Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences
Year:2019 | Volume:21 | Issue:1 (69)|Papers Count:16

Background and Objective: Creatine is one of the most important and commonly used supplements athletes, although the molecular mechanisms of creatine and its side effects are less understood. The high level of the ceratin kinase enzyme and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes are considered to be a sign of cell damage. This study was done to determine the effect of creatine monohydrate supplementation on creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes following a severe muscle contraction in female athletes. Methods: In this double-blind clinical trial study, 30 female athletes were randomly divided into intervention (creatine supplementation 0. 3 grams per body weight for 4 times duing 7 days and control (placebo, starch powder) groups. Blood sample was collected before supplementation (pre-test) and 24 hours after Cunningham exercise test (post-test) to measuring CK and LDH in each subject. Results: After intervention, the level of CK (323± 63 IU/L) and LDH (119± 13 IU/L) in intervention group had no significant difference in compared to control group (CK: 328± 44 IU/L and LDH: 122± 14 IU/L). Conclusion: The usage of a 7-day course of creatine supplement did not significantly change the CK and LDH levels following a severe muscle contraction in female athletes.

Background and Objective: Increasing the cost of energy in obesity preventing and treating and reducing its complications can be achieved by stimulating the factors including Irisin and FGF21 associated with browning of the white adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks of light and heavy interval exercises on the level of irisin and FGF21 in obese and overweight women. Methods: This clinical traial study was done on 35 overweight and obese women (39. 8± 3. 85 years old and body mass index 27. 1± 3. 37 kg/m2). The subjects were divided randomly into three groups of interval exercises including Heavy (n=12), light (n=12), and control (n=11) groups. The training program included 12 weeks of heavy and light interval exercises for 25 to 60 minutes per session and three sessions per week. Before and after the training period, irisin and FGF21 serum indices were measured for each subject. Results: Serum level of FGF21 increased only after 12 weeks of heavy interval training (P<0. 05). However, there was no change in serum irisin levels after both heavy and light interval exercises. Body fat percentage, waist to hip ratio, and BMI Subjects of light and heavy interval exercises reduced and VO2max increased significantly compared to control group (P<0. 05). Conclusion: 12 weeks of low and heavy interval training without altering serum levels of irisin have a beneficial effect on increasing VO2max and improving body composition. Also, heavy interval training has a significant increase in FGF21, Which can be effective in weight loss through the browning of white adipose tissue.

Background and Objective: The asymmetry index during walking can be used for clinical treatment. This study was done to determine the immediate and long-term effects of foot orthoses on asymmetry of ground reaction forces frequency spectrum in male children with flat foot during walking. Methods: This clinical trial study was done on fifteen children with flat foot. Subjects were randomly divided into without foot orthoses, immediate and long term usage of foot orthoses groups. The kinematic and kinetic data during three without foot orthoses, immediate and long term use of foot orthoses conditions were recorded by the motion analysis and force platform systems, respectively. Results: Asymmetry index of medio-lateral frequency spectrum component during walking without foot orthoses, immediate and long term use of orthoses in median frequency and band width were greater than 4 percent. There were not any significant differences in asymmetry index of ground reaction force frequency spectrum components, asymmetry index of essential harmony numbers, asymmetry index of essential harmony total powers, and asymmetry index of fundamental harmony number in vertical, anterior-posterior, and medio-lateral axes between without foot orthoses, immediate and long term use of foot orthoses conditions. However, asymmetry index of essential harmony total power in medio-lateral axis during immediate use of foot orthoses tend to be reduced than that walking without foot orthoses. However, this difference was not significant. Conclusion: Despite the high asymmetry index of the ground reaction force frequency spectrum in the medio-lateral component during walking without foot orthoses, immediate and long-term effects of foot orthoses in the median and bandwidth frequency variables, the acute or long term use of foot orthoses did not show any significant effect on improvement of asymmetry index of ground reaction force frequency spectrum components.

