Year:2007 | Volume:- | Issue:32|Papers Count:15

The purpose of this study was to study the effect of relaxation and mental imagery (mastery imagery) on self – efficacy and in tae kwon do athletes. 92 tekvando (15-18 years old) athletes were randomly assigned to three groups: relaxation training (30 athletes), imagery training (30 athletes) and control group (32 athletes) in Ardebil. Group 1 performed mental imagery in 8 sessions (session1: pre-test and primary mental imagery, session 2: mental imagery about, session 3 and 4: mental imagery about mastery, sessions 5,6 and 7: mental imagery about failed-mastery and session 8: post-test), and group 2 performed progressive relaxation in 8 sessions (session 1: pre-test and primary relaxation, sessions 2,3,4,5,6 and 7 : Jacobson progressive relaxation and session 8: Post-test). But 3 groups (control) did not perform any training. The instruments were Sherer self efficacy (17 items) and (20 items) scales. Results of ANOVA indicated a meaningful difference between pre-and post-test scores for self-efficacy and in the three groups (P<0.01).

The purpose of the study was to determine and model the national coaches' selection in swimming, diving and water polo. Coaches (Swimming, diving and water polo) responded to a questionnaire consisting of two parts, a: personal characteristics and b: 64 variables gathered from the literature. Principal component analysis of two data sets yielded eight main domains in coaching. The priorities were determined by Freidman Test as follows: Humanities factors, characters criteria, Technical skills, Social factors, Managerial skills, related experiences, Personal characteristics, and related sport abilities. Kruskal – wallis test indicated: no significant differences among swimming, diving and water polo coaches opinion about the priorities of the main domains. (R=0.086), the preference of the subgroups' characters criteria. (R=0.637), significant differences among swimming, diving and water polo coaches' opinions about the preference of the subgroups' social factors (R=0.015), the preference of the subgroups' humanities factors. (R=0.024), the preference of the subgroups' technical skills. (R=0.311), the preference of the subgroups' managerial skills.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of incremental continuous running as well as a morning and evening training on changes in serum innunoglobulins including IgA, IgG, IgM and testosterone and cortisol responses. For this reason 28 male athletic students were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups. The participants trained according to an incremental continuous running program with a certain heart rate for two months (16 sessions). To determine the amount of serum immunoglobulins as well as cortisol and testosterone hormones, the participants’ blood samples were taken twice, once 24 hours before the first training session and once 24 hours after the training session. The results showed that was not any significant difference between the two groups in the amounts of IgA, IgM, IgG serum in the pre-test and the post-test.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of various practice arrangements on acquisition, retention and transfer of generalized motor program and parameter. Using two single experiments, the researcher selected 120 subjects. Subjects must perform the first experiment with the aim of light pursuit on a monitor screen with stable motor program and variable parameters. In second experiment which is the same as the first one, light pursuit with stable parameter and variable motor programs are used. Subjects must perform the pursuit of light for 20 seconds and time – on target (TOT) by computer recorded as the performance score. After participating in pretest the subjects should practice for 9 sessions in acquisition phase and at the end, they should participate in retention and transfer experiment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate EMG fluctuation of antagonist muscle during agonist muscle activation after isotonic strength training. Thirty sedentary males (age 21±1.83 years, Height = 173.90 ± 3.94cm, weight = 73.15 ± 7.51kg) without and history of injuries of shoulder and elbow joints, tendons and muscles involved in elbow flexion movement participated in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to strength weight training (n=15) and control (n = 15) groups. Then the electromyography (EMG) data (Integrate EMG) from the agonist (Biceps brachii) and antagonist (Triceps brachii) muscles, arm circumference and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the dominant arm were measured in the pre – test. The experimental group performed isotonic strength training of the elbow flexors for 8 weeks 3 times per week. During this period, the control group did not perform any specific types of exercise. At the end of this training period, all parameters were measured again (post – test).

