Journal of Veterinary Research
Year:2011 | Volume:66 | Issue:2|Papers Count:15

This study was a part of a larger project using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modelling to evaluate antimicrobial drugs in calf pneumonia. Ten healthy animals received 40 mg/kg florfenicol by a single subcutaneous (SC) injection and at pre-determined time points (0-120 h), serum, exudate and transudate samples were collected using a tissue cage model.Florfenicol concentrations in samples were determined by a validated HPLC method and then PK parameters of florfenicol in biological fluids of calves were calculated. Florfenicol PK data were used for PK-PD integration and for determination of average concentrations/minimal inhibitory concentration (Cave/MIC) ratios of M. hemolytica and P. multocida in 24 h periods following injection. In PK modelling, a two-compartmental model for serum and a one-compartmental model for exudate and transudate were used. Comparing the PK parameters of three biological fluids indicated that mean serum C max (5.91 mg/ml) was higher and mean serum T max (2.28 h) was much shorter than those of exudate (3.39 mg/ml, 17.2 h) and transudate (2.84 mg/ml, 17.9 h).These results suggest that florfenicol readily penetrates and distributes in interstitial fluids and achieves concentrations about half of the serum levels in tissue cage fluids. PK- PD integration of florfenicol in serum of calves showed desirable values for AUC 0-24 h/MIC in M. hemolytica andP. multocida, 151.8 and 183.3 h, respectively and T>MIC was at least 72 h. In conclusion, florfenicol therapeutic concentration in calves is achieved at least for 72 h by a single SC injection, though the efficacy of this dosage regimen in calf pneumonia should be confirmed in clinical field trials.

Diazinon [0, 0-diethyl 0- (2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4yl) Phosphorothioate] is one of the widely used organophosphate pesticides to control pest insects in agriculture and veterinary medicine. Therefore, there is always the risk of human contact with this toxin. The present study was carried out to investigate the toxicopathologic effects of diazinon in male rabbits through dermal exposure. For this purpose, 12 adult male rabbits were divided into two equal groups of 6 rabbits. The treatment group (A) received diazinon through dermal exposure for 28 days. The control group (B) on the other hand was given ethyl alcohol, as solvent of the diazinon, using the same method. Blood samples were collected from marginal ear vein of the control and the treatment animals on day 0 and later on days 7th, 14th, 21th, 28th of treatment. The analysis obtained from the data revealed that diazinon affects the haematological and biochemical parameters in Group A. In fact, there was a significant decrease in red blood cell count and hemoglobin (Hb) in the treated rabbits (p<0.05). Diazinon increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level in the serum (p<0.01) and cholesterol level (p<0.05). Diazinon also significantly decreased triglyceride and total protein level of the serum in the treatment group (0.05). On day 28, the rabbits were euthantized and necropsy was done. The histopathological changes that were observed in the treatment group included necrosis of hepathocytes, fat degeneration and hyperemia in liver, interstitial pneumonia, hyperemia, emphysema and epithelialization in lungs, hyperemia, hyaline cast and tubular necrosis in kidneys, hyperemia, atrophy and necrosis of muscle fiber in heart, degeneration in testis, and finally suppurative dermatitis in skin. The results also showed that dermal contact with Diasinon not only had toxic effects on hematological and biochemical parameters but also caused pathologic changes in various body organs.

Diseases of the bladder and urethra are more common and more important than diseases of the kidneys in large animals. However, limited studies have been done in the case of bladder diseases in small ruminants. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the frequency of urinary bladder lesions in small ruminants at Garmsar abattoir. Based on a cross-sectional study 400 randomly selected small ruminant's bladders (315 sheep and 85 goats) were examined at the local slaughterhouse in summer and autumn. Species, age and sex of the animals and characteristics of the observed lesions were recorded. Types of the lesions were determined by histopathological examination. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used for data analysis. Of the 400 urinary bladders, the rate of frequency was calculated 18 (4.5%) and the range was estimated as 2.69-7.02% using 95% level of confidence. The prevalence of urinary bladder lesions were 2.86% in sheep and 10.59% in goats. The lesions included parasitic cyst, melanosis, developmental abnormality of mucosa, diverticulum, transitional cell papilloma and leiomyoma.

