Journal of Veterinary Research
Year:2008 | Volume:63 | Issue:4|Papers Count:20

The histopathological findings include as following: Gliosis (52%), Neuronal necrosis (37%), Perivascular cuffing (5.4%), hyperemia and hemorrhage in cerebral tissues (32.9%), hyperemia and hemorrhage in meaning(19.2%), prevascullar and preneuronal edema (52%), Meningial edema (16.4%), Vacuole in neurons (2.7%), Vacuole in neuropile 8.2%), protozoal cyct (5.4%). Frequency of fetal brain lesions consists of: meningitis (9.6%), encephalitis (50.7%), (nonsuppurative encephalitis 38.3%, suppurative encephalitis 12.3%), meningoencephalitis (8.2%), Encephalomalacia (1.4%), congenital anomalies (6.8% )(hydrocephaly and hydranencephaly). Non purulent encephalitis was the most common lesion in fetal brains that could be caused by viral and protozoal agents. 71% of nonsupporative encephalitis consisted of multifocal necrotic encephalitis which is mostly caused by protozoa. The etiology of abortion should be considered in future studies.

In present study the zoonotic role of cat in Bartonella henselae transmission have determined. It has done on 100 cats in 2 groups: indoor and outdoor and in 2 age's subgroups. Bartonella henselae was not isolated from blood culture of cats. 23 cats from 100 cats (23%) had antibodies against B. henselae. In this study there were no significant differences statistically in seroprevalence between cats and their owners (p<0.381). Seroprevalence of cat owners was 18% and in control group (persons who own no cat) was 5%. There were significant differences (p<0.004) between cat owners and control group. Only 6 cats of 50 cats under 6 months old had antibodies to bartonella henselae, and in the other group 17 cats were seropositive and there were significant differences between these two groups (p<0.009) that showed seroprevalence in cats more than 6 months old is higher than the cats under 6 months old. 2 indoor cats from 50 indoor cats and 21 outdoor cats from 50 outdoor cats were seropositive and comparing of these two groups showed significant differences (p<0.0005), which confirmed indoor cats are less frequently infected than outdoor or stray cats.

This study was conducted to determining the GPX, Hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and hematocrite percentage (Hct) in blood samples of young ewes were gathered at different places of Zagheh Salman pastures in Qom province. 15 blood samples were gathered through 8 flocks during autumn, winter and spring seasons randomly. At first the measures of GPX, Hb and Hct were determined and then GPX concentration in the basis of unit per gram of hemoglobin and unit per milliliter of hematocrite were calculated. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results showed that the ratios of GPX to hemoglobin concentration (GPX/Hb) and hematocrite percentage (GPX/Hct) were higher than their marginal levels significantly. There were significant differences between three seasons for hematocrite percentage and the ratios of GPX to hemoglobin (GPX/Hb) and hematocrite (GPX/Hct).The mean of hematocrite percentage had a maximum level in spring and minimum in winter. The ratios of GPX to hemoglobin and hematocrite had a maximum level in autumn and minimum in spring. The results of this research indicate that, despite of differences between flock and seasons all of flock had higher amounts of mentioned blood factors than their marginal levels and they had no deficiency aspects for these blood factors.

This study was conducted during 3 years period (2002-2004). Tick sampling was carried out randomly from domestic animals during seasonal activity of ticks from different parts of Iran. 2170 ticks from 151 cattle, 629 sheep, 336 goats and 33 camels were collected. The occurrence of tick infestation in cattle, sheep, goats and camels was 60%, 71.4%, 53% and 46 %respectively. Sampled ticks of Rhipicephalus species have been identified as; Rhipiephalus sanguineus (37.9%) Rhipiephalus bursa (49.8%) and Rhipicephalus turanicus (12.23%). All three species adopted in ecological zone II but Rhipicephalus sanguineus was the main tick species found in four zones of Iran. The comparative tick yield obtained from animals showed that Rhipicephalus bursa was the most abundant in zone II but Rhipicephalus sanguineus was the rarest species in zone IV. The results described here suggest that livestock had almost different pattern of tick species in any localities of Iran.

