RESEARCH BULLETIN OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY (HUMANITIES)
Year:2002 | Volume:13 | Issue:1|Papers Count:18

Some players of social roles have been subjected to severe evaluation and hereby criticisms. The severity of such criticisms and their recurrence in the Persian literature suggests the ideas to the reader that those who fulfill such roles are more apt to show contranormative behaviors. Among the poets and writers of Iran, Hafiz and Obaid-e Zakani have, more than others, attached people who exact such roles. Preachers, ascetics, judges, spirituals and magistrates have been, numerously, object of criticism. In this article while trying to explain the meaning of roles and the concepts related to it, an attempt is made to explore into the causes and background of the mentioned criticisms. Based on the norms and social expectations, first, the difference among roles is explained in order to Clarify people"s sensibility vis-a-vis certain roles. Then, after having searched into the Diwan of Hafiz, using content analysis method, the roles that have been specially attracted attention and have been subjected to criticism are reidentified. Finally, the degree of sensibility of the roles, basic norms related to them and people" s expectations are identified and reintroduced.

The main core of this discussion is the social role of quarters (Mahallat) in Islamic cities. The findings of archeologists and social thinkers of history of civilization, Mesopotamia and Nilotic, are known as a fore runner of civilization and architecture of cities in the world. From an architectural point of view, three political, economical and religious factors are important in the origin of cities in the Middle East. Islam as a complete ideology has affected all dimensions of social and human life. Even in the formation of houses and geographical and urban phenomena, it has brought drastic changes. The main characteristics of Islamic cities are polity (Hogumat), religious society (Ommat), guids (Bazaar) and quarters (Mahallat). Quarter is the main unit of social relations in Islamic cities and has major and minor elements. The spatial, cultural and economic factors are important. In the historical survey, the social role of quarters in the city of Isfahan in the past and present has been studied.

The Stoice Megaric logicians explored truth-functional conditional and its truth conditions, a knowledge which influenced modem logic. But it seems that they had no inf1uence on the Avecinna"s logic in the area of conditionals. Avecinna and his successor made a distinction between Etefaghieh and Lozomieh of (Mottaseleh) conditionals. Etdfaghieh has, in general, different properties from those of conditionals explained in modern logic. The examples of Lozomieh can be analyzed in terms of entailment, causal, or counterfactual conditionals. Therefore these conditionals are not truth functional. Here the additional requirement is a claim that there is so£ne kind of connection between the antecedent and the consequent. In other words, followers of Avecinna" s logic unaware of those conditionals that are kinds of logical implication, i.e. they were unaware of material and strict implication. As a result they have given the most attention to the analysis of Etefaghieh and Lozomieh as they are used in natural language and ordinary discourse according to the actual world.

This Paper first investigates the viewpoints of several mystics m1d hakims of Persian literature on the notion of exile (Ghorbat) as a selfconsciousness of man; and then m1alyses Shams-e Tabrizi s exile as represented in Mulavi"s poetry. It is argued that the evidence in the poetry of Mulavi follows the same pattern and recurring theme of Man"s lack of intimacy with his present situation. The incompatibility of Man"s conditions in the world, symbolized as a prison, with his spiritual motives and desires leads to an awareness of solitude and loneliness. Such awareness plays an important role in searching his true place in the universe and motivates every nostalgic attempt for the restoration of his genuine former condition as compatible with the essence of his existence.

Isfahan in the 13th Century of Hejira, with regard to the frequency and great number of poets was the second region after the capital. In this essay, also there is some matters about the history of that century, the problems of Isfahan, some Points to the governor of that time-seif al dowleh Mohammad Mirza soltan and his Famous Palave in Isfahan too and search and correction of source.

Molana Shoghi Baghdadi is the poet of the nineth century of Hejira who translated the collection of the poems attributed to Hazrat Ali (Peace be upon him) into Persian verse in 875. His translation is a literal translation and he has presented one line of Persian verse for each of the Arabic ones. In this miicle, the political and cultural (academic, artistic, and literary) peculiarities of the nineth century will be dealt with first and then a discussion about the poems attributed to Hazrat Ali (Peace be upon him), their explications and their translations will be rendered and then Shoghi"s translation of this collection and its peculiarities will be discussed and analyzed from different angles and views. Then the Arabic text and the Persian translation will be scrutinized with regard to the five corrected manuscripts. In the part of annotations, Shoghi"s poetry will be examined regarding its extent and quality of correspondence to the Arabic text.

