Year:2005 | Volume:11 | Issue:3|Papers Count:23

During 2004 faunistic and biocenotic studies were carried out on the aquatic beetles in Eastern and Western shores of Parishan lake (Fars province). A total of 18 species belonging to 10 families were collected and identified. Of these, two families, 5 genera and 6 species which are marked with an asterisk are new records for Iran. They are listed as follows:Hydrophilidae1- Enochrus harniltoni (Horn)2- Berosuspugnax LeConte3- Phaenonoturn extriaturn Say4- Paracyrnus sp.near nanus (Fall)5- Laccobius sp.near chiesai Gentili Dytiscidae7- Hygrotus sp.near impressopunctatus *(Schaller)8- Agabus nebulosus (Forster)9- Pachydrus *sp. Scirtidae10- Cyphon sp.Dryopidae11- Dryops sp.Hydraenidae12- Ochthebius sp.Helophoridae13- Helophorus micans (Fald.)Anthicidae14- Anthicus sp.Psephenidae *15- Ectopria *sp.Heteroceridae *16- Heterocerus * sp.Carabidae 17- Stenolophus *sp.18-Clivina* sp.In this study Paracymus sp. near nanus was considered to be a dominant species in Parishan lake. Nine sampling code were used and the research has been done on them. In this survey, species diversity and biocenotic factors affecting on aquatic beetles were also studied.

Mutton tallow was obtained by dry rendering of the Iranian sheep tail fat. The extracted fat was subjected to series of physical and chemical tests consisting of nonsaponifiable matter, cholesterol and free fatty acid contents, melting point, refractive index, peroxide value, iodine value, specification value, colour, induction period measurement, fatty acid analysis and composition. The results of peroxide value and free fatty acid content indicated the efficiency of the fat extraction method with respect to hydrolysis and auto-oxidation. Sterol composition indicated that cholesterol was the major sterol (330mg/100g) with traces of phytosterol. Fatty acid profile of tallow showed that oleic and palmitic acids were the predominant acids present. Although tallow with respect to its melting point and saturated fatty acid content is similar to the hydrogenated fat it might be considered a superior product due to the absence of trans and conjugated isomers, therefore it might replace the hydrogenated fat in different products or used as common oil in food industry after reduction of cholesterol and fractionation.

As two major factors, following appropriate forestry practices and organized participation by forest dwellers, may well serve to ensure sustainability of forests in this Habitat. In order to preserve, regenerate and develop these forests, accordingly, a number of projects for managing natural resources have been provide and conducted since 1375 (1996), followed by establishment of the related cooperatives. It can be claimed that those projects have been helpful means for realization of community forestry as an efficient approach to managing forests. Focusing on community forestry as an approach in Zagross Habitat calls for some specific components, including: centrality of target groups (clientele- centralism), governmental supports, appropriate studies, systematic participation, legal requirements and an integrated extension network, etc. The present research is an attempt to reveal through an analytical engineering process the effective role extension system can play in community forestry for developing forests of Zagross Habitat. This research has followed three stages: codifying theoretical foundations; field work, and data analysis. These stages have, respectively, resulted in designing theoretical, field, and exigency models. Statistical universe included forest-dwellers (beneficiaries) and extension practitioners; of whom 208 and 90 were respectively selected as sample universe through stratified sampling. Reliability and validity were determined through questionnaire. According to result of research some variables consist of: improving adherent knowledge about forestry, centralizing management of forestry, training them about it, making best field for the cooperation, are the best way of community forestry, and each has essential effects.

The analysis of popolus nigra was done by DV-vis, FTIR methods. The amount of klasson lignin and acid soluble lignin was determined in such order: 19% aand 3.1% The lignin of this wood is GS kind and contains approximately 65-75% of G units and 25-35% of GS units. The amount of methoxyl units in lignin accordance with the ratio of manufactures units, were determined 1.23-1.35 with respect to each unit of phenyl propan. Ratio of phenolic hydroxyl group to the aliphatic hydroxyl group was determined to equal to 0.47 by using FTIR method on acetylated lignin. Absorption coefficient of lignin in DV-Vis and in DMF solvent for wave frequency of 205 nm, 280 nm were determined to be in such orderb: D205 nm = 1151/g.cm D 280 nm = 13.031/g.cm

