JOURNAL OF MOVEMENT SCIENCE & SPORTS
Year:2010 | Volume:8 | Issue:15|Papers Count:21

Researchers and coaches continuously to be wanted valid and standard criterions for measurement and evaluated Maximal O2 uptake. Treadmills Protocols for several reasons have a very welcome. Balke and Bruce are two popular Protocols. Although both Protocols had validity for estimate Maximal O2 uptake but Balke Protocol has a lengthy time. Therefore, some of Researchers believed to differences Physiological pressure between two Protocols. The purpose of the study was to Physiological and Practical Comparison of Balke and Bruce Protocols, and investigates the relationship Physiological and Practical factors between Balke and Bruce Protocols. The population under investigation included male karate doers ranging from 14 to 20 years old from Tehran having at least one of the championship titles of World, Asia, Iran or Province. Among them, 23 were selected randomly and formed our statistical sample. They went under the Bruce maximal test in the first week and in the second week, Balk maximal test was performed in same condition. We used paired-sample T Test and Pearson Test for data analysis We founded no significant differences between Vo2max from two Protocols (Bruce=50.62 ml/kg/min and Balke=50.96 ml/kg/min), heart rate after (Bruce=171, Balke=172, p<0.05) of two Protocols, significant differences between distance (Bruce=1233 m, Balke=2282 m, p= 0.00), time (Bruce=13.94 min, Balke=24.48 min, p=0.00). Findings showed also significant relationship between Vo2max from Bruce and Balke Protocols(r=0.61, p<0.05). Therefore, in view of same the amount Vo2max, over distance and time in Balke protocol, gradually physiological pressure in Balke protocol and also significant relationship between Vo2max two Protocols, Balke Protocol can be used instead of Bruce Protocol and we can benefit from the advantages over Bruce Protocol. Finally, results of this research recommended use of bruce Protocol if have limited time for performance.

This randomized controlled study was designed to investigate the effects of vibration training on health and skill related fitness of trained and untrained student girls. 40 volunteers (20 trained and 20 untrained, aged 19–24 yr) were randomized to either the vibration group (n=10) and control group (n=10). WBV was performed on a Nemes machine (40 Hz, 10 mm) with isometric squatting position (knee angle in 110°). The vibration-intervention consisted of a 3 weeks whole body vibration training 3 times a week. Seven performance tests (Vertical jump, 4*9, 505, Margaria caleman, Reaction time and speed) were performed initially and after 3 weeks. A total of 40 trained and untrained girls completed the study properly. In the trained subjects, vibratory stimulation resulted in significant improvement of Vertical jump (P=0.03), power (Margaria) (P=0.005), reaction time (P=0.03) after 3 weeks of training. In untrained subjects whole-body vibration induced significant improvement in vertical jump (P=0.009), speed (P=0.003) and agility 505 (P=0.016). On the other hand, the vibration-intervention showed no effect on static balance of the subjects. No significant changes were found for all the outcome measures for both the control group (n=10). Whole-body vibration is a suitable training method to improve power in a young girl athlete and non athlete if it is properly designed.

The purpose of this study was determining the effect of 6 months moderate aerobic training on VO2max and some selective markers of immunity system of aged sedentary men. For this aim, forty sedentary and healthy aged males (60-70 years) were selected voluntary and then randomly divided into two groups including: experimental group and control group. All subjects were taken vo2max test and blood sample (pretest). Afterward the experimental group performed moderate aerobic training three times a week for 6 months (the first 3 months with intensity 35-45%HRR and duration 20-30 minutes and the second 3 months with 45-60%HRR and duration 30-40 minutes) and control group didn’t had any regular training program. Moreover, the above mentioned tests (vo2max and blood sampling) were taken at three months (midtest) and at 6 months (posttest) and number ofCD4 and CD8 cells and the CD4/CD8 ratio were measured by flocytometry methods. Statistical analyses carried out on data by repeated measures ANOVA, & T student. The result of analysis showed that, aerobic training increase vo2max (29.5%) (P<%5). And the amount of CD4 and CD8 in training group had increased significantly than the control group (the rate 28.5 and 33.95%) (P<%5). The CD4/CD8 ratio in training group was significantly lower than the control group (the rate 8%) (P<%5). In conclusion, moderate aerobic running program may increase vo2max and immunity system markers in aged men.

