OLYMPIC
Year:2008 | Volume:16 | Issue:1 (SERIAL 41)|Papers Count:12

Despite the widely documented physical, psychological, and social benefits of participation in physical activity, less than half of the youth women population participation sufficient levels of physical activity in terms of time and frequency of participation. Thus, the examination of social psychological determinants of participation physical i activity is important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of benefits perceived on the youth women participation in physical activities.Methods: cross-sectional survey. The data is gathered from 485 women whom selected via stratified sampling and then random sampling from 15-to-25-yearswomen in city of Yazd. The collection instrument of data was Questionnaire revised participation in physical activities with item twelve that Cronbach Alpha test (Reliability Test) was 0.77.Results: The one-away Anova results shows that (F (2,482) =7.536 p< 0.001) significant difference among physical activities participations regarding the kind of benefits perceived provided for physical activities participation of women. The multiple regression analysis results shows that the five studied variables, namely, father employment, the school without exercise, suitable opportunity, responsible support, suitable weather, best friend exercising, in the first place and benefits perceived in the second place explained 11.5 and .8 percent of variable variance of women participation in physical activities.

The effects at motivational and relaxation music on aerobic performance (AP), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and salivary cortisol (SC) during sub maximal running with 80-85 percent of maximal heart rate were studied on 30 volunteer physical education collage students (age: 25.66±3.89 yr, height: 176.65±7.66 cm, weight: 78.45±16.20 kg, body fat percent: 12.86±5.74%, and Vo2max: 38.36±9.19 ml/kg/min). The subjects run to exhaustion in the three random groups: motivational music, relaxation music, and no music. RPE was obtained every 5 minutes during exercise. Saliva samples were collected 15minutesbefore and 5 and 30 minutes after the exercise. The assays of salivary were carried out using ELISA method. Aerobic performance was longer during the motivational music treatment than the relaxation and no music treatment (p£0.05). RPE and cortisol concentration (5 minutes after exercise) were lower for the relaxation music treatment then the motivational and no music treatment (p£0.05). But salivary cortisol concentration 30 minutes after exercise no was significant between three groups. In conclusion, the type of music has impact on aerobic performance, RPE and salivary cortisol concentration after exercise. This study provided some support for the hypothesis that listening motivational and relaxation music reduce physiological and, psychological arousal during sub maximal exercise and increase aerobic performance.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the abdominal and hip flexor muscles activation during different position of sit-up and crunch exercises. Fifteen voluntary healthy males (age: 21.52±1.4 years, height: 175.3±5.86 cm, weight: 73.4±6.2 kg and body fat percent: 12.4±2.1 percent) without history of neural diseases, back pain, trunk and hip muscles and joints injuries participated in this study as subjects. Surface electromyography (Average EMG) from abdominal (Rectus Abdominous and Obliqus Externus) and hip flexor muscles (Rectus Femoris and Sartorius) which in each of sit-up and crunch exercise with various combination of knee flexion and extension and leg support or unsupported were measured. Time normalization of muscle AEMG measurement was done with metronome in five repetitions for each exercise. The result indicated that the hip flexors were highly activated in sit-up exercise (5417.8±468.13 mV) whereas in crunch relatively was lower (1659.7±310.53 mV). In contrast the abdominal muscle showed marked activation during both exercise (sit-up:8106.3±548.09 mV crunch: 39878±1303.4 mV). Also in sit-up exercise along with flexed and supported legs hip flexor activation increased (from 2226.5±335 mV to 2641±404.8 mV) whereas such modification did not generally alter the activation level of the abdominal muscles. It can be concluded that there is task specificity in the activation levels of trunk and hip flexor muscles in various forms of common training exercises used in sports. Certain modifications led to specific activation of hip and trunk flexor synergies as well as of individual muscles.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of endurance training on aerobic power and quality of life in multiple sclerosis.24 women suffering the R.R type of M.S, with EDSS 2-4, were selected randomly (Exp=Con=12). Weight, VO2Peak, QOL, EDSS and fatigue were measured. Experimental group had endurance training with 60-70% Vo2Peak three times a week for 12 weeks and control group continued the usual life. After 12 weeks, post test performed. Descriptive statistics and Co-variance were used for analyzing data. Weigh, EDSS, fatigue significantly decreased, Vo2 Peak and QOL increased in experimental group (P<0.05).

Purpose: the purpose of this study was investigating the effectiveness of short term vitamin E supplementation on response of malondi aldehyde (index of lipid peroxidation) after single exhaustive exercise in sea level and moderate altitude. For this aim 19 healthy male student of university of Mazandaran selected and randomly divided to supplement (n=9) and placebo group (n=10). Both groups consumed vitamin E (400lU Alpha tocophryl Acetate) and placebo (0.4g Amylum) at sea level for 14 days and in the moderate altitude for 48 hours. After regarding some regulation at least 48 hours before examination (exercise and other condition of the research) taking blood in three steps before and after supplementation and each step in two times before and immediately after exhaustive exercise on ergometer cycle, following 12 to 14 hours with empty-stomached in a same condition in the sea level and moderate altitude. Serum malondi aldehyde (MDA) was estimated by method of Thiobarbituric acid (TBA). For surveying main and control variable inside each group utilized repeated measure and LSD test. And for surveying alteration between groups independentsample (t) test was used. The Result shows that Vitamin E supplementation result to significant decrease of malondi aldehyde at rest in the sea level and after exhaustive exercise in both environments. Variability of MDA, after supplementation period was significant between groups. Then, according to this finding, we can say, short term vitamin E supplementation cause decrease of MDA at rest and after exhaustive exercise in the sea level and moderate altitude, but it was not able to prevent it completely.

