OLYMPIC
Year:2008 | Volume:15 | Issue:4 (SERIAL 40)|Papers Count:20

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of increasing frequency on relative phase stability of asymmetric bimanual coordination pattern. For this research participated 20 volunteer right-hand from male student’s population. They occasionally divided into two groups which to perform movement within-phase and anti-phase. These two groups were imposed gradually by increasing frequency in five steps from 1 - 3 Hz. The apparatus that was used in this investigation can plot and process the angular movement of hands. The pattern of coordination was pendular movement by right hand and circular movement by left hand. The results of this investigation showed that increasing in frequency of in phase group is non-significant (P>0.05). But anti-phase group with increasing frequency initially had unstable pattern then transited to in-phase state (P<0.05). Therefore is concluded that with increasing frequency, asymmetric bimanual coordination patterns similar to symmetric bimanual coordination tend to activation of homologous muscles.

The purpose of this research is to compare the views of athletes, coaches & experts on the approaches to improve gymnastics championship within Iran. The statistical sample of this research includes 24 members of the National gymnastic Team, 80 coaches and 97 experts, forming 201 members. The researcher has organized a questionnaire (a=0.89) including 37 closed-types questions. The research variables include 35 cases (such as the improvement of coaches technical and scientific knowledge, seeking talented people using professional and scientific methods, equipping gyms with professional and supplementary equipment, the ,…) which are classified into 7 groups based on statistical factor analyzing. We did a statistical analysis of the research data using charts and diagrams, partial variance analysis test Tukey pursuing test. The findings are as follows: All three groups (athletes, coaches and experts) unanimously agreed on the variables of the 3rd group among the variables of the 7groups of the research (using the improvement of coaches technical and scientific knowledge, seeking talented people using professional and scientific methods, monitoring and control of coaches act, equipping gyms with professional & supplementary equipment and increase the socialism gym for gymnastics) are the most important factors to improve gymnastics championship within Iran. The research hypotheses showed that among the 7 variable groups, the view of all three groups (athletes, coaches and experts) on the improvement of gymnastics championship in Iran is similar and is equally assessed when it boils down to the role of the variable of the second group (the spiritual support of athletes and coaches, using experts & people who have majored in Physical Education,…) and there existed a meaningful difference among the view of studied groups on the role of other groups in the improvement of gymnastics championship within Iran.

This research was aimed to analysis viewpoints of managers, athletes and other involved in sport and tourism in regard to sport tourism marketing, review other researches in sport tourism field and compare this findings to current situation of Iran; to identify main factors in sport tourism marketing and suggest some guidelines in this regard. For this purpose, a researcher made questionnaire prepared and after confirming the validity and reliability (Cronbach's alpha= 0.81), views of managers of organizing committee of 4th Women Islamic Games, Iranian and foreign athletes participated in this games, managers of tourism organization of Iran, and managers, coaches and other involved in sport that have experience in sport tourism were examined. The data analyzed using Factor Analysis as statistical method. Results showed that from viewpoint of research samples, «interest in culture, arts, architecture and ancient places», «marketing and appropriate service of tourism agencies», «night life in host country», and … are of important factors that sport tourists marketers should take into account in selection of target markets and providing marketing mix for them. Meanwhile, there is a need to consider different needs of tourists and long time planning in sport tourism marketing as confirmed by many researches. Role of scientific management for successful marketing plan is obvious in every factor which identified in this research and other researches. At the end, some guidelines were suggested for effective sport tourism marketing.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of three kinds of exercises (endurance, resistance, and concurrent) on bioenergetics' characteristics, maximum strength and body composition on non athletes. Participants: 46 graduate students of TMU, randomly selected and then divided into four groups; [Endurance (E), n=13]; [Strength (S), n=9]; [Concurrent, (S+E) n=13]; and [control, (C), n=11]. At first maximum aerobic and anaerobic power, maximum strength in two movements (bench press and squat) was measured. Then the participants conducted eight-week training program. Training program: Endurance Training Program included running with 65% of Max HR for sixteen minutes per session and three sessions per week where the HR reached 80% for thirty minutes at the end of the program. Resistance Training Program included conducting three sets of bench press, squat, pull down and legs curl with 50% of 1RM, 10 repetitions per set and three sessions per week where the intensity reached 80% of 1RM and the repetition dropped to 6 at the end of the program. The Concurrent Training Program included combining both of E and S groups program. After eight weeks the variables were measured one more time in the post-test. Result: Based on the findings of this study, VO2 max changes showed significant difference between E, S group. The rate of increase in aerobic power did not indicate any significant difference among three groups. Similarly, the rate of increase in maximum relative strength in bench press and squat exhibited significant difference between S and S+E with E. Conclusion: Therefore, adding strength training to endurance training does not seem to be detrimental to the improvement of VO2 max. Likewise, endurance training along with strength training did not have any negative effect on the improvement of maximum strength. Concurrent training is similar to endurance and resistance training in that it is conducive to enhancing body composition in non athletes.

