 (Hexanoic acid), and the highest amount of unsaturated fatty acids with a single double bond belonged to 1: C16 (Palmitoleic acid) and C18: 1Cis9 (Oleic acid). Significant differences (p<0/05) were observed between the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of all treatments. The results of ANOVA on the effects of the culture medium on the Omega-3 (ω − 3) and Omega-6 (ω − 3) content revealed significant differences (p<0/05) between all treatments. The highest ω − 3 content was recorded in treatment 2 (18. 28%), whereas in the other treatments it was less than 2%. The highest value of ω − 6 was recorded in treatments 2 and 4. Based on the results of this research, we recommend that urban sewage can be utilized as a substitute culture medium for the growth and mass production of C. vulgaris microalgae as a rich sources of fatty acids especially ω − 3.

The excessive entry of nitrate from municipal wastewaters and agriculture to surface and sub-surface water resources leads to the formation of the eutrophication phenomenon, followed by the algal bloom and the decreases of dissolved oxygen in aquatic ecosystems. These changes reduce the biological balance of these ecosystems and ultimately the death and destruction of living organisms. Currently, various adsorbents are used to remove excess of nitrate ion from aqueous solutions. In this study, marine algae, Sargassum ilicifolium was studied as a bioabsorbent for removal of nitrogen ion. In this experiment, various range of pH including (pH 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8), the amount of algae biomass S. ilicifolium (0. 01, 0. 3, 0. 05, 0. 1, 0. 15, 0. 2, 0. 3 and 0. 4 g) and the initial concentration of ion nitrate (50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 mg L-1) at contact time (0-60 minutes) on removal of nitrate ions from aqueous solution was investigated. Nitrate concentration was measured by spectrophotometric method at 500 nm wavelength. The results of this experiment showed that marine macro algae, S. ilicifolium had the best nitrate absorption capacity of 560 mg g-1 in the most suitable conditions, and the nitrate removal efficiency was 48%. The most suitable conditions for nitrate absorption were obtained at 0. 01 g L-1 algae biomass, pH: 7 and 350 mg L-1 of initial nitrate concentration. The results of this study showed that the dry powder of algae, S. ilicifolium is suitable for removal of nitrate ions from aqueous solution and is an appropriate bioactive agent for urban and agricultural wastewater treatment.

Prosopis juliflora is among the most problematic invasive species globally, and the negative effects of its biological invasion has targeted natural ecosystems of semi-tropical to arid lands of the Earth. High reproduction and dispersal capabilities and incredible tolerance and adaptability to new ecological conditions has led to the expansion of its distribution, reduction in native biodiversity and changes in community structure of the invaded areas. Since the eradication of invasive species is expensive and time-consuming, identifying areas that are exposing to the invasion of the species in the future, particularly due to the effects of climate change, provides an applicable tool for ecosystem planning and management. In this research using the concept of ecological niche modeling (ENM) and maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model, and also different climatic models and scenarios the impact of climate change on the global distribution of the species was assessed. Evaluating the impacts of climate change revealed a remarkable range expansion to upper latitudes by 2050. In a global scale North America, Mediterranean Basin and Middle East, and in a country scale in Iran, in addition to the southern provinces, habitats of central Iranian plateau including South Khorasan, Kerman, Fars, Semnan and Razavi Khorasan will be experiencing the highest range expansion of the species. the results of this study could be used as an efficient tool to implement broad-scale and priority-setting monitoring programs in natural ecosystems.

Pesticides residues on foods are potentially toxic to humans and it is of great concern. They may induce adverse health effects such as cancer, effects on reproduction, immune and nervous system complications. One of the important goals of public and environmental health officials is reducing exposure to pesticide residues on foods. Food preparation highly influences the Pesticides residues and safety of the food. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of storagewashing, peeling and storage on residue contents of four pesticides in cucumbers grown in greenhouses. this study was performed in which cucumber samples were harvested after spraying and their concentration was determined. In this section, the following processes were examined: Washing with drinking water: The samples were immersed in drinking water for 10 minutes and had a ten-second wear, . Cutting operations: In the other part, to evaluate the effect of peeling with a knife and tried to even remove the thickness of the skin taken for all The samples were of the same size, Storage operation at 4 ° C: , on the amount of relevant pesticide reduction. To carry out this stage of the study, at first, 1 kg of samples were transferred to the laboratory after harvesting. In the laboratory, samples were stored in plastic nylon in the refrigerator at 4 ° C and kept in the dark. On days 2, 5, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21 about one quarter kilogram of sample was taken out of the refrigerator and the extraction of the toxins was performed on them. The studied procedures as simple and effective processing methods could be used for reducing and removing pesticides on greenhouse products as home or commercial processing techniques. . Accordingly, Peeling is one of the other important techniques in the processing of most fruits and vegetables(P<0. 05). . The comparison of the mean levels of four pesticides residues showed a significant difference between the peeled and unpeeled samples. The washing procedure is an important method to pesticide residue dissipation in both household and commercial food processing. The effect of this procedure depends on the type of pesticides and the locations affected. Which indicates that compliance with the PHI (Per Harvest Interval) reduce the risks of residual pesticides.

Confectionary Creamy is one of the most widely used dairy products in the food industry. In recent years, demand for low-fat products has increased because awareness of people about fat consumption increased. There are a lot of research on the high fat content of Cream provided. The aim of this study was to use the milk protein concentrate to produce low-fat confectionary cream. In this research, milk protein concentrate (2, 4, 6 and 8%) was used and acidity, water holding capacity, sucrose, dry matter, viscosity, fat content Measured. SPSS 21 software was used to analyze the data and to compare the meanings, Duncan's multi-domain test was used at 95% confidence level. The results showed that with increasing percentage of milk protein concentrate, lipid, confectionary, acidity and fatty acids decreased, and the amount of viscosity and dry matter increased (p≤ 0. 05). Also, the amount of water holding capacity was stable for all treatments. In order to perform sensory evaluation, the parameters of taste, perfume, odor, color, texture, concentration and total acceptance were evaluated. The results showed that the highest sensory evaluation score belonged to T3 treatment (containing 6% milk protein concentrate + 54% cream), which according to the viscosity, water holding capacity and fat content decreased, and that's treatment introduced as the best treatment.

Supply chains have grown rapidly in recent years because only focusing on economic performance for the optimization of costs or Investment return cannot lead to the development or sustainability in the supply chain. For this purpose, the concepts of green supply chain management and sustainable supply chain management emerged to highlight the importance of social and environmental concerns with economic factors on supply chain planning. The purpose of this study is Designing a model of sustainable green supply chain with a focusing on environmental effects. Due to its abundance of raw materials, ceramic tile industry has long been considered in Iran and is one of the leading industries in the country with industrial developments. Failure to pay attention to environmental issues in this industry will cause a lot of damage to the environment. The research was an applied and descriptive survey which implemented on the mixed way. The most important component to contribute were identified and localized by content analysis and Delphi. After that, a conceptual framework was designed according to the recognized relationship on the literature reviews. Finally, the model was evaluated by questionnaire and experts and analysed by Minimal least squares method. The results confirm the main relationships between the model and the importance of the role of environmental impacts on the sustainable green supply chain.