For investigation of causes of silkworm mortality, the sick larva specimens in different levels of growth examined for parasite, viral, fungal and bacterial diseases. The samples included some dead larva and bed materials contained eggs, leaves and stool which was examined ordinary diagnostic methods. The complementary tests were also used for all cases. In wet smear prepared from intestine wall, a kind of protozoa spore of Microsporidia phylum was observed that was not the agent of pebrin disease, and some budding cells (yeasts) were seen as well, which identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There were many polyhedra forms in smears of hemolynph that were stained with methylen blue dying and seen with ordinary microscope, diagnosed as Polyhedrosis or Grasserie disease (NPV). For the purpose of diagnostic reconfirmation, the polyhedra were injected to healthy larva. The bacterial agent including Streptococcus (d) Hemolytica as digestive tracts disease agent, staphylococcus aureus, and Serratia marcescen as septicemia agents and Bacillus turingensis the agent of Sotto disease, were separated. In general the incidence of these diseases showed the unsuitable conditions in sericultures that can be depends on poor disinfection, lack of proper feeding and deficiency of temperature and humidity. Improvement in rearing techniques, using of appropriate rearing room and equipments, maintenance of hygienic conditions during rearing, improvement of disinfection methods, the quarantine of the silkworm seeds and using of resistant varieties of silkworm to diseases can decrease out-breaks.

The effect on levels of methionine (NRC recommended, 5 percent more than NRC recommended and 10 percent more than NRC recommended) and 2 levels of fat (0 and 5 percent) on some economical traits (performance and carcass) of broilers using a 2x3 factorial experiment with completely randomized design based on two rearing stages, starter (0-3 wk) and grower (4-6 wk) was studied. ANOVA of the effects of dietary treatments on traits and Duncan's multiple range test to compare means revealed that methionine levels had significant effect on live weight gain and improvement of feed conversion ratio in starter (p<0.05), grower and total period (p<0.01). Fat had no significant effect on live weight gain and feed conversion ratio in starter (p>0.05). Carcass traits were not significantly affected by different levels of fat (p>0.05) but methionine levels decreased abdominal fat yield and increased breast yield significantly (p<0.05). The interactions between methionine and fat levels were not significant (p>0.05). Therefore it can be concluded that using methionine up to 10 percent more than NRC recommended and fat up to 5 percent of diet, except in starter, is recommendable in broiler diets.

For developmental study of thymus in different stages of fetal period, from thymus glands of 75 healthy fetuses. Histological sections were prepared and stained by H&E, PAS, Verhoeff, Toluidine blue and Van Geisson's methods. This study revealed that, the infiltration and accumulation of lymphocytes in thymus takes place at second month. Medullae were expanded and cortices were seen as accumulation of lymphocytes around them at first half of third month. There were progression in the thymus lobulation and the thicknesses of lobules were increased at second half of the third month. At the fourth month of development, the sizes of thymic lobules were reached to their maximum diameter, but the trabeculae became very thin. In overall, it seems that the most critical period of thymus development in sheep fetus was second half of second month till the end of third month.

Five healthy adult male Iranian donkeys (Equus asinus) were selected and Ivermectin (0.2, 0.6 and 0.9 mg/kg, orally at different times) for 14 days was administered. Before dosing, control blood samples were taken on day 0.Blood samples were taken on days 1,2,3,7 and 14 following ivermectin administration at different doses. The results showed that the activity of serum AST and LD R increased on days 7 and 14 following ivermectin (0.2, 0.6 and 0.9 mg/kg, orally) administration (p<0.05). ALP activity and BUN concentration increased significantly on day 14 following ivermectin (0.2, 0.6 and 0.9 mg/kg, orally) administration (p<0.05). Changes of ablumin, creatinin, glucose, total protein, Phosphorous and calcium concentrations and hemoglobin, PCV, MCR, MCHC, MCV and percentages of neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and platelet numbers were not significant (p>0.05). As it was shown in short term, no abnormal clinical and laboratory findings were detected following different oral doses of ivermectin and it seems that the drug can be safely administered to this species.

