Year:2001 | Volume:- | Issue:10|Papers Count:14

New educational methods are concerned with the transfer of learning responsibility from the teacher to the learner. Self-study or independent study is one of the active learning methods, that has a significant role in retension stability of some courses and fields of study.This research is a semi-experimental study that examines the effects of self-study and individual learning of physical education. The data were collected through eight closed questionnaries (240 questions). The statistical population was the physical education graduates of the second semester of the academic year 1999-2000.The results indicate that generally, self-study or independent study is more effective in the graduates retension. Those who graduated through the self-study or individual study mode had a higher rate of retension as compared with on-campus students. Such difference is significant from statistical perspective in α=0.03 level.

This study presents is a suitable description of physical & motor fitness. We have choson 182 subjects that have chosen first General physical education students who have only participated for 2 or 3 class sessions. Determining sample statistics that could demonstrate real results, we have randomly chosen 66 subjects 22 years of age and younger & 65 subjects 23 years of are and 51 subjects 24 years of age & old. After determining statistical samples. Tests Guidelines & Conditions to students per formand on anyone of six items, it has been taken a raw score. Statistical indicators for all three groups have been compared with both in our country and other countries. As the Average of tests showed, with increasing age of subjects from 22 to 24 years, the average of results showed a decrease especially for sit_ups, speed running, shuttle run & one mile running tests. Also, we composed of our research results with other tests results in inside universities.Sample group performance was at the lower level and perhaps the reason was time of operating test. Because, In this research against other researches which has been performed inside the county, for finding a suitable norm & criteria for comparing students status before & after teaching. The time of operating tests at the beginning of physical fitness class was.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a series of polyometric training on the structural, physiological and technical attributes of the Islamic Republic of Iran's elite national girl swimmers (ages 15-17). To do so, 30 girl swimmers who were participating in the national swimming team were selected randomly and were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed polyometric training three days a week for a duration of eight weeks in addition to their routine swimming training. The length of polyometric training was minutes for the first two week, and 18 to 20 minutes for the last two weeks.Analysis of the data showed: The polyometric training had a significant effect on the, aerobic power (P=0.01), and 33 meter swimming record (P=0.0001), while this training did not have any significant effect on reaction time (P=0.10).

Serum enzyme changes are a good marker for assignment of tissue damages. Some of the tissue damages or injuries resulting in various physical activities performance could be determined or evaluated by enzymatic activity alterations. This study purpose was inspection of soft carbohydrate beverage effects before maximum aerobic performance on the prevention of undesirable changes in the serum enzymatic activity. Twenty volunteer male subjects were divided by two equal groups experimental and control groups, (with age average 22.1±2.7, 21.3±2.0 years and lean body mass 65.41±5.57, 60.93±5.03 kg, respectively). First blood samples were obtained from right elbow vein before beverage intake. Then experimental subjects drank 500cc soft sucrose solution (2.5 percent) and control group just drank 500 cc placebo. Later all subjects participated in 3000m running competition and final blood samples were obtained immediately after the run. Independent T with SPSS software was used to analyze data and observed difference between two groups was significant (p=1%, df=18). On the basis of the results it was concluded that soft sucrose beverage can preclude from serum enzyme undesirable changes. This must be cautious taken with caution however, because it was not used from other markers. Therefore it more investigation is needed.

The goal in this semi-experimental study was to design and make an electronic apparatus, the shuttle Run (SH.R) and examination of precision and reliability of the apparatus and shuttle run test type 1 in estimating of the value Vo2max.After designing and making of electronic apparatus shuttle run (SH.R) 21 males 20-25 age of BU-ALI-SINA university of Hamedan are selected for the test. Testes subjects with 48 hours time distance performed shuttle run test type 1 with time distance 48 hours for two time periods.Meanwhile, the reliability of SH.R apparatus in playing the song and automatic computation of suggested equation Vo2max was examined. The correlation of R =0.89 for two times estimating of aerobic capacity of students obtained with use of shuttle run test type 1 and SH.R apparatus (SE=2.07 , P=0.0000). Also, the reliability of SH.R apparatus in playing song and computation of VO2max has been examined that the correlation of RZ=1 obtained which represent the reliability of SH.R apparatus and shuttle run test type 1. The finding of present research indicated that designed apparatus SH.R is a reliable apparatus for performing the shuttle run test typ1, with ability estimate aerobic capacity contemporary for 8 persons and ability for perform in the restricted physical areas 20 meters, and the shuttle run test type 1 enjoys from up-reliability in estimating aerobic capacity of subjects.