Mycoplasma synoviae, (MS) as a pathogen involving in respiratory and locomotor disorders, causes many economic losses on poultry industry in Iran. Therefore, early and reliable diagnosis and also strain differentiation is a key to prevention and control. The aim of this study was the isolation, detection, and differentiation of Iranian isolates especially field and vaccine strains using PCR. Eleven serologically positive flocks from different parts of country were selected.From each flock, 20 blood samples were provided for serum plate agglutination test and ELISA, 10 swabs were taken from trachea, cleft palate, and tissues for MS isolation, and 9 swabs were collected for PCR identification. For the first time in Iran, the primers complementary to the single-copy conserved 5' end of vlhA gene were used for detection of MS by PCR. Results obtained from serology, isolation, and PCR using primers related to 16s rRNA andvlhA genes were analyzed and compared. PCR results, in addition to identification of Mycoplasma species, revealed variable sizes of 350-400 bp among standard strain, vaccine strains, and Iranian field isolates. The findings of this study demonstrated that the vlhA gene-targeted PCR is a sensitive and specific test for detection of M.synoviae, and an efficient tool for primary typing of its different strains.

Total gastrectomy is applied to treat patients with malignant gastric tumors and it has a lot of postprandial symptom such as dysphagia, pyrosis, lack of appetite, and reduced food intake, followed by loss of body weight. Minimally invasive surgery has numerous advantages that makes it a valuable method in various operations. Laparoscopic gastric surgery is a new and technically challenging surgical procedure that can be done with safety and potential benefit, particularly in decreased wound-related complication. This experimental study was done in 10 adult male dogs in two groups (5 dogs in each group). Subtotal gastrectomy was applied with laparoscopic assisted and laparotomy method, respectively. Reconstruction was done with standard Roux-en-Y method in both groups. Clinical signs and body weight were recorded until 30 days after surgery. On day 30th after operation, simple and contrast radiographs was taken in all patients to evaluate the emptying time. There was no difference between the rates of emptying time in two groups. Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy with flexible endoscope was performed in all patients of both groups to observe morphology of the esophagus and remained part of stomach, status of entreogastric biliary reflux and presence of esophagitis reflux. Reflux esoghagitis was not seen in any patient in both groups. The rate of bleeding and the time of surgery were more in laparotomy and less in laparoscopy method. The exploratory laparoscopy performed on day 30th after operation showed minimum adhesion around anastomosis area in laparoscopic group and the region descriptively. Results revealed that the Roux-en-Y reconstruction after laparoscopic assisted subtotal gastrectomy was the most useful procedures for improving the postoperative quality of life in patients.

Use of prebiotics, nondigestib le dietary ingredients that beneficially affect the health host, is a novel concept in aquaculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of inulin supplementation on hematological and biochemical parameters of juvenile beluga (Huso huso).An 8-week trial was carried out to investigate the effects of different dietary prebiotic inulin at 0.0%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 3.0% on hematologic and some blood serum nonelectrolytes of cultured juvenile great sturgeon (Huso huso). Blood samples were collected from caudal vein of 36 apparently healthy fish (average weight 65 g) at the end of trial. Data was analysed by regression analysis and pearson correlation test. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in serum enzymes between treatments. There were no differences in the RBC, MCH, glucose, albumin, cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid between treatments. A significant elevation (p<0.01) of Haematocrit, WBC and lymphocyte was found in the fish fed diet 1.0% inulin. The results indicate that dietary administration of inulin at the level of 1.0% can positively influence on some blood parameters of cultured juvenile great sturgeon.