The purpose of this study is to compare self – efficacy and tolerance of ambiguity in team and individual athletes and non – athletes. 116 participants (34 team athletes, 20 individual athletes, 62 non – athletes) were randomly selected. The instrument are self – efficacy and tolerance of ambiguity questionnaires. Statistical analysis of data indicated that there was not a significant difference among three groups in self – efficacy. But in tolerance of ambiguity there was a significant difference among the groups. In other words, tolerance of ambiguity in team athletes than in other groups. Also was showed a significant different between athletes in two groups with high and low tolerance of ambiguity in self – efficacy. Finding showed that there was a meaningful relation between self-efficacy and tolerance of ambiguity.

The aim of this research is the evaluation of existing human resources in gymnastics to analyze SWOT and to present a comprehensive program for human resources. The sample was 120 genuine gymnasts in 30 provinces. The results showed that the proportion of gymnasts to the total population is 13 in every 100 thousand. 97.95% were amateurs and 2.05% professionals. The proportion of Iranian gymnasts to the country population for one coach is 47 and for one referee 114. The collected information shows the situation of gymnastic of country in the axis in weakness region. By the evaluation of resources and internal external information, we can present a collection of approaches and programs.

In these study 80 male students was assigned – accessible sampling technique and homogeneous manner – based on self – efficacy level to 4 groups. The first group performed physical training, the second group performed observational practice task, the third practiced physically and observationally and the fourth group served as the control group. The experimental groups participated in a 1- day acquisition and performed the retention task, after 72 hours. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t – test, two – way analysis of variance by spss: 11.5 to test the performance of the groups in acquisition and retention tasks. The results showed that the observational and combined practices had a significant effect on the acquisition and retention of badminton volley service (p<0.05) and those with high self – efficacy in acquisition and retention skills are successful.

The Purpose of this research was to provide norm of profile of mood states for male physical educators who participated in the national scientific professional competition. In this research population equals sample, therefore 337 physical educators from 29 provinces in seven age groups and three educational grades were selected. The information was obtained through profile of mood states (POMS).The validity and reliability has been reported in literature. Mean, standard deviation, percentile of rank and ANOVA were used in this research. Finally norms of profile of mood states for male physical educators in seven age groups, and three levels of educational grade were provided. The results showed that there was no significant difference in profile of mood state of physical educators among seven age groups and three levels of educational grade.

Sporting goods and services like other goods are subject to market forces. Commercial view on sports however, has rarely challenged. Furthermore, current approaches in sports and social belief have not paid serious attention to commercial aspects of sports. Therefore, there is not an important reflection on modern and critical thought about commercialization of sports. Current non-critical thoughts and attitudes about sports and commercialization have aimed to perpetuate established privileges and interests such as hierarchical control and production of interest. Commercialization trends in sports are so important and so extended that usually are accepted with no question and doubt. Some intellectuals believe that sociologists must challenge in some performances of the sport. This article, with a review of sports sociological literature, has tried to study the interaction between sports and commercialization. At first, it reviews the sports commercialization concept, and then describes the theoretical and empirical relations between sports and commercialization.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different static and dynamic stretch protocols on a 20-meter sprint. 97 male soccer players were randomly assigned to 4 groups. (i) Passive static stretch (PSS) (n=28), (ii) active dynamic stretch (ADS) (n=22), (iii) active static stretch (ASS) (n=24), (iv) static dynamic stretch (SDS) (n=23). All groups performed a standard 10-min. jog as the warm – up, followed by two 20-m sprints. The 20-m sprints were repeated after subjects performed different stretch protocols. The PSS and ASS groups had a significant increase in sprint period (P£0.05), while the ADS group had a significant decrease in sprint period (p 0.05). It was concluded that static stretching as part of a warm-up may decease short sprint performance, while active dynamic stretching seems to increase 20-m sprint performance.

The present study seeks to describe the rate of emotional intelligence (EI) and conflict management strategies (CMS) in educational and executive managers of all physical education colleges Iran. It also tries to determine the relationship between these two variables and compare them in this population. In order to gather the data, three questionnaires including Shearing’s EIQ, Robbin’s CMQ and individual traits questionnaire were used. The results showed that there was a significant negative relationship between EI and control strategy in conflict management (P<0.0001, r=0.4439). No relationship was observed between EI and avoidance strategy in conflict management, but there was a significant positive relationship between EI and collaboration strategy in conflict management (P<0.0001, r=0.4258).