With aim for Identification of contaminative and critical points of raw milk during production in 9 selected industrial dairy farms, 408 raw milk samples were collected from udders, milking machine, cooling tank and milk transport vehicle at receiving platform in dairy plant. Samples were examined for total microbial, coliform and E. coli count and also acidity and pH. Total microbial count of Samples was significantly lower in udders than the later stages (p<0.001). Coliform count of Samples increased significantly from udders to cooling tank and milk transport vehicle at receiving platform in dairy plant (p<0.05). There were no significant differences (p>0.05) among the E. coli count at the different stages. High total microbial count in udder milk samples and significantly increase of this factor and acidity in milking, machine stage imply to localize executive, educational and investigative activity on this crisis points

This study was conducted to detect the presence of sejA gene among Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from poultry sources by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and evaluate its potential as diagnostic and epidemiological tools. Thirty Salmonella isolates from poultry sources: broilers, broiler breeders, layers, hatcheries, and poultry abattoirs were investigated. Upper and forward primers were constructed based on the published sequence of the sefA gene that encodes the SEF14 fimbrial subunit (fimbrin). The size of target product was 526 bp. To confirm the specificity, the PCR products were digested with BamHI restriction enzyme that divides the product to two segments of 186 and 340 bp. The PCR reaction was set up as described in the previous literature. All Salmonella Enteritidis isolates showed the presence of 526 bp product. None of isolates belonging to serogroups Band C were positive for the 526 bp fragment. The restriction enzyme BamHI divided each 526 bp product into two fragments of 186 and 340 bp. This pattern was demonstrated for all Salmonella Enteritidis isolates. The results of the present study showed that the sefA gene carries a high potential to be used as a diagnostic and an epidemiological tool for Salmonella Enteritidis.

The prevalence of sub-clinical ketosis and its predisposing factors were assessed in three dairy farms with different sizes (large, medium, small) and different facilities, and with constant management routines. Eighty-one cows within the first two months of lactation were sampled for blood. The concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate and glucose were determined in blood serum. Rations were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, NDF, fNDF and NFC. The housing conditions of the cows were also assessed. The prevalence of sub-clinical ketosis (betahydroxybutyrate> 1000 micromole/lit) was 7.7%, 70.6% and 87.5% in the large, the medium and the small farm, respectively. The disease prevalence was 42% in the sum of the three farms. The primary dietary insufficiencies (especially in NDF, fNDF and dry matter) were diagnosed to be some of the most important reasons of the high prevalence of the disease. However, reformulating of the rations, without considering the infrastructure of the farms and the interactions among nutrition, management and environment, would not have a reasonable effect on prevention of sub-clinical ketosis.

The clinical features of salmonellosis and prevalence of salmonella serogroups in calves were studied on one hundred and thirty two suspected calves in dairy farms around Tehran. Clinical examinations were carried out and the faecal or tissue (if calve was euthanized or dead) samples were collected for bacterial culture. The results were analyzed with Chi-square statistical test. Salmonella spp was isolated from 18 samples of 132(13.6%). Salmonella isolates belonged to 4 serogroups D, B, C1 and C2. Clinical signs Observed in 6 forms: chronic enteritis (33.3%), septicemia (27 .8%), Acute enteritis(22%), dry gangrene of exterimities(5.5%), pneumoenteritis (5.5%) and polyarthritis (5.5%). Eight of 18 salmonelleic calves (44.4%) died and 7 (38.9%) euthanized because of prolonging disease and not response to treatment. Occurrence of salmonellosis was significantly higher in calves with 1.5 to 3 month of ages (p <0.05). The prevalence of salmonellosis was higher in summer and winter and was more in calves that were held in hutches, but the differences were not significant. Most common clinical forms of salmonellosis were chronic enteritis, acute enteritis and septicemia. Most of salmonella isolates belonged to serogroup D (61.2% ). Considering other studies and results of this research, the serogroup D salmonella apear to be the most common cause of salmonellosis in calves in dairy farms around Tehran.