The jump-landing is movement that repeatedly used in the sports activities. Successful landing require the stability to prevention of injuries. With respect to muscle strength role in stability after landing, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between peak torques of lower limb muscles with dynamic stability. Fifteen healthy subjects (22±2yr) participated in this study. The peak torque of muscles (quadriceps, hamstrings, dorsiflexors, plantarflexors, evertors and invertors) assessed by the Biodex system. The ground reaction forces (GRF) in the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior directions measured using force plate (AMTI).The stability of the subjects analysed by the Time To Stabilization (TTS) method. Significant correlation seen between quadriceps, hamstrings, dorsiflexors, plantarflexors, and invertors muscles peak torque with time to stability of anterior-posterior direction. The results of this study highlighted the role of quadriceps and dorsiflexors in stability after landing, in which can be used as criteria to assess and predict the possibility of injuries among athletes.

The main goal of this research was to study the role of Olympic concepts on trends of university students. 2000 male and female students were selected randomly from public and governmental universities of five zones of country; North (Guilan and Mazandaran), South (Ahvaz and Shiraz universities), West (Tabriz and Sanandaj) East (Mashad), and Center of Iran (Tehran and Arak).A questionnaire, based on the goals of study, distributed among subjects. According to results, 60.1 percent of subjects believed that Olympic Education is effective on feelings of humanistic; solidarity and peacefulness. They have also accepted the moral and educational effects of Olympism. More than half of subjects (52.8 percent) mentioned a positive effect of Olympic Education on life. In addition, 50.3 percent of subjects believed that Olympic Education is effective in lifestyle and activities of academics. 63.9 percent of students participated at the study emphasized on a relationship between Olympic concepts and promoting good morals.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different rest intervals on the sustainability of repetitions in consecutive sets with 60% 1RM during bench press. For this reason, 17 trained students of Guilan University (aged 21.92±1.89 years; height 176.53± 4.50 cm; and weight 76.98±5.95 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. All subjects performed four testing sessions of bench press with 48 hours recovery between sessions. In the first session, one repetition maximum (1RM) was measured. During each test session subjects performed four sets of be.1chpress with a 60% lRM up to voluntary exhaustion with a 90, 150, and 240 sec rest interval between sets. For statistical analysis of data, two-way repeated measures .and LSD post hoc was used. In all of three rest intervals, there were significant differences in the percentage of repetition completed between the first set and each subsequent set there after. Sustainability of repetitions in 240 sec rest interval was significantly higher than 150 and 90 sec. Also, sustainability of repetitions in 150sec rest interval was significantly higher than 90 sec. The ability to sustain repetitions while keeping the intensity constant may result in a higher training volume and consequently, better results in muscular strength, and when training to increase muscular endurance, resting 150-240 second might be appropriate between consecutive sets.

The aim of the present research was to study the adaptation of serum leptin after aerobic training in obese men. For this purpose, 24 male subjects (age 35-48) voluntarily participated in this study. There were 16 obese men with 82.7 kg average weight, 23.7 % body fat percent and 25.5 ml/kg.min VO2 max, and 8 lean men with 57.75kg average weight, 8.32% body fat percent and 29 ml/kg.min VO2 max. The obese men were randomly assigned to one of two groups of aerobic training or control group. The 3rdgroup was called lean men group. Blood samples were taken in fasting state from all subjects. The experimental subjects received aerobic training for 13 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The aerobic training program included continuous running with an intensity of 75-85 % maximal heart rate. The time of running in the first session was 15 minutes, and every two sessions one minute was gradually added to this running time, the final running time reached 30 minutes, arid this time was maintained up to the final session. The results showed that aerobic training caused a significant decrease in the serum leptin level of the obese men. In addition, they determined that in obese men at baseline state, leptin concentration was significantly higher than in lean men (P<0.05).We observed a positive and significant correlation between leptin and insulin; leptin and body fat percent; and a negative and significant correlation between leptin and serum free fatty acids in base state in all subjects. We concluded that leptin adapted to aerobic training and decreased in obese men. This decrease was greater than the change in fat mass.

The purpose of this study is the meta-analysis of researches done in the field of effects of mental practice on motor skills in Iran. In this method analysis unit is not subject but study. The method of this research is quantitative meta- analysis of studies by effect size quantitative technique. In order to investigate the effects combined exercise and 'physical exercise and also the effects of skill level in using the mental practice with consolidation physical exercise, 21 studies were considered that 16of them were measurable and 71 effect sizes were obtained. The review of collected studies showed that in 95 percent of hypothesies which suggested the effect of physical practices and 92 percent of hypothesies which suggested combined practice caused progresses in performance of motor skills. 56 percent of reports show that combined practices are more effective and 44 percent shows non-significant differences. Quantified results of effect sizes with t –independent test showed no significant difference between physical exercise and combined exercise (p=0.91). These findings are consistent with the other meta-analyses which doesn't support the dominance of mental imagery. But there was a significant difference between the effect sizes of skilled and non skilled subjects (p=0.01), which suggested the dominance of skilled subjects in using mental imagery. These results support the other studies' results.