Background and Objective: Atorvastatin is a member of the statin family with lipophilic character and anti-hyperlipidemic effect. There is many evidence that atorvastatin has protective effect on cognitive function. This study was done to evaluate the effect of atorvastatin on spatial memory in rats following a high-fat diet. Methods: This experimental study was performed on 35 male Wistar male rats. Animals were randomly allocated into 5 groups including control, control plus atorvastatin and sham (received high-fat diet for 4 weeks) and high-fat diet plus atorvastatin (10 and 50 mg/kg, for 4 weeks). Learning and spatial memory were measured using Morris water maze for a 6-day period including 5 days training and the last day, test day (probe day). Results: High-fat diet reduced learning and poor memory performance during training and probe compared to the control group, and also on the probe day, the high-fat group spent less time in the target quarter (P<0. 05). Administration of atorvastatin after a high-fat diet improvement spatial memory in compared to high-fat group (P<0. 05). Conclusion: Short-term treatment (4 weeks) with atorvastatin in high-fat dietary rats can improve spatial memory.

Background and Objective: Learning is the acquisition of information that makes this possible, and memory is meant to store this information. Millet contains proteins, minerals, vitamins and antioxidants needed to preserve the life and health of mammalian cells. This study was conducted to determine the effect of alcoholic extracts of seed of millet (Panicum miliaceum L. ) on spatial memory in mice. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 male rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups. Hydrochloric extract of Prossu millet was prepared by Soxhlet method and injected into three treatment groups with doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg/bw by intraperitoneal injection for 21 days. Animals in control group were received normal saline. After one month from the first injection, learning behaviors and memory tests were performed. Mauritius water maze was used to evaluate the spatial memory. Also, shuttle box method was used to determine passive avoidance of spatial memory. Results: The results showed that the mean time for finding the platform between the control group and alcoholic treatments in doses of (75 mg/kg/bw) was significantly different (P<0. 05). Also, the mean time of training and test time in control and treatment groups receiving alcoholic extract showed a significant difference, indicating that this extract had a significant effect. Conclusion: Alcoholic extract of millet seed with dosage of 75 mg/kg/bw improves the learning and spatial memory of male mice.

Background and Objective: The diazinon insecticide is a strong acetylcholinesterase controller at the nerve terminals. This study was conducted to determine the effect of diazinon on functional tests and tissue alterations in rat liver. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats were allocated into 5 groups including the first, second and third experimental groups were received 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg/bw of diazinon, respectively, orally during 21 days. The control group did not receive any medication and the sham group received solvent. At the end of study, blood samples were obtained from animals and Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) hepatic enzymes, total protein, albumin and bilirubin were measured. After anesthesia the liver of animals were removed and evaluated by hematoxylin eosin histological staining methods. Results: The level of AST and ALT enzymes in the experimental groups receiving 100 and 150 mg/kg/bw doses of diazinon significantly increased in compared to the control group (p<0. 05). The level of ALP of animals in all groups receiving diazinon was significantly higher than the control group (P<0. 05). Total protein level significantly reduced in all groups receiving diazinon compared to the control group (P<0. 05). The level of albumin in the experimental group receiving 150 mg/kg/bw dose of diazinon significantly reduced in comparision with controls. In the experimental groups, tissue samples showed more necrosis with increasing doses of diazinon. Conclusion: Diazinon increases level of liver enzymes and decreased total protein and albumin level and causes the histological alterations in rat liver.

Background and Objective: Fungal diseases are increasing in immunocompromised patients. One of the important fungal disseases is Aspergillosis. Few studies have been conducted on the effects of melatonin on fungal diseases. This study was performed to determine the protective effect of melatonin and Amphotericin B in Aspergillosis in rat model. Methods: This experimental study was done on 40 Wistar rat with weight ranging from 200 to 250 grams. Animals were allocted in five groups. The first group was positive control (immunocompromised condition with cyclophosphamide and inoclusion of Aspergillus spore). The second groupe was negative control (without drug and inoclusion of Aspergillus spore) and the third group was treated by melatonin (200 μ g/kg). The forth group was treated by Amphotericin B and fifth group was treated by melatonin plus Amphotericin B, IL. 6 and TNFα were measured in the first and tenth days after contamination. Results: The level of the IL. 6 and TNFα in three interventional treated groups significantly reduced in compared to positive control group in first and tenth days (P<0. 05). The level of the IL. 6 and TNFα in melatonin plus Amphotericin B group significantly reduced in comparison with Amphotericin B and melatonin treated groups in first and tenth days (P<0. 05). Conclusion: Melatonin with Amphotericin B increases immune competent system in rats affected with Aspergillosis.