Demand for wood based composite boards such as particleboard, MDF and plywood has increased in Iran during recent years. According to the lack of wooden raw material in the country and high added value of particleboard production on the other hand, investigation of production performance and productivity measurement would be very important. In this research, as case study, total and single factor productivity of Parsneopan particleboard factory (around Tonecabon city-north of Iran) was measured. This factory was started to produce particleboard in 2002 with a nominal capacity of 300000 board/year, using wooden raw material. In order to measure single production factors and total productivity, index approach was used during years 2002 to 2004. Results show that, assuming 100% productivity in 2002 as basic year, total productivity during year 2003 and 2004 was increased 9.06 and 24.51%, respectively. As a fact, in year 2003, total output value was increased 7.91% and total input value decreased 1.13%, in comparison with base year. In addition, in year 2004, total output value was increased 36.18%, while total input value was increased just 9.34%, compared to year 2002. Besides, direct raw material was constituted about 51.64% of total input value on average and had an increasing trend during the studied years, as increased from 48.35% in 2002, to 55.37% in 2004. Thus, one could conclude that increasing of raw material productivity was the most effective factor to increase total productivity.

This research was performed to determine optimum freeness of pulp produced from bogasse by NSSC process. Depithed bagasse (Wet method) was prepared from pars pulp and paper mill, Khozestan province. The cooks was done using the cooking liquor of Mazandaran pulp and paper mill having 20% chemicals on the basis of dry bagasse weight. Then, the pulps were refined up to 350±25, 400±25, 450±25 CSF by using PFI Mill refiner. Then, 127 gr/m2 hand sheet papers were made from different samples of pulps and their strength properties were measured. TAPPI standard was used to measure the resistant properties of hand sheet papers. The results showed that papers produced from pulps with 350±25 (CSF) freeness, have the most mechanical properties. Concerning other factors such as possessing minimum standard values and refining energy, pulps with 400±25 (CSF) is recommended. In addition, when the refining increased, the resistance indexes of paper such as Ring Crush Test (RCT), Stiffness, Tensile Strength, Burst Strength, and Breaking Length was increased. The only exception was tear strength that decreased, probably because of cutting and shortening of fibers due to increased refining.

A field experiment was conducted in Seed and Plant improvement institute in Karaj. A factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design has been chosen three Berseem clover cultivars namely Tolidi Karaj, Cold tolerant cultivar and Sacromont and three Planting dates, first Shahrivar (August 23), 20th Shahrivar (September 11), and 10th Mehr (October 2) were as treatments. The result indicated that late Planting, because of inadequate use of environmental potential, causes decrease in both forage and hay yield and also decrease in Protein percent and at the same time causes increase in raw fiber. The highest forage and hay yield and Protein percent was obtained in first Planting date with 61.71 ton/ha, 8.09 ton/ha and 14.97% respectively. Comparison between cultivars showed that the highest forage and hay yield and Protein percent has been obtained from Cold tolerant cultivar with 59.08 ton/ha, 7.97 ton/ha and 15.92% respectively. Therefore the first Planting date (first Shahrivar, August 23) and cold tolerant cultivar are the most suitable for obtaining highest yield and Protein.

Yield variations in the stressful environments are influenced by differences in drought escape and yield virtual potential, Breeders have attempted to use some morphological and phonological traits to select appropriate varieties. In order to compare morphological and phonological characteristics of three important millet species including proso millet (Panicum miliaseum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) in water stress conditions, an experiment was conducted usinga split-plot design with two irrigation treatments and four replications in Birjand Agricultural Research Station. Starting of tillering was earlier in proso millet than the other millets. Although, starting of stem elongation was earlier in foxtail millet than the other millets, but that's ear was emerged very late. Water stress caused reduction in the number of tiller and ear, peduncle and ear length and plant height.