In This study, the effect of different concentrations of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (0.00, 0.005, 0.015, 0.03%), temperatures (8&25°C) and storage time (up to 21 days) was evaluated in a food model system (Humburger). The correlation coefficient of different concentrations of zataria multiflora Boiss.e ssential oil with logarithm of the numbers of E.coli O157:H7 was (-0.528). It was found that effect of different concentrations of essential oil on growth rate of E.coli O157:H7 was statistically significant (p<0.05). The correlation coefficient of storage time and logarithm of the number of microorganism used in this study was (0.434), which indicated a decrease in the growth rate when the storage time was increased. The effect of storage time on growth rate was statistically significant (p<0.05). In addition the correlation coefficient of storage temperature with logarithm of the number of bacterium was (0.500). In other words, decreasing the storage temperature (from 25°C to 8°C) resulted in the decrease of the growth rate of the microorganism (p<0.05).

In this study 77 and 86 bacterial strains were isolated from faeces of healthy and diarrhoeic dogs respectively. All Salmonella isolates were confirmed by peR method using specific invA genes. Antibacterial activity of 8 routine antibiotics including tylosin, gentamycin, kanamycin, neomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol and sulfadiazine on the isolated bacteria was evaluated by disk diffusion method. Isolated bacteria from faeces of healthy dogs were as follow: Escherichia coli (27.27%), Proteus mirabilis (23.38%), Lactobacilli (19.48%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.69%), Staphylococcus aureus (5.19%), Bacillus cereus (4.49%), Corynebacteria (3.90%), and Clostridium perfringens (2.60%). Isolated bacteria from faeces of diarrheic dogs were as follows: Escherichia coli (25.58%), Proteus mirabilis (22.09%), Lactobacilli (13.95%), Bacilluscereus (11.63%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.14%), Salmonella (8.14%), Corynebacteria (4.65%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.65%), and Clostridium perfringens (1.16%). The results showed that all isolated bacteria from diarrheal faeces were sensitive to sulfadiazine. However this antibiotic had weak antibacterial activity against gastrointestinal normal flora.

Laparoscopic technique in recent years has tremendously being used as a non invasive surgery to perform different operation in abdominal and thoracic cavities. This technique has been used from 1987 in different aspect of human surgery. In addition to diagnosis, biopsy, visualizing adhesion and neoplastic structure, recently cholecystectomy and ovariohysterectomy were also commonly being used as a therapeutic measure. Different investigations using laparoscope, indicate superiority of this technique as compare to that of conventional open surgery method in areas of pain, time, hospitalization, anatomical dissection, immunity reaction, cosmetic appearance, adhesion and wound involved. Veterinary laparoscopic technique use nowadays is also being extensively increasing in different organs Gasterointestinal laparoscopic surgery is routinely being performed to remove foreign body, neoplasia, obstruction, duodenal and pyloric wound. Looking to future light for improving usage oflaparoscopic technique in research and clinical aspect plus improving the concept of reducing pain and surgical complications, It is extremely necessary to take proper decision/action to improve research out come in near future for application of laparoscopic tools in abdominal surge.Conclusion: Laparoscopic surgeries in gastrointestinal tract have several advantages. Reduction in the period of postoperative intestinal paralysis so that gastrointestinal function returns more rapidly to normal status following minimally invasive surgery. It also involves a reduced immune response compared with open surgery. Reduced tissue desiccation and foreign body contamination and also fewer intra-abdominal adhesion. It has gained wide clinical acceptance in surgical practice in comparison to open surgery.

Using the database of the Animal Breeding Center ofIran and based on the eligible test-day data from 78969 cows in five provinces: Tehran (with 44129 cows), Ghazvin (6668), Zanjan (1767), Isfahan (7572), Khorasan-e-Razavi (14521) and others (4312) the averages of 426850±966840 and 473860±605330 cells/ml of milk somatic cell count (SCe) was calculated for individual cows and herds respectively. A Pearson's correlation coefficient of -0.174 revealed a highly significant negative correlation between test-day milk production and SCC (p<0.01). The annual production losses of approximately 150000 tons of raw milk in the price of 420 billion Rials were estimated at the national level.