Background and Objective: Aging reduces cardiac autonomic function parameters such as heart rate response to exercise and heart rate recovery after physical activity. This study aimed to determine the parasympathetic nerves reactivation after upper body exercise among young and middle-aged men. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 24 active men based on their age were divided into two groups including 30-35 (young) and 55-60 years old men (middle-aged). Participants performed upper body exercise on a Monark arm ergometer. During the test, heart rate was recorded continuously by electrocardiogram. Also, participants' heart rate was recorded for 10 minutes after completion of the test. In order to measure the time domain parameters of heart rate variability (PNN50 and RMSSD), oneminute successive RR waves intervals collected in 5 minutes and 10 minutes after the completion of the test and then were transmitted to the heart rate variability software for analysis. Also, heart rate recovery was measured in one minute and two minutes after the test by the difference between the maximum heart rate during the test with heart rate in one and two minutes after the completion of the test. Results: There was a significant difference between PNN50 in minutes 5 and 10 after the test in young men (P<0. 05). Young men also had higher values of RMSSD in minutes 5 and 10 compared to middleaged men. The heart rate recovery in the 2 minutes after test was significantly higher than 1 minute after test in both groups (P<0. 05). Heart rate recovery was higher in young people than in middle-aged people at 5 and 10 minutes after high-intensity exercise due to faster withdrawal of sympathetic nerves. Conclusion: Changes in the autonomic nervous system is dependent on the type, duration of activity, and the age of the participants.

Background and Objective: All organisms for managing behaviors require to use of cognitive patterns of the central and peripheral nervous system. This study was done to compare the metacognitive beliefs and tolerance of ambiguity in depressed, anxious and normal people. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was done on 120 depressed, anxious and normal people depressed, anxious and normal people in psychiatric clinic of Zare hospital in Sari city north of Iran during 2017. To measure ambiguity in depressed, anxious and normal people the tolerance for ambiguity scale of lane, wells metacognitive scale, Beck anxiety inventory (BDI) and Beck depression inventory (BDI) were used in this study. Results: Tolerance of ambiguity significantly increased in depressed and anxious groups in comparison with controls (P<0. 05). Positive worry beliefs significantly reduced in depressed group in comparison with controls (P<0. 05). Negative meta-cognitive beliefs about the thoughts and metacognitive beliefs significantly reduced in depressed group in compared to control group (P<0. 05). Conclusion: This study emphasized the extent of anxiety and depression disorders in relation to ineffective metacognitive problems. These ineffective beliefs can cause a decrease in psychological tolerance.

Background and Objective: Irrational consumption of blood products leads to unwanted side effects in patients and imposes additional financial burdens on society and patients. This study was done to determine the pattern of consumption of packed red blood cells (PRBC) in hospitalized newborns and children. Methods: This prospective descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 80 newborn (less than 4 months age) 36 children (more than 4 months to 16 years old) who used PRBC in Sari Bu-Ali Sina hospital, north of Iran. Demographic characteristics of patients and parameters of blood product were recorded and compared with standard guideline. Results: During the study period, administration of 116 units of PRBC (28. 5%) was studied. Totally, in 24 % of cases PRBC consumption did not follow the guideline. PRBC consumption was inappropriately prescribed for patients with hemoglobin higher than 12 g/dL (12%) and for patients with hemoglobin higher than 10 g/dL (12%). Both of the consumption volume to weight ratio (P<0. 05) and rate of infusion (P<0. 05) were significantly higher in children less than or equal to 4 months, than in children older than 4 months. The most commonly indications were respiratory distress syndrome in neonates (62. 1%) and bone marrow suppression (14. 7%). Conclusion: A significant percentage of patients were received PRBC out of guideline recommendations. It seems, for rational use of PRBC in children and neonates the existing guidelines should be more considered to reduce the cost and side effects.