At present, cryopreservation applies for long-term storage of plant genetic resources. Optimizing of each protocol for any accession depends on optimizing each of its several stages. One of the most important of these steps is pre-culture which plant materials acclimate to desiccation stress. Duration of this stage and components of pre-culture medium and also application of ABA on donor plants (before the step) were studied. Results showed that recovery percentage decreased by increasing the duration (from 1 to 1.5 days) of this stage. The best concentration of proline in the pre-culture medium of potato shoot tips was 5 g/1. Application of ABA on donor plants had no significant effects on recovery percentage but had interactions with other factors.

In order to investigate about the effects of nitrogen fertilizer amounts and splitting on grain yield and yield components biological yield and straw and harvest index of dry matter in rice plant, Tarom hashemi variety, a field experiment was conducted for a period of two years (2002, 2003) in northern Iran, Amol, 5Km,Amol road. Split - plot experiment was conducted in Randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Treatments consisted three N rates 0, 46, 69 kgr ha-1 (0,100,150 kg ha-1 urea, respectively) as mainsix N-Splitting as sub plots which were applied at four plant growth stages. Highest grain yield was obtained by application of 69 kg N ha-1 which was attributed to increase in total tiller number and valid tillersin every hill and number of panicle in a square meter of land area. Highest grain yield have been achieved as well in splitting treatments 33/33% transplanting +33/33% on panicle initiation stage +33/33% on full heading stage and 25% transplanting +25% tillering stage +25% on panicle initiation stage+25% full heading stage with 5765/3 and 5366/4kgr ha-1 respectively, which were attributed to some yield components such as total number of spikelets in panicle, percentage of filled spikelets and due to reduction in unfilled spike lets in panicle. Straw yield has been increased by application of 69 kgr ha-1 of nitrogen, due to increase in tiller number in rice hill, plant height and stem height. Harvest index has been reduced by increasing nitrogen rate from 46 kgr ha-1 to 69 kgr ha-1 because of higher rate in straw yield increase than grain yield increase. But highest harvest index was obtained in treatment 25% trans planting +25% tillering stage +25% on panicle initiation stage +25% Full heading stage due to increasing intotalnumber of spikelets, percentage of filled spikelets and 1000- grain weight due to reduction unfilled spikeletsin panicle.

Whereas the importance of potato in Iranian's food and fluctuation of potato's price in the market and the role of the brokers in this fluctuation, marketing of potato in Iran was studied the information of the study was provided from the libraries. In order to check the marketing margin, coefficient of marketing cost and important effects on marketing margin, the information of 1365 till 1380 was used. The result of the study indicated that retail margin was greater than wholesale margin. Also, coefficient of marketing cost indicated the share of the marketing cost in the final price for decreasing the share of the marketing cost farmers should interfere for marketing of their productions. The inspection of the important factors on marketing margin with mark up model and marketing cost model indicated that retail price, export, product and the rate of foreign exchange are the important factors on marketing margin of potato in Iran. Retail price is the effective factor on retail margin and wholesale price is the effective factor on wholesale margin. For decreasing the retail and wholesale prices and marketing margin, the market's competitors should be increased. for this purpose, the government should constitute the marketing cooperatives with participation of producers.

This paper represents a dynamic specification of the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) based on recent developments on cointegration techniques. Based on Iran meat consumption data over the period 1971-2001, it was found that the proposed formulation performs well on both theoretical and statistical grounds, as the theoretical properties of homogeneity and symmetry are supported by the data. Regardless of the time horizon, beef and chicken and fish may be substitutes to each other and types of meat may be considered as necessities.

Efficacy of five fungicides, Tilt, Carbendazim, Benomyl, Mancozeb and Carboxin-Thiram on saprophytic growth of Rhizoctonia solani on PDA and the disease when used as seed treatment or soil drench were investigated. Comparing Ec50 values of the said fungicides Tilt, Carbendazim, Carboxin- Thiram and Benomyl were the most effective compounds against fungal mycelial growth, respectively. In seed treatment experiments, where the number of surviving key lime seedlings were assesed, Tilt, Carboxin-Thiram, Benomyl, Carbendazim and Mancozeb were found to be more effective in order of Tilt> Carboxin-Thiram> Benomyl> Carbendazim> Mancozeb. On the other hand in soil drench experiments, when the seedlings at 2-5 leaf stages were treated 24 hr prior to inoculation with abovementioned fungicides, the seedlings remained most healthy. In general, this study showed Carbendazim, Tilt, Carboxin-Thiram, Benomyl and Mancozeb are among the most effective fungicides, respectively.