Explosive performance is fundamental to success in team sports. For this reason, sport scientists believe that intensive interval performance ability with short recovery and minimum of sprint decrement in some sports such as soccer which is naturally interval is too important. The purpose of this research was to identify the relationship between aerobic power and repeated sprint ability (RSA) in young elite soccer players. Twenty three young players 17.52±0.73 years, weight 68.30±5.25 kg, height 175.21±4.43 cm, Vo2 max=49.67±3.86 ml/kg/min) were randomly selected from players who were playing in league one (Tehran) and had 3-5 training sessions per week. To determine Vo2max a graded exercise test until volitional exhaustion on treadmill was used, and also RAST was used to measure RSA. The lactate concentration was measured before and immediately after RSA protocol. Pearson's correlation was used to determine the correlation between the aerobic power and RSA. Results showed that there is no significant relationship between Vo2max and RSA (r=0.068, p=0.75), total time (r=0.025, p=0.909), and recovery HR (r=-0.225, p=0.301). In addition, there was no significant relationship between lactate concentration and RSA (r=0.163, p=0.458). Based on the findings of the present study it might be concluded that the Vo2max and lactate concentration are not the only predictors of RSA and some other factors might affect RSA.

Many factors correlate with successful sport performance and training is the most important factor among them. The method of training describes the amount of success in all sport events and in this field the effect of interval resistance training on endurance performance is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of interval and continues aerobic and resistance training on electromyogrophical indices in well trained athlete. For this reason twenty four runners voluntarily took part in this study with 1 to 3 years training background and with 9.07 to 9.38 minutes time for 3-km run test. Before starting training program and pre-test subjects used treadmill and gas analyzer and also took part in circuit resistance training to familiar with lab and gym programs. Subjects forbidden to take part in high intensity training two days before pre-test and asked them to memorize the diet to repeat it before post-test. vVO2max, Tmax, one repetition maximum (1RM), calf EMG and 3000 meter run test were assessed during four days. Subjects were divided into four groups randomly on the bases of time of 3-km run test. The training program was consisted of interval and continuous, aerobic and resistance training. In aerobic training program the percentage of vVO2max and Tmax and in resistance training program, 1RM and velocity of movement were used. All subjects undertook resistance and aerobic training (3 days aerobic and 2 days resistance training) for 8 weeks. for statistical analysis the kolmogroph-esmirnoph, mix Anova, and tuky test were used (p≤.05) The results shows that however all of continuous and interval, aerobic and resistance training decrease the time of 3000 meters run test, increase motor unit recruitment (EMGvVO2max, EMGMVC) and improve running economy (the ratio between EMGvVO2max and EMGMVC) during the first 4 weeks and after 8 weeks of training, but the interval aerobic–interval resistance training is the most useful training compare to other methods of training. However it’s the first research that determine the effect of interval aerobic and resistance training on endurance indices and the time of 3000 meters, we have no similar studies to compare with, but the results of other research shows that interval training probably through regulation of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, increase lactate threshold, increaseVO2max, increase contribution of slow twitch fiber, improve running economy, increase capillary and mitochondrial density and oxidative enzyme and recruit more/bigger motor units can improve the performance of 3000 meters during 4 and 8 weeks of interval aerobic and resistance training.

The purpose of this study is to compare viewpoint of the (PSFs) and the (SCMs), in regarded to general objectives of the sport sponsorship. The present study is descriptive–analytical and practical one, in which a researcher–made questionnaire with reliability coefficient of 0.87 was used. Since the statistical population is limited the whole statistical population was studied and sampling was not done. 42 out of 60 questionnaires, distributed among the managers of sponsor firms by Agents of Credit Fund to Support Iranian Sport Champions and Veterans and 34 out of 45 questionnaires distributed among the sport federation's presidents, by the researcher, were completed and sent back. After data collecting, they were analyzed by SPSS statistical software, kolmogorov–Smirnov, Leven test, and Independent T-test and Mann Whitney U test. Results indicated that, according to (PSFs), the Increasing public awareness of the company meets the highest means whereas in accordance with (SCMs) view points the highest means go to Promoting company image in public opinions. Comparing the view points of two parties on each of the factors, we clearly come to this conclusion that the greatest difference on view points belongs to enjoying the advantages of exemption from tax on sport advertisement and Target specific audiences, in which the highest mean remarkably belong to (PSFs). there is a meaningful difference between the view point of the (PSFs) and (SCMs) in regarded to general objectives of the sport sponsorship in Iran (P≤0.05) and general objectives of the sport sponsorship are more important for (PSFs) than (SCMs).