Background and Objective: Dietary acid load affects acid– base homeostasis, which may be associated with overweight and obesity as well as dietary quality index international (DQI-I), mean adequacy ratio (MAR), energy density (ED). This study was done to determine the association between dietary acid load with weight status and dietary quality indices among women. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was randomly performed on 306 women aged 20 to 55years. Dietary acid load was calculated by potential renal acid load (PRAL), net endogenous acid production (NEAP) and dietary acid load (DAL). DQI-I, MAR, ED were estimated for the participants. Results: The probability of obesity (95% CI=0. 97-5. 50, OR=2. 33, P=0. 04), as well as abdominal adiposity (95% CI=1. 21-4. 50, OR=2. 4, P=0. 005) was significantly increased with tertile of DAL (P<0. 05). While even after control of confounder variables, other dietary acid load indices (PRAL and NEAP) showed no significant association between dietary acid load and obesity, overweight or abdominal obesity. Also, with increasing dietary acid load scores, DQI-I and MAR significantly decreased whereas energy density showed a significant increased across tertile categories of dietary acid load indices (P<0. 05). Conclusion: DAL was associated with increased risk of obesity and abdominal obesity. PRAL, NEAP and DAL were good indicators of diet quality indices.

Background and Objective: Nursing is one of the most stressful occupations and one of the common stress-induced syndromes among nurses is low resilient. Raising resilience is one of the effective factors in dealing with tensions. This study was done to determine the relationship between optimism and humor with resilience in female nurses. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was carried out on 230 female nurses who worked in Isfahan, Iran during 2016. The number of nurses in different departments in these hospitals was 600; finally, 235 people were randomly selected using the Morgan table. In order to collecting data, sense of humor questionnaire by Lefcourt & Martin (SHQ), life orientation optimism questionnaire Carver & Scheier (LOT-R), and Conner and Davidson resilience questionnaires were used. Results: There was a significant negative relationship between optimism and resilience (P<0. 05). Also, there was a significant and positive correlation between humor and resilience (P<0. 05). The fact that all the sub-scales of humor can predict resilience, laughter has the greatest effect on resilience. Conclusion: This study showed that with increasing humor, resilience is rising in female nurses.

Background and Objective: Leishmaniasis is one of the most important vector-borne diseases which transmitted by sand flies to humans and other animals. This study was conducted to determine the effect of wild rodents control in decreasing zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Golestan province, north of Iran during 2016. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, rodent control operation was conducted using Zinc phosphide 2. 5% in May, July and September 2019 in 45 villages of Gonbad Kavous County in Golestan province, north of Iran during 2016. The stages of operation in each of the villages were scored, as we considered 25 score for each stage of destruction of nests (one stage) and baiting in nests (three stages). Also, incidence rate which is reported in each of the villages was extracted. Finally, the relationship between rodenticide scores in each village with the incidence of disease was compared. Results: There were rodent’ s active burrows around 45 villages. After the end of rodents control operation, 17 villages got 0-25 scores, 8 villages 26-50, 16 villages 51-75 and 4 villages 76-100. The mean incidence rate in these villages was determined 3466. 9± 2473. 5, 2828± 1929. 1, 4515. 4± 3478. 4 and 636. 3± 546. 6, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the implementation of rodents control operation and incidence rate of ZCL, so that in villages with a score of between 76-100, the incidence rate was significantly lower than in the villages with a score of between 51-75 and 26-50 (P<0. 05). Conclusion: Regarding the reduction of the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in villages with high scores in Gonbad-e Kavus County, north of Iran, the implementation of rodents control operation seems to be necessary.