Eggs,5-, 10-,15- and 20-days-old larvae and pupae of rice weevil, S. oryzae were exposed to 60Co gamma radiation at doses of 2.5, 3 and 3,5 KR and adults irradiated at 8, 9 and 10 KR, The results revealed that eggs were unable to develop to adults. The percentage of larvae, pupae and adults surviving was dependent on the dose level. The mortality of immature stages ranged between 53.3% and 98.3% at 2.5 and 3.5 KR respectively. There were no beetles left alive after 23 days. In comparison with control, adult mortality was estimated 100% after this period. Adult males mortality was observed earlier than females that was between 13-16 and 18-23 days respectively. In another experiment, the effects of three doses 5, 6 and 7 KR of gamma irradiation on adults sterilizing was investigated. The obtained results indicated that males were more sensitive to gamma radiation than females. The 7 KR dosage of gamma irradiation caused 71.8±1.1% and 76.2±1.3% sterility in females and males respectively.

In this study the vegetation of gherh Aghaj in Pakdasht with the longitude of 51- 45 to 51- 57 and the latitude of 35-25 to 35-35 located on the south west survyed relation to the physionomy of vegetation. Sampling was conducted in releves. The study area separated in to plant unit using areal photographs. Broun- Blandqve table method was used for each plant unit, with regards tomp scale, twenty seven plant communities were Recognizes region. The physionomic studies were made according to kuchelers and one physiognomic formula was made to each plant community.

In this research, the Sorkhe-hesar forest park region in the east of Tehran was chosen for finding the suitable places for afforestation and green area development on the basis of Land-Use planning rules and with the use of GIS application. After the completion of base studies and providing the region thematic maps, digitizing, analyzing, adding up and themes overlaying were done in GIS environment. In the end, the ecological unit map of region was produced and then the echological model of afforestation and green area development capability was presented in five categories for the region after testing and evaluating of makhdoum forestry-use model. In this model, the categories successively are as follows.1th category: The land without any limitation for afforestation and green area development.2th category: The land with low limitation for afforestation and green area development.3th category: The land with medium limitation for afforestation and green are a development.4th category: The land with high limitation for afforestation and green area development.5th category: The land without any capability for afforestation and green area development.

This study was carried out to determine untreated and roasted soybean meal dry matter and crude protein (CP) degradation characteristics by using nylon bags and SDS-PAGE techniques. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between the effective rumen degradability values of untreated and roasted soybean meal CP at different rumen outflow rates. From the slab gel analysis, soybean meal proteins are composed of two major components,  b-conglycinin and glycinin, accounting for approximately 31 and 38.8 percent of the total meal protein, respectively. Both proteins are multisubunits. The molecular weights of a’, a and b subunits of b-conglycinin were 90.5, 71.5 and 55.2 kDa and for acidic and basic of glycinin were 37.6, 19.8 kDa. Electrophoretic and densitometric analysis of untreated soybean meal protein residues revealed that conglycinin a and a subunits were degraded completely within 2 h, whereas the β subunit (12 h) of β -conglycinin as well as the acidic (24 h) and basic (48 h) polypeptide components of glycinin were more resistant to degradation. In roasted soybean meal, b -conglycinin subunits were not affected, but the degradation of glycinin decreased effectively. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between crude protein digestibility of untreated and roasted soybean meal. In conclusion, soybean meal proteins can be effectively protected from degradation in the rumen by roasting at 125°C for 15 min.