Matrix metaloproteases (MMPS) belong to a main group of proteases which have roll in extracellular matrix degradation. Their activities such as wounds healing and angiogenesis are very important in physiological conditions, but they are transient and under the control of endogenous blockers. In pathological processes such as in case of disease and after physical and mechanical stresses, expression and activity of these proteolysic increases, due to preinflammatory cytokines secretion and lead to collagen and gelatin degradation and disruption of micro anatomical structure of tissues. In these circumstances, along with the time, this can lead to worse inflammation and displaying many of disease such as cardiac injuries and damage to blood vessels epithelium, forward cancer cells development and osteoporosis. In should be noted that, because of the novelty this topic about (MMPS) and their responses to physical activities, there is not any consensus between researchers. The aim of this research was to investigate effects of one exhaustive endurance exercise session on MMP2 and MMP9 activities (the most complex and the most abundant enzymes) in male well trained and untrained peoples. So 11 elite male endurance runners which have trained at least for 5 years in clubs or national team camps (age: 22.27±3.87; Vo2max: 60.68±6.19) and 10 untrained male subject (age: 23±4.04; Vo2max: 37.90±5.90) participated voluntarily in this research. Blood samples were collected from two groups in three phase which they include: basal levels (20 minutes before exercise), 20 and 24 hour after end of exercise. Then the variables were measured by means of gelatin zymography technique and collected data were analyzed with ANOVA and post-hoc and independent T student tests. The result showed that blood MMP2 and MMP9 levels increased following of one exhaustive aerobic activity session (P<0.001). It should be noted that despite of significant decrease of MMP2 and MMP9 levels after 24 hour (P<0.001), but their levels were higher than basal levels (P<0.001). In all phases of measurements, changes of MMP2 and MMP9 activities in non-athletes were similar to those in athletes but none of these changes were significant. Moreover, athletes MMP2 and MMP9 activities in pre-exercise, 20 and 24 hour after exercise were significantly higher than non-athletes (P<0.001). Conclusion: With increasing MMPS activities inflammatory responses to physical and mechanical stimuli (one session of exhaustive exercise) has been started in both of subjects (well trained and untrained) which continued up to 34 hours after exercise. In seems that, the rate of mentioned inflammatory indices responses is dependent on the duration and intensity of the exercise.

The purpose of this investigation was to examination the comparative effects of 6 weeks of oral creatine supplementation and a high-protein diet on muscular strength and body composition. Thirty-six college athletes volunteers with at least 1 year of weight training experience randomly assigned to four groups of creatine and protein (Cr + pro, n=9), creatine (Cr, n=9), protein(Pro, n=9), and placebo(P, n=9) with no significant mean at pretest measures. 1RM strength of arm flexors, bench press, squat and body composition were measured before and after a 6-wk resistance training program. The Subjects trained (3 day.Week-1) with determined training loads. Results showed Body mass and lean tissue mass increased to a greater extent with training in Cr + Pro compared to the other groups, and in Cr compared to P group (p< 0.05). There were no significant changes in percent body fat for groups. Cr + Pro group demonstrated greater improvement in 1RM of squat, bench press and arm flexors than other groups. Also, subjects who supplemented with Cr + Pro had similar increases in 1RM of squat, bench press compared to placebo group (p< 0.05). There were not significant differences between Cr supplementation and high protein diet on muscular strength and body composition.