Some versified stories of Persian literature are accounted as lyric and some as epic. These two separable issues epic and lyric-sometimes intermingle so that lyric creates some kind of epic and in the same way epic comes out of lyric. There are, of course, different kinds of lyric. Some kinds of lyric develop bravery and generosity and cause the lover represent generosity and bravery to achieve his beloved. These refer to mythical lyric of sentimental lyrics rather than materialistic ones. Most of famous versified stories are based on sentimental lyric such as Varaghe and Gulshahe take into account neither as a lyric nor as epic. This work illustrates a beautiful combination oflyric and epic. In this essay, we describe the love, different kinds of love, and explain the epic, and intermingling the epic and lyric together. Moreover, we have a short view on Varaghe and Gulshahe Ayyughi.

In view of techniques and approaches, a reason of technical artistic similiarities in art of image makings of the Ottoman and Safavid were manuscripts exchanged between the two countries as spoils of ware or political gifts which are presently kept in the well-known museum of Topkapi Saray. These techniques and methods all indicate the influence of Shiraz, Harat and Tabriz paintings. Many of Persian manuscripts illustrated in the first half of 10thcentury, particularly between years 941, 945 and also in 954 when the artistic atelier of Shah Tahmasb was in high growth and development during the peace contract between him an Shah Sulayman, these manuscripts were transferred to atelier as spoils of war and diplomatic gifts. The existence of similar elements in religious imagines such as coverage of the Prophet and Imams, and their holiness in paintings and also selection of similar subjects which confirm the legitimacy of Shiite are among similarities which can be studied and pondered in both countries" paintings. In this paper, in addition to introducing and studying religious manuscripts in both Safavid and Ottoman eras which discuss the religious differences and similarities with Shiite subject in both countries" painting, the reasons of these similarities and differences will be studied with emphasis on political, religious, economic and cultural conditions. This paper includes sections such as art in the Safavid era, the situation of art in Ottoman Turks and Persian Ottoman manuscripts.

The syntacticians of the Glorious Quran have expressed five differents views on syntax of the verse: ‹‹...و الذین یتوفون منکم و یذرون ازواجا یتربصن بانفسهم›› Chapter 2: Verse 234 But none of them is free from problems, as will be explained in this article. The present writer aims to introduce a new method of analyzing the syntactic structure of the verse under consideration. This approach has the advantage of avoiding all the problems faced by the,previous researchers in the field. It also reveals the eloquence, as well as the rhetorical aspects of the verse under discussion.

This article aims to find out how much successful Arbery and Shakir have been in their attempt to translate the Quran. As the glorious Quran is a magnificent document and God"s message to all human beings which has been kept unaltered for fourteen centuries because of its matchlessness and inimitability, no translation can take its place in Arabic, nor any translation meant to do so. The findings of this investigation indicate that these translations are not free of errors in spite of the fact that Arbery"s translation enjoys eloquent and charming style of writing and Shakir has more familiarity with Islam. The researcher suggests that a team of specialists in linguistics, translation, theology and Islamic history can better translate the holy Quran into English for the large mass of moslem community all over the world.

Hagamaneshian appeared in history with their military appearance and expansionist ambitions, and very soon kept the plateau of the west up to the coastlines of seas under observation. No doubt the presence in sea and control over the roads were among the primary goals of Parsians in order to establish a world of trade and merchandise. The Greeks not only affected Iran in the period of Hagamaneshian but also left their influence from the period of Alexander the great till the following period of Sasanid. This comparison is made to answer the. following three questions: First, was the initial view of Hagamaneshian towards the west only due to establishing trade and cultural relations? Second, what was the reaction of Greeks towards the migration of Parsians towards west? Third, to what extent did the aims of Darius and Korosh towards the west differ and what similarities did they have in common?