Cholesterol is one of causes of cardiovascular diseases in humans, but serum cholesterol has an important role for egg production in birds. There are conflicting hypothesis about dietary antioxidant effect on serum cholesterol, while very few experiment have been conducted on poultry. So this study was performed to evaluate the effect of dietary levels of antioxidant vitamins (vitamin E and C) on hen performance, egg quality, egg cholesterol, blood parameters including glucose, triglyceride as well as cholesterol and its components in laying hens. Total 168 Hy-Line W36 laying hens at 39 weeks of age were divided into 7 groups and 6 replicates with 4 hens in each replicate as completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of adding levels of 100, 200 and 400 mg vitamin E or C per kg of the basal diet. Vitamin E or C has not significant effect on hen performance. Yolk weight decreased (p<0.05) by increasing the level of antioxidant vitamins in the diet. Yolk cholesterol also decreased linearly with increasing dietary antioxidant vitamin.Vitamins, particularly vitamin C, caused a significant increase in serum glucose. Although, no significant differences were observed between groups in total serum cholesterol, but serum HDL cholesterol decreased, whereas LDL cholesterol increased (p<0.05) as dietary vitamin E or C increased in diets. It seems that vitamin E is more effective than vitamin C in modifying cholesterol contents. However, the higher level of vitamin E or C in diet resulted a more decrease in egg cholesterol content, but this caused lower egg yolk weight significantly that reduced egg weight. Decreasing serum HDL cholesterol and increasing LDL cholesterol is relatively new result that should be investigated in further researches.

The ingestion and absorption of colostral immunoglobulins are essential for improving immunity of calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral supplementation of Vitamin E on IgG absorption from colostrum by newborn calves. The same amount and quality of colostrum with or without Vitamin E addition was fed to paired calves (n=12) once at birth.Blood samples were collected three-times at 0, 12 and 24 hours after birth from each group. Plasma was obtained and analyzed with HPLC and ELISA for Vitamin E and IgG concentration, respectively. Plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations of calves supplemented with vitamin E were significantly higher than the control calves. Feeding of colostrum containing 1000 IU Vitamin E insignifacantly increased IgG amount in the these of plasma of calves 24 h after birth.This study revealed that Vitamin E supplementation to colostrum did not increase IgG amount in blood plasma, However was found that there was no conflict between Vitamin E supplementation and IgG absorption in newborn calves.

Poultry products have been recognized as a major source of human illness caused by Salmonella serovars. The water content of pre-chiller and chiller in processing line could be the source of cross contamination. Water contents of pre-chillers and chillers, in Mashhad poultry abattoirs are regularly changed every 2 and 5 hours respectively. In this study, a total of 52 water samples were collected from the main tank, the pre-chiller, the initial and the final sections of the chiller in different hours and during four consecutive days. In order to isolate Salmonella spp., conventional culture method: including pre- enrichment, enrichment, selective plating and differential plating were performed. To confirm the identification of isolated colonies as Salmonella spp. and determining serovars as Typhimurium and Enteritidis serovars, a multiplex PCR (m-PCR) assay, using three pairs of primers were employed. S141 and S139 for InvA gene, specific for the genus of Salmonella, Fli15 and Tym for FliC gene, specific for Typhimurium serovar and Prot6e-5 and Prot6e-6 forProt6E gene, specific for Enteritidis serovar. Number of ten samples (19.2 %) were determined as contaminated with Salmonella spp. All positive samples were from the source of water chiller and the highest rate of contamination was determined in the final hours before refilling of chiller water. In m-PCR assay, number of 1 (1.9%) of isolated colonies were confirmed as Salmonella Typhimurium and number of 3 (5.8%) of isolated colonies were confirmed as Salmonella Enteritidis. Considering the presence of pathogenic bacteria in chiller water, using counter flow of water and using disinfectants are recommendable.