The purpose of this study was determining of manager’s organizational culture relates to creativity of physical education teachers. Subjects included 160 physical education teachers. We used organizational culture Assessment Questionnaire (OCAQ) and Randsepp creativity questionnaire. Results indicated 62(of 100) for organizational culture, 12.63 for matching personal and group goals 5.11 for team work, 9.28 for customer ism, and 12.8 of 20, for power of organizational culture. The above mentioned scores show that organizational culture has a medium level among subjects. The score of creativity among teachers was 118 of 250 which indicate a low and medium level. There was a significant relationship(r=0.37, p=0.01) between organizational culture and creativity. This finding shows that organizational culture acts as a stimulating factor for creativity. In addition multivariate regression, showed a linear relationship between organizational culture, acceptance of change and matching personal and group goals and index variable, therefore they can predict creativity. According to finding, organizations can promote creativity with accepting organizational values, adaptation to change and matching personal and organizational goals.

The purpose of this study was to survey mediating role of psychological empowerment at relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment of staff experts of physical education organization. 160 staff experts were selected as statistical sample. The study tool consisted of three questionnaires. Spritzer’s Standardized psychological empowerment questionnaire, Meyer and Allen’s Standardized organizational commitment questionnaire and Bass’s Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). For the analysis of study data used of description statistical and path analytic method. The result of study showed that psychological empowerment mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. And there is a positive significant relationship between transformational leadership and organizational and empowerment psychological. The high section of variance of empowerment psychological (0.44) and organizational commitment (0.41) is result of transformational leadership.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Physical Education student’s attitude toward their Job Future content and their growth need. For this purpose, 360 students had been selected to Physical Education faculties in Tehran and guilan province. The self-report scales of the job diagnostic survey and growth need hackman and Oldham (would like format & job chose format) were used to collect information. Cronbach alpha tests were used to measure reliability for each scale and 0.77 & 0.88 accounted. Data analyzed at meaningful level of p≤0.05 using Pearson correlation coefficient and independent t-test. Results showed that there is meaningful relationship between Physical Education students growth need and their attitude toward their future job in total core job characteristic; skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback( r=0.748). There is not meaningful difference between attitudes toward future job and growth need in male and female students (p≥0.05) but there is meaningful difference between attitudes toward future job and growth need in different education levels (p≤0.05). There is not meaningful difference between attitude toward future job in married and single students (p=0.760), But there is meaningful difference between growth need in married and single students (p=0.016). Results showed that attitude toward core job characteristic are positive that has balance with students growth need. Therefore, if job design proportional with attitude and students growth needs, they feels three emotional situations; experienced meaningfulness, experienced responsibility and knowledge of results That would influence on high internal work motivation, high quality work performance, high satisfaction, low absenteeism and turnover.

The present study aims at studying profiles of mood state in adult Iranian national team soccer players at the end of a training program, comparing it with Brazil's soccer players' profiles of mood state, and Iceberg profiles and Everest profiles. This comparison has been done by using POMS (Profile Of Mood States: Tension, Depression, Anger, Vigor, Fatigue, and Confusion). The researcher has done the present study in order to find the answer to this basic question: "Do adult Iranian national team soccer players have optimal psychological conditions in comparing to the criteria showing a successful athlete?" To do this, the researcher has investigated the psychological variables such as tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, confusion, and TMD (Total Mood Disturbance: Ten+Dep+Ang+Fat+Con-Vig+100) score in the players at the end of a training program. Afterward, the training load, fitness, psychological skills, and their level of optimal achievement in competitions could be studied. This study has been done on 25 adult male soccer players who had been invited to preparation camp in order to take part in Asia nation’s cup competitions in 2007. The research findings considering statistical test results (One-sample t-test, a=0.05) showed that the psychological responses of Iranian national team soccer players to the training programs were not suitable for the expected results. The observed change, weakness, or strength of POMS subscales of fatigue, vigor, and TMD did not represent the reasonable changes taken from a scientific and coherent training program. Therefore, what was expected to happen due to training load was not observed. The observed mood state disturbance in Iranian soccer players show that the players are subject to psychological or mood state disturbance resulted from the other POMS subscales such as tension, depression, anger, and confusion. The players' performance is simply influenced by these disturbances. Seemingly, determining optimal training load, and maximal and submaximal training intensity range have not been done properly and reasonably. Therefore, the players' psychological or mood disturbances were less influenced by training intensity and their physical conditions. Rather it was because of the players' psychological conditions and the dominant situation of the camp.