This research was conducted to determine the effects of motor activities and organization on the memory of normal and mentally-retarded children. The sample group was selected from five different areas of Tehran: north; south; east; west; and center. The total number of samples were 320 consisting of the following subgroups: 1. Nonnal children (from 4-6 to 5-6, years old): 120 girls and boys 2. Normal children (from 6-8 to 6-9 years old): 120 girls and boys 3. Mentally retarded children who were cognitively equal to the normal children of 6-8 to 6-9 years, and their ages ranging between 9 to 16 years: 80 girls and boys.,BR> The experimental conditions were motor activities at three levels of drawing, looking and pazzeling, and organization at two levels of unity and non-unity. The data obtained were analyzed through multi-analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results obtained confirmed the following hypothesis: 1. Retention increases with development; 2. Retention by the mentally-retarded children was significantly lower than that of the normal children who were cognitively equal to them. However, the comparison with the children who were cognitively lower than them did not show any meaningful difference. 3. In all the three groups, the organization of unity levelled to an increase in retention compared with the organization of non-unity level. 4. Children"s retention was better when they drew the stimuli, compared with other conditions. However, the difference was not statistically significant at 90% level. 5. In terms of retention, there was no meaningful difference between the boy and girl, subjects.

The developments in research in Library and Information sciences in the past few decades has caused the development of applied factors and use of related texts among users and experts in this field. The first glossary in library terms was published in 1964 (1343 H) by the office of public relations and publication of the libraries. Since then, many texts and materials of different types have made attempts at creating, selecting and propagating terms in this area. In the present article, after reviewing the related works, the approaches employed will be studied.

Personnel psychology has significance in I/O psychology. Psychological tests are used in personnel psychology to predict employee performance. The present research reports the application of Flanagan Industrial Tests to predict lateness and propensity to stay. The Flanagan Industrial Tests Battery is the first set of industrial tests in our country that is validated, standardized and has reliability. This battery contains psychomotor skills (3 tests), visual spatial abilities (3 tests), special abilities (5 tests) and general cognitive ability (7 tests). The lateness criterion was computed in two forms: duration and frequency. These tests were performed on 159 technicians in Mobarekeh Steel complex. The results indicate Flanagan Industrial Tests to be as an efficient tool for predicting lateness and propensity to stay in factory correlation and multiple regression is used for statistical analysis. Job involvement and adaptation to work interpret the data.

Burnout encompasses emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal non- accomplishment at work. This study investigates the burnout of the school principals in Isfahan. The descriptive method of research was employed. 270 school principals were the sample of this study. The multi stage sampling procedure was applied, burnout questionnaire was used. The burnout in internal dimensions, i.e. emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and nonaccomplishment as well as the external dimensions i.e. professional nonaccomplishment and avoiding responsibility was measured. The hypothesis was that 1) the burnout of school principals is higher than the average level, and 2) the burnout of school principals is different by gender and school levels. The results indicated that the scliool principals"burnout in both internal and external dimensions was less than the average level. The degree of burnm.lt in school levels was different. The average of school principals" burnout of secondary schools was 2.08, middle schools 1.41, and elementary schools 1.7. The average burnout of male school principals in internal and external dimensions were mme than females.

To recognize the advantages and disadvantages of each educational system, particularly university, evaluation is essential. So, the duties of university, which include instruction, research and services, must be evaluated. To evaluate teaching, criteria of effective teaching have to be specified. Then, suitable instrument should be developed. It should be stated that a variety of methods including managers, peers and student evaluation are used to evaluate teaching. Since student evaluation is the most popular method in the world and in our country, this paper only examined the advantages and criticism of this method. At the end, after conclusion, some suggestions have been presented for improving of this method.

Muhammad ibn Husam Khusfi is among the greatest poets and propagandists of the faction of Shiism. He flourished in the ninth century of Hejira, when Iran was under Timurid rule, and passed through one of her excruciating and sanguinary periods marked by the tyrmmy of alien rulers and princes. Ibn Husan1,like Firdowsi, cannot come to terms with the socio-political currents of his time, and so revolts against them. This spirit of insurgence and confrontation gravitates him toward composing epic poetry in reaction to the dominance of alien plunderers. Ibn Husam has composed several odes on the promised Mahdi . These compositions rank among unparalleled literary creations to be found in the Persian poetry. On the one hand, they exhibit artistic taste and innovation; on the other, they reflect heroic, doctrinal and social tendencies.