Background and Objective: Listeria monocytogenes is an important food-borne intracellular pathogen which can transmit to human through contaminated foods and causing meningitis, meningoencephalitis and abortion. This study was done to determine the frequency, antimicrobial susceptibility and serotyping of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food samples in Tehran, Iran. Methods: This descriptive was carried on 150 food samples including vegetables, cheese and meat were collected from supermarkets, open-air markets, and delicatessens in different regions of Tehran, Iran since April to September 2018. The presumptive isolates were characterized biochemically. All L. monocytogenes isolates were further analyzed by serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Results: Out of 150 samples, Listeria spp. was detected in 30 (20%) samples in which 9 (6%) were positive for L. monocytogenes [vegetables (n=4, 44. 44%), cheese (n=2, 22. 22%) and meat (n=3, 33. 33%)]. of the 9 L. monocytogenes isolates, 5 (55. 55 %), 3 (33. 33 %), and 1 (11. 11%) belonged to serotypes 4b, 1/2b, and 1/2a, respectively. The most L. monocytogenes isolates were resistant to Trimetoprime, Sulfamethoxazole, Tetracycline, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, and Ciprofloxacin while were sensitive to Penicillin G, Gentamicin, Streptomycin, and Ampicillin, and were intermediately resistant to Ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: The rate of Contamination of vegetable, cheese and meat samples with L. monocytogenes is important in Tehran, Iran. Due to the potential contamination samples to Listeria, there is necessity need for continuous monitoring and the development of a precise program for identifying this bacterium in Tehran and the whole country.

Background and Objective: Ciprofloxacin is effective against a wide range of bacteria, particularly Enterobacteriaceae. However, studies have shown that the resistance of Escherichia coli to ciprofloxacin is enhanced. Thyme is one of the medicinal plants whose essential oil has anti-microbial effects. This study was aimed to investigate the antimicrobial properties of local Thyme essential oil alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin on Escherichia coli mutant strain with intermediate resistance. Methods: In this descriptive laboratory study, Thyme plants (10 samples) were collected from Lorestan Province, west of Iran during 2016. Theses samples belonged to T. eriocali species. Plant essential oil was extracted by distillation method with Clevenger equipment. The antimicrobial properties of local thyme were determined by measuring minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of it alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin using sequential dilution method (macrodilution and microdilution methods) in Escherichia coli strains. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was measured by cultivation method. The interaction between essential oil and ciprofloxacin was determined by calculation of fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). Results: MIC of essential oil for wild type strain MG1655 and mutant strain RE6 was 8 and 10 μ l/ml, respectively. MBC was equal to MIC. 0. 4 μ l/ml of essential oil decreased 45 fold the MIC of ciprofloxacin in mutant strain and produced synergistic interaction (FICI=0. 06). Conclusion: Thyme essential oil in concentration less than its MIC in combination with ciprofloxacin via synergistic interaction reduces antibiotic MIC and antibiotic resistance.

Background and Objective: Organic aromatic compounds as common environmental pollutants can be existing in the effluent of different industries in concentrations ranging from trace quantities to hundreds of milligrams per liter. Phenol compounds extremely have been used in pharmaceutical, wood industry and paper and dyes industries which introduced to environment via effluents. This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of persulfate activated by Fe2+ in the present of UV for removal of phenol from aqueous solutions. Methods: This photocatalytic degradation experiment was performed in batch mode using a 2. 5 L cylindrical reactor equipped with low-pressure Hg vapor lamp of 55 W for wavelength production of 253. 7 nm. The effects of operating parameters such as pH of the solution (pH: 3-10), different initial persulfate concentration (10-75 mmol/l), initial Fe2+ concentration (5-30 mmol/l) and initial phenol concentration (10-100 mg/l). Concentration changes of phenol were determined using UV– VIS spectroscopy at the wavelength of 500 nm. Results: Degradation of phenol was significantly decreased with increasing of pH from 3 to 10, whereas the highest phenol removal rate was 82% at pH=3 in 45 min contact time. Also, the phenol removal rate is depending on initial persulfate and Fe2+ concentration. The degradation of phenol by this photocatalytic followed first order rate decay kinetics (R2>98%). Under optimum operational conditions, the removal of TOC was obtained to be 61% in 45 min contact time. Conclusion: This study indicated that activation of persulfate by Fe2+ in the present of UV process could serve as a novel treatment technique for removal of phenol in aqueous solution.