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) genome is a bi-segmented RNAvirus that encodes five viral proteins. The need for the development of a simple and rapid method to differentiate the IBDVs has prompted researchers to work on different viral proteins of these viruses. At the present study, an attempt was made to amplify a 715 bp fragment ofVP1 gene by RT-PCR of 26 IBDV isolates that their virulence pattern had been previously determined by RT-PCR/REA ofVP2 gene. The results showed that in 20 (76%) IBDV isolates, the virulence pattern (very virulent IBDV) were found to be identical using either RT-PCR ofVP1 or RT-PCR/REAof VP2. However, in the remaining six IBDV isolates the results were different. Considering the available farm data from the viruses of this study which are in accordance with results onVP1, it is speculated that this finding may be due to the presence of reassortant IBDVs. These findings also indicate that the VP2in not the sole determinant for the virulence in IBDV.

During sperm storage, Oxidative damage is one of the major causes for the reduction of sperm motility and fertility. This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of different levels of vitamin E and C, as antioxidants on diluted sperm and their protective effects were compared on traits related to the quality of sperm. A two-variable factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) including seven levels of vitamins C, E and control group along with two levels of storage time was used in this study. The levels of vitamin E, were included E2 (2 mg), E4 (4 mg) and E6 (6 mg) per 10 ml diluted sperm and the levels of vitamin C, were included C0.3 (0.3mg), C0.6 (0.6mg) and C0.9 (0.9 mg) per 1ml diluted sperm. At initiation of storage there was no significant difference between levels of vitamins E, C and control group (p>0.5). After 72 hours of storage there was a significant difference between percentage of motile spermatozoa in different levels of vitamin E, with other treatments (p<0.05). The viability levels of E4 and E6 were significantly higher (p<0.05) however no significant difference was seen between viability of E2 and E4 (p>0.05). The levels of membrane integrity in E2 and E6 were higher significantly than other groups (p<0.05). According to the results of the present study, supplemented of vitamin E with 6 mg in 10 ml of the diluted sperm based on Tris has the best effect in the quality of sperm of Taleshi ram at 5oC.

Coccidiosis is of great economic and medical importance in sheep. Coccidial infection have been reported in almost all sheep rearing places in the world. Coccidia are generally regarded as ubiquitous parasite of animals and continue to be a serious cause of lowered productivity and illhealth.There have been some studies on sheep coccidial infection in Iran. Present study was performed to determine the prevalence rate and diversity ofEimeria speciesamong 230 facal samples provided form sheep of Hamedan suburb. Oocysts were separated using Clayton Lane procedure and were sporoulated. Different species of Eimeria were recognized based on morphometry (length, width, and shape index) and morphology (shape, color, presence or absence of micropyle and its cap, presence of residual, polar and stiedae bodies) of the oocysts. The results showed an overall prevalence of 43.04 percent for coccidisis. The identified species includedE. ovinoidalis (%24.21). E. ahsata (% 17.82) E.faurei (% 17.82), E. parva (% 14.78), E. crandalis(% 8.6), E. punctata (% 3.91) E. ovina (% 3.04) E. palida (% 2.68), E. intricata (% .86), and E. Wey bridgensis (%.43).

Splenic masses are localized palpable enlargements can be classified as neoplastic and nonneoplastic.The aim of this report is to describe the clinical and pathological findings of a splenic hematoma and differentiate it from a splenic hemangiosarcoma. Clinical examinations of a 7-year-old male German Shepherd Dog with a history of lethargy, inappetence, weight loss and reluctant to move revealed a large painful mass in the left anterior half of the abdomen. Abdominal radiography showed a large mass with soft tissue density in the left of the abdomen.Ultrasonographic examination showed an encapsulated mass with echogenicity which resembles echogenicity of spleen in the ventral abdomen with multiple anechoic regions. Macroscopically, the spleen was large, severely congested and contained a spherical, 14.5 cm in diameter, mass that was located on the hilus. Microscopically, the cyst was filled with erythrocytes and lined a thick layer of connective tissue without any malignancy. There were abundant hemosiderin-riched macrophages. The mass was diagnosed as splenic hematoma. Splenic hematoma may mimic changes which are seen in splenic neoplasms and must be carefully differentiated from them.