The purpose of this study was determine validity and reliability and standardization of achievement gross and fine motor skills of Denver Development screening Test II (Denver II) for 3-6 years children of Isfahan. The methodology of this study was Descriptive –Developmental. Statistical population of that were 3-6 years children of Isfahan city. 980 children selected through systematic stratified cluster sampling method from 5 geographical regions of Isfahan city. They tested by gross and fine motor dimensions of the Denver II. Content validity was investigated with comments of 10 motor behavior experts. Two types of reliability assessed were inter-rater reliability by two raters on 28 children using interclass correlation coefficient and 7-10 day test-retest reliability on 140 children using Pearson correlation coefficient. Descriptive statistics used for percentile of achievement tables.Results: gross and fine items for different age groups accepted by 10 motor behavior experts. Interrater reliability for gross and fine items respectively were r=0.96(p=0.000), r=0.95(p=0.000).Test-retest reliability for gross and fine items respectively were r=0.96(p=0.000), r=0.98(p=0.000). Thus results demonstrated that gross and fine items have high Content validity and reliability. Norm tables of gross and fine motor skills presented in tables.Conclusion: The researchers or educators can use tests for surveillance of motor development and identified children with developmental delay.

This study aimed at investigating the impact of limitation in self controlled feed back on learning of simple force-production task. Sixty subjects (non athlete, healthy) that participated voluntarily in this study performed the force–production task in order to reach a particular force. Subjects divided in to four groups according to the type of control on feed back (self–controlled / yoked) and frequency of feedback (30% /free). The four groups performed 6 blocks of 10 trials during the practice phase. Retention and transfer tests were conducted twenty four hours after the practice phase. The methods for data analysis were one-way ANOVA, Repeated Measure and Two-way ANOVA. In the acquisition phase only the effect of practice blokes was significant. In the retention phase there was not any significant difference and in the transfer phase it was revealed the main effect of the control feedback and the frequency of feedback were significant but interactional effect was not significant (p>0.05). Repeating the results of the previous studies on the advantage of self–controlled groups over the yoked group, this study show that limitation of self-controlled feedback up to 30 percent, not only is destructive, but also optimizes self-controlled feedback.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to consider the relationship between maximum torques of lower extremity muscles with anterior knee shearing force during single leg drop landing.Methods: 22 male students from department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences with the mean and standard deviation of weight (75.89±3.22 kg), height (177.84±4.52 cm), and age (22±3 years) participated in this study. Maximum torque of quadriceps, hamstring, and soleus muscles calculated using Isokinetic Biodex dynamometer. GRF data during single leg drop landing collected with Force Plate system (AMTI). Maximum PGRF assumed equivalent with anterior knee shearing force and ACL loading. Data analysis performed by means of Pearson coefficient method and multi regression at the significant level of p≤0.05.Results: The results showed significant relationship between maximum torque of quadriceps(r=0.68), hamstring (r=-0.79), and soleus to quadriceps maximum torque ratio (r=-0.68) with maximum PGRF at the significant level of a≤0.01. Three predictor models have been extracted using multiple regression analysis. In third and the main predictor model, the significant variables were the maximum torque of hamstring, quadriceps and soleus muscles and the amount of this model was significant at the level of a≤0.01 (R2=0.834, βQ=0.50, βH=-0.48, βS=-0.26), (F2, 18=30.09, P=0.000).Conclusion: Regarding the finding this study, the role of hamstring and quadriceps muscles determined as ACL protective muscle (ACL agonist) and ACL loading muscle (ACL antagonist) respectively. The role of soleus muscle as a synergist muscle with hamstring was also determined as the agonist of ACL.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different sitting postures on vital capacity (VC), expiratory flow (EF), and energy expenditure (EE), in students. For this reason, 20 students were selected through none randomly sampling method; the changes in VC and EF were assessed in three common sitting positions (normal, slumped, kyphotic) and standing position by spirometer, and EE measured by indirect calorimetry. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and a paired t test (P≤0.05). The results showed there are significantly difference in VC and EF between different sitting postures, also, results showed slumped sitting purpose significantly reduced the VC and EF, compared with normal and kyphotic postures, but the difference in EE between different sitting postures was not significant. In conclusion, the results showed the pulmonary system function in students has affected by sitting postures, Therefore, recommend that students avoided of continues sitting postures, particularly in slumped sitting posture.