The aim of this study was the assessment of Changes in body composition and VO2max of 11-18 years old boys. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 400 male children, aged 11-18 y. Measurements were made of children’s heights, weights, triceps and medial calf skin fold thicknesses. BMI, BF%, and WHR were also calculated. Vo2max was also measured by 20m shuttle run test. Statistical analysis included ANOVA and Person’s correlation coefficient. There was significant difference (p> 0.05) between BF% in different age groups. Pearson’s correlation indicated that there was not significant correlation (p<0.05) between BF% and VO2max Variations in boys of 11-18 years of age but the correlation between BMI and VO2max variations was negatively significant (p<0.01, r=-0.93). Also, there was significant correlation between WHR and VO2max variations (p<0.05, r=0.71). The comparison between findings of this study with studies of other countries indicates to the possible genetic and environmental effects on the body composition and Vo2max in boys of 11-18 years of age. Based on high variations during childhood, factors like calendar age and BMI should be used for interpretation of physical characteristics of 11-18 years old boy with precautions.

Sport and active recreation can make a significant contribution to a country’s economy with import and export in all sporting goods. The purpose of this study was to estimate of the economic impact of international sport goods in Iran. In order to identifying the relationship between net exportation and national economy, we used to sport goods exports and imports statistics inquiry is based on the CPC classification in 1998 & 2001. Our results indicated that Iranian imports of sporting goods was 8 billion Rials, which it is 0.01% of total Iranian imports, 0.58% of GDSP and 0.002% of GDP in 1998. Iranian imports of sporting goods were 13 billion Rials, which it is 0.01% of total Iranian imports, 0.46% of GDSP and 0.001% of GDP in 2001. Iranian exports of sporting goods were 16 billion Rials, which it is 0/04% of total Iranian exports, 1.16% of GDSP and 0.004% of GDP in 1998 and Iranian imports of sporting goods with 91 billion Rials is 0.01% of total Iranian exports, 0.46% of GDSP and 0.001% of GDP in 2001. That it is less than of standard ranging in world. The best important reason is to be small our sports markets and less of average sport household expenditure in Iran.

The purpose of present research was to study over the relationship between demographic & personality characteristics of managers and their occupation skills in sport organizations in order to suggest recommendations to improve managerial skills and some recommendations to select and appoint managers in different sport organizations. To confirm the above mentioned matter, I have applied Aizenk Personality Questioner to determine management characteristic (Extrovert & Introvert) and researcher made questioner to determine triple skills of management (perceptional, humanity and technical). The questioner validity made by expert and through internal equality and reliability therefore tested by Kronbach showing %84. Statistical sample including 86 sport managers in Isfahan whom were chosen through classified random sampling among all managers in different organizations, sport associations, delegations and council sport. Results suggested there is significant differences between introvert personal characteristic with perceptional and technical skills (p<0.05, r=0.494). And there is significant differences between Extrovert personal characteristic with human skills (P<0.05, r=0.386). Managers demographic Variables such as age, sex, job record, managerial record / marital status and sport records have no significant with human proficiency. But the level of education and managerial record with perceptional skills and sport educational record has no significant with technical skills.

The aim of this study was to investigate incidence, type and mechanism of injuries in boy adolescence participating in taekwando National competitions. Two hundred and sixty five subjects (age rang: 14-17 year) were participate in Iranian National Championship in 2006 were studied. Instrument of research was questionnaire that was designed and used by Kazemi and Pieter (2004). For analysis of data, descriptive and Chi- Square tests were used. Results of this study showed that the injury rate was 27 /100 athletes' exposures. Injuries in lower limb was significantly higher than other parts of body (p<0.05). Also in soft tissue injuries, muscle-tendon injuries was significantly higher than others (p<0.05). Results showed that the main injuries was contusion (N= 47, p=33.1%), sprain (N= 44, p=30.9%) and bruises (N=12, p=8.4) respectively (p<0.05). The main causes of injuries was (17.8%), technical mistake use (11.3%) and re-injuries (11.1%). Also results showed that the main mechanism of injuries was opponent kicks (63.4%) and kick to opponent (21.8%). Rules modify emphasis on limited contacts and protective and safe equipment using is the ways to reduce the injuries in taekwando.