In recent decades, the soil erosion studies have been found to be of great importance due to environmental and economic aspects as soil resource loss has a significant impact on sustainable land management. In this respect, process-based models for simulation and quantification of erosion processes have been developed. The GUEST model incorporates the simultaneous erosion and deposition processes as well as an assessment of the rate of surface flow action upon shear stress considers. Experiments undertaken on selected soils of Khajeh (Tabriz) region have been undertaken. Rainfall simulation has been used using a variable discharge dropper system for the simulation of rainfall rates (20, 35, 50 and 75 mmh-1). Basin and flume system 81 cm2 in area were used during the simulations along with splash tray for the measurement of rainfall splash sediment and wet sieving to evaluate aggregate stability. Slopes of 3, 7, 15 and 20 % were selected for simulations. Using the model, sediment and runoff data was analyzed and a sensitivity analysis undertaken. The results indicate, at all rainfall rates, the changes in sediment concentration and time are similar and the similar decreasing trend be found to about 30 minutes.Sensitivity index of average sediment concentration indicate erodibility and deposit ability are the most effective factors respectively. The changes of sediment concentration as result of splash and rainfall rates followed by linear relation and have an accepted R2. Statistic analysis for sediment concentration as result of runoff and splash indicates significantly fitting linear model and implies desirable agreement between estimated and observed data. MAE and MBE indexes indicate less percentage of error in estimate of splash sediment regard the runoff and underestimate of the splash model. Estimation of the efficiency coefficient for splash, calculated 98 % comparison to 60 % for runoff.

Determination of physical and mechanical properties of produced apple is necessary for designing machineries, handling and improving processing line in order to reduce the quality and quantity losses. In this study, three different grown varieties of Iranian export apples (Red delicious, Golden delicious and Granny smith) were randomly chosen from refrigerated room off wooden boxes after four month storage. After this period, two sets of experiment were conducted on determination of physical and mechanical properties. First set of experiment was conducted on physical properties in completely randomized block design for 4 repetitions. Physical characteristics were included of dimensions, mean geometric diameters, sphercity, weight, volume and bulk density. Second experiment was conducted on analysis of mechanical properties of apple in completely randomized design for nine repetitions. Independent variable was three varieties of apples and dependent variables were modulus of elasticity, failure stress, failure strain, failure energy and toughness. Mean and standard deviation values of physical properties for Golden delicious, Red delicious and Granny smith respectively were determined for height was 73.60±2.75, 75.66 ±3.24 and 66.58±3.88mmg, eometric mean diameters was 75.86±1.98, 79.70±2.519 and 71.44±2.417mm, sphercity was 97.46±1.03, 96.01±1.62 and 95.48±1.53 percent, weight was 198.2±13.42, 231.1±18.52 and 167.1±12.34 g volume was 247.9±16.86,284.1±23.49 and 203.7 ±16.4cc, bulk density was 0.80±0.012, 0.814±0.019 and 0.821±0.018 glee. Mean values for dimensions, height, geometric mean diameters, weight, volume had significant difference among different varieties. For Red delicious and Granny smith variety the sphercity and bulk density did not have significant differences but they had significant differences in these characteristics with Golden delicious in 5 % probability Mean and standard deviation values of mechanical properties for Golden delicious, Red delicious and Granny smith respectively, were determined for modulus of elasticity was 1.36±0.34,1.60±0.56, failure stress was 0.19±0.061, 0.102±0.046 and 0.25±0.049MPaf, ailure strain was 12.46±2.86, 6.27±2.17 and 10.33±2.19 percent, failure energy was 13.80±6.08,4.31±3.37 and 16.09±4.59mJ and 2.49±0.70MPa, toughness was 0.012 ±0.0050, 0.004±0.003 and 0.014±0.004 mJ/mm3. Mean values for failure stress and failure strain had significant difference among different varieties. For Red delicious and Golden delicious variety the modulus of elasticity did not have significant differences but they had significant differences with Granny smith. For Golden delicious and Granny smith variety the failure energy and toughness did not have significant differences but they had significant differences with Granny smith. The effect of variety had significant differences in all the values in 1 % probability.

Force control system is used in robots with different types of application. Force control systems are used in operations that there are not enough vision data and may be including unforeseen manipulator errors. In this machine, motion speed of end effector is being changed by certain rate of contact force in software. In this paper, at first manipulator operation and end effector of robotic pruning machine with force control system are described. Then the effect of sensitivity coefficient of force control system, rotating speed of cutting tool, diameter of wood bar and separate and interface effects of them on cutting time and power consumption are analyzed by Duncan's test. Finally, with investigation of comparison means and results of analysis of variance, the effect of force control system on time and power consumption, and method of suitable usage of the force control system in robotic pruning machine are investigated.