SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH IRANIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL
Year:2009 | Volume:5 | Issue:3 (24)|Papers Count:14

Milk and milk products as important sources of nutrients in human nutrition, is very important in public health. Antibiotics are antimicrobial compounds that are used in the treatment and prevention of the disease in veterinary medicine. Presence of antibiotics in the milk and dairy products is harmful for consumers. The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial agents in milk by microbial inhibitor tests. For this purpose 300 milk samples (183 raw milk and 117 pasteurized milk) were tested by the YCT (Yoghurt Culture Test) and microbial inhibitor test. Samples were incubated for 2.5 and 4 h and evaluated afterward. Among the 300 samples, 65 (21.67%) within 2.5 hr and 35 (11.67%) within 4 h were positive for the presence of antimicrobial residues. In order to confirm the above result, CMT (Copan Milk Test) was performed later. Results of this experiment showed the presence of antimicrobial contamination in 83.1% of the samples using YCT within 2.5 h incubation. To confirm the 4 h YCT positive samples, CMT was performed and 100% of the samples tested were positive. Generally assuming that the result of the CMT is 100% correct and that negative results determined by YCT should be reconfirmed by CMT, it was shown that YCT (within 2.5 h) had 16.9% false positive results. Therefore, due to simplicity and low cost of YCT, this test is a good alternative for more expensive tests used to detect antimicrobial contaminants in milk in dairy farms and milk processing plants.

The objective of the present experiment was to study the pattern of follicular growth in cattle with cystic ovarian follicles and the response of ovarian cyst following GnRH treatment. Ovarian follicular development was observed daily by a B-mode instrument with 8 MHz linear-array transducer ultrasonography in 5 cows with ovarian cyst. When a structure ³20 mm was diagnosed in an ovary, the daily ultrasonography continued for at least 10 days to confirm the presence of a cyst on the ovary. An IM injection of GnRH (Gonadorelin@, Aboureihan, Iran, 5 ml) was administered in 5 cows. During 10 days of ultrasonography before GnRH treatment, 1 (n=2), 2 (n=2) and 4 (n=1) follicular waves were observed in the ovaries. Four out of six cysts which were observed in 5 cows regressed at days 3 (n=2) and 6 (n=2) after GnRH injection respectively, and 2 cyst did not regress. Estrus were seen on days 4 (n=2) and 9 (n=3) after GnRH injection. A new follicular wave emerged 2 days following GnRH injection in 4 cows. The results indicate that cows with ovarian cysts have the follicular wave pattern. An injection of GnRH caused regression of the ovarian cysts and the emergence of a new follicular wave in cystic cattle.

Study of the steroid secretion by dispersed carp ovarian follicles as influenced by carp pituitary extract (CPE) and cultivated carp pituitary secretion (CPS), progesterone (P4) and estrogen (E2) levels in the culture media of carp ovarian follicles were estimated using radioimmunoassay (RIA). Carp ovaries were collected and single follicles were obtained. The ovarian follicles were cultivated in BSS Cortland medium alone or supplemented with various) amounts of CPE or CPS. The culture media of ovarian follicles were collected after 72 hr and P4 and E2 levels were estimated using radioimmunoassay (RIA). According to the results, the E2 was a main hormone secreted by incubated carp ovarian follicles. Adding 50 ml/ml of CPS increased E2 and P4 secretion of incubated ovarian follicles to 1.46 and 1.91 fold respectively, whereas the high concentration of CPC (200 m/ml) decreased the secretion of E2 and P4 significantly (P<0.05) which could be due to the down regulation of gonadotropin receptors on ovarian follicles. There was a significant increase of steroid secretion in group stimulated with 100 mg/ml CPE in comparison with the control group (P<0.05).

This study compares the effect of different laboratory methods for isolation arid diagnosis of varroa mite on adult honeybees. To this end, 4 infested bee hives were used and samples at the aunt most of mite on adult bees were taken. For this purpose, 250.bees was collected in a glass jar. For isolation of mites on bees, ethanol 70%, ether, benzene, sugar, powdered sugar, heat, warm water and warm water including detergent were used. The study was carried out in triplicate and for each replicate new bee was collected. Ethanol 70% (95.41%±1.54) and powdered sugar (89.82%±1.69) were found to be the most effective. Statistical analysis was carried out using spss software and chi-square test which showed there was no significant differences between using ethanol 70% and the powdered sugar method (P<0105). However, there were significant differences between other methods and ethanol 70% (P³0105). Never the less, there was significant difference using powdered sugar and sugar (P³0105).The result of this study showed that for evaluation varroa infestation level, ethanol 70% and powdered sugar are the best methods.

Free radicals produced by different factors in organism are responsible for 'many physiologic and pathologic changes. Their increases have a role in pathogenesis of some human and animal diseases by inducing oxidative stress. As garlic powder is used in the broiler diets, we decided to evaluate its effect on the oxidative or antioxidative status of broilers serum in different ages. 144 male broilers (Ross) were divided into four groups, and each group to three replicate, at 21 days old. The diets of each group were supplemented by 0% (control group), 1%, 2% and 4% of garlic powder that were prepared from fresh garlic. 15 chickens from each group were bleeded at 35 and 49 day old to measure serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant activity (TAA). Food intake, weight gain and food conversion were measured at 4, 5, 6 and 7 weeks. According to the results, MDA in 2% and 4% groups was greater than the control group at 35 day old (p<0.05). TAA in 4% group at 35 day old and in 2% and 4% group at 49 day old was lower (p<0.05). Supplementation of diet by garlic powder didn't lead to any significant differences in food intake, weight gain and food conversion. In conclusion, fresh garlic powder increased oxidative stress and decreased total antioxidant defense in normal broilers which may indicate the modulatory effects of garlic powder on redox homeostasis (balance between oxidant and antioxidant).

Degenerative diseases of cardiac valves can cause pathologic murmurs. These murmurs are important clinically