The aim of this Study was to compare two models of aerobic exercise (interval & continuous) on EPO concentration in 18-23 year old males. 50 college students were selected randomly and divided to two groups. One of the groups (25 subjects) performed interval aerobic exercise for 8 weeks. They participated in 5 training sessions per week (one session per day) and the 25 subjects in the other group did continuous aerobic exercise for 8 weeks.The EPO concentration alterations. Red blood cell counts (RBC) and means corpuscular Volume (MCV) was analyzed in subjects in pre and post testing. Also the VO2max of subjects was measured before and after two models of aerobic exercise. The data showed that: 1. There was no significant different on EPO concentration, before and after interval and continuous aerobic exercise2. There was no significant difference on EPO concentration between interval aerobic exercise and continuous aerobic exercise.3. The effect of interval aerobic exercise on VO2max and RBC was significant, but on the MCV was not significant.4. The effect of continuous aerobic exercise on all of the factors including EPO concentration, RBC and MCV accept V02max was not significant.

In the present study the effects of hyperglycemia (i.e., 12 mmol/l) throughout prolonged intense exercise on carbohydrate metabolism were examined. Eight male subjects undertook two trials during which they exercised on a cycle ergometer at an intensity of -70% V02max for 120 min. In the first trial (trial A), subjects had their blood glucose concentration clamped at 12 mmol/l, 30 min before exercise and throughout exercise, The same rate and volume of infusion of 0.9% saline as had occurred for trial A were used in a placebo trial (trial B).Calculated of the rates of total carbohydrate oxidation showed that trial A resulted in significantly higher values when compared with trial B (P<0.01), and the maximal rates of glucose infusion varied between 1.33 and 2,78 glmin at 100-120 min. Musccleglycogen concentrations were significantly depleted (P<0.01) after both trials (170 vs. 206,umol/g dry Wt.). This apparent difference between two trials may be accounted for by storage of 22.6g glucose during the 30-min prime infusion.The results of this study confirm that maintained hyperglycemia promotes carbohydrate oxidation and glucose uptake, and it does not affect sparing muscle glycogne. However hyperglycemia may spare other carbohydrate sources, especially hepatic reservoirs.

In order to study the type and nature of injuries incurred by Iranian female gymnasts, 50 top athletes participating in the national championship in 1999 were selected. These 50 athletes completed the questionnaire that included 15 tables and 20 questions. Injuries included, skin injuries, (abrasios, wounds), muscle-tendon injuries (strain, soreness), joint injuries (dislocation, sprain) and bone fracture (capillary fracture, closed fracture open fracture).The results indicated that 88% of the female gymnasts were injured during training or competition that included muscular injuries with 59.5% being the most frequent, followed by skin injuries with 18.6%, jont injuries with 17.8% and bone fractures with 4.4%. From the total injury cases, head and face injuries hand the lowest rate (2.1%) and the lower extremities had the highest rate injuries (58%), trunk and vertebral column injuries 7.7% and upper extremities injury was 32.2%.From the total injury cases, hematoma was highest, and bone fracture was lowest injury.56.8% of the athletes believed that gymnasts are mostly frequently hurt during floor exercises and 34.2% believed that vault and beam cause more injuries.

The main purpose of this study was to compare the effect of maximal and sub-maximal exercises on hematological parameters in athletic and non-athletic young male students.90 students (46 athletes, 44 non-athletes) with an age range of 15 to 17 years were selected randomly in Tehran. They practiced both maximal and sub-maximal exercises under the Bruce test for one week.In sub-maximal exercise they were allowed to continue the bruce test and to stop the exercise whenever their heart rate reached to 150.In maximal exercise they were instructed to exercise until exhaustion. Blood samples were taken before and after the exercises.Analysing of the data showed:1. There was a significant difference in HCf, MCHC and MCV response of athletes and non-athletes to maximal exercise, while no significant differences were observed regarding HGB, MPV, PLT, RBC, RDW and WBC variables in two groups.2. No significant difference was witnessed regarding hematological parameters between two groups caused by sub-maximal exercise.

Water aerobic training performed in different forms such as running, (jumping and walking, has its own unique effects. Running in shallow water, is accomplish in three different forms: running in shallow water, running with special floating devices in deep water, and running without any t10ating devices in deep water jumping, and walking, has its own unique effects. In this study, aerobic power, body composition, weight, and 540 m run time are determined as pretest and post test in 22 untrained high school girls (mean age 15.42±.82), divided in two experimental and. control groups (n=11). Experimental group began their training program in water as high as 70 percent of their heights, and continued this for 3 days a week for 18 bouts. Running times in waterl1as began from 20 min, increased 1 min per session, so that finally subjects .ran about 37 min. Mean temperature of water during entire training was 27±2°C. The following results have obtained finally: 1. 4.7 percent significant increase in absolute V02max. 2. 1.7 percent significant decrease in weight. 3. 6.5 percent significant decrease in. percent body fat. 4. 12.8 percent significant decrease in 540m run time In summary, with respect to the results of different studies in this field, the objectives of aerobic water training, determine. Training form and quality: if the objectives of training are maintaining cardiovascular fitness of injured athletes or special population, then it would better that training be performed in deep part of the pool, with or without floating devices. If the objectives of training are Vo2max improvements, then it would better that training be performed in the shallow part of the pool, main training running pattern in track.