RESEARCHES ON TRANSLATION IN ARABIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Year:2015 | Volume:5 | Issue:12|Papers Count:6

One of the most important issues in the process of translation is achieving balance and equality in translation which this will be done through the study of various aspects of the source language and one of the most important fields of research in translational balance is lexical equality. However, it is not fully accessible between the source and target language due to various linguistic possibilities. But the translator must try as far as possible to provide precise lexical equivalents. One of the ways to achieve the equality of words in the process of translation is paying attention to different layers of meanings of the words and phenomena such as the comprehensive of meaning and Polysemy and context of the word and position of words. Therefore, we can get the correct translation of words in addition to recognizing the semantic field of words with term equal division into five parts. These five types are: one to one equality, one to several equality, several to one equality, one to component equality and one to zero equality. In this study, we want to study comparatively five Persian translation of the sermon of Nahj ul-balagha including translations of Dashti, Shahidi, Feiz ul-Islam and Jafari and we measure the success of mentioned translators in realization of lexical equality. The result of research shows that some translators couldn't provide an accurate translation due to lack of awareness of the different layers of words meaning and lack sufficient knowledge of some semantic components such as the phenomenon of polysemy and absolute and relative meaning of the words.

We can divide ambiguity in etymological structures of the Arabic language in two types: 1-Ambiguities that might arise, but have been prevented by taking some tact. 2- Structures that are potentially produced ambiguity. Early scholars have named only the first case as ambiguity, because according to them, basically, understanding the meaning is done according to the context and this eliminates ambiguity. But in the new study, the second type is based on this research, is viewed as a serious ambiguity. These researches have often paid some of these aspects sporadically, but in this study, we have tried to provide a new theoretical framework and complete with mention two categories of the concepts of homonymy and polysemy. Also, in a comparative dimension, the study translations of the Holy Quran shows that this kind of ambiguity is very clear in translation for this purpose, after studying of etymological structures in the Arabic language, we determined those funds that are creating ambiguity and then, we analyzed translations of the Quran with computer softwares and we extracted samples. These funds are in a variety of words, such as verbs, nouns and letters. Of these, homonymy is eleven (11) and polysemy is eight (8). Accordingly, on the one hand, the translator must be aware of these structures compeletly and on the other hand, the translator must have the necessary vigilance to find evidence about linguistic and non-linguistic signs which indicate the intended meaning to give priority to a semantic aspect on the other side.

Finding equivalents for the Quran words requires precise investigation of the etymology of words, studying their evolution and the verses context. In the Holy Quran, the term of ‘‘Majnun: crazy’’ is revealed 7 times in addressing to the Holy Prophet (PBUH), twice for Moses, once for Noah and once in general sense. According to meaning-oriented theory in translation, the meaning of each word in context is based on words that come before and after and also it determines the meaning of its neighboring words. In the Holy Quran, the term ‘‘Majnun’’ is accompanied by words such as ‘‘priest’’, ‘‘magician’’, ‘‘tutored’’ and ‘‘poet’’. With an overview of the words and their lofty position among the pre-Islamic Arabs, it is clear that the word ‘‘Majnun’’ had the same position. In this research, we are looking for explaining the neglected aspects from most translators of the Quran in Persian and by referring to desired verses, their translation and interpretation and analysis of elements that determines verses concepts, we result that all of them have translated all of mentioned words into ‘‘crazy’’ or ‘‘mad’’. As a result of these discussions it became clear that the term of ‘‘Majnun’’ in addressing to the Prophet (pbuh), does not mean ‘‘crazy’’ one due to his popularity in the community before his mission and the public beliefs about the poet. Also, the words of ‘‘Majnun’’ and ‘‘Jinni’’, of course with this explanation that both the word brings to mind a relationship with the puck, is the best equivalent for the word ‘‘Majnun’’ in these verses.

One of the essential principles of faithful and the favorable translations is establishment of the balance in the structures of the source and target language. Linguistic structures, especially syntax structure have basic role in the process of translation and linguistic analysis. Absolute ablative is a syntax role that it has not structural similarity in Persian and its equivalent should be found base on its structural equivalent in Persian namely adverb and its different types to the message of the Bible Quran be available for the thirst of divine knowledge Closer and more accurate. Carelessness to this issue makes that translation of absolute ablative be position of slipping in Persian translations of the Holy Quran. Accordingly, we examined Fooladvand's translation and the results show that the recent translation has been successful to find the equivalent for a variety of absolute ablative more than contemporary translations So that it has been the greatest success in finding of the structural equivalents for injunctive absolute ablative and all the injunctive absolute ablative in Surah Al-Nisa properly translated based on structural equivalent.

Transmission of science and knowledge from one language to another is possible from translation. But this transition process has weaknesses despite the advantages. Attention and sensitivity on this matter or subject is very important in the Holy Quran, because it emanates from premier source of matter. One of these weaknesses is seen in semantics and equivalent finding for the word ‘‘Hashr’’ and its derivatives. This article reviews and analysis equivalent of the mentioned word comprehensively and completely by the analytical method and there is a result that real equivalent of this word, ‘‘collecting and pushing towards Doomsday’’ accompanied with compulsion adverb. But this comprehensive mean has not been met in contemporary Persian translations such as Ayati, Elahi Ghomshei, Rezaei, Saffarzadeh, Fooladvand, Kavianpoor, Mojtabvi, Meshkini, Mesbahzadeh, Moezzi and Makarem Shirazi, and only Elahi Ghoshei has noted to it in one case and it is incomplete.

One of the difficulties for translators is facing with the same words and their application in language. Translator uses them interchangeably only under the pretext of semantic similarity between words. The user sentence does not have the correct meaning, because of the hidden differences in their underlying meaning. Accordingly, choice of equal and suitable words is the biggest challenge for translator beside acquaintance of translator with the language and culture of other nations and it is his skills. On the other hand, sentence meaning in a dramatic narrative text is including: A set of logical meanings of sentence forming elements and the meaning of speech is the sense that every sentence is allocated to its according to the purpose of the speaker of expression that sentence. Because the roles and dialogue changes with regard to persons and positions in sentence and text, the translator must see what equality is more suitable for desired. Interpretation in the form of the chosen expression or structure for translation of the sentence (Arabic) in Persian language. In this article, we review examples of translation of the narrative and dramatic texts based on the finding of lexical equals and we search lexical differences (including: Referential, Experimental, Semantic units, Conference, Implied, and Polysemy) and verbal (including: meaning of the words and meaning of the sentence). Finally, we suggest our translation for any of the dramatic and storied sentences. The results show that there are different ways for finding of equivalent that in the meantime, dynamic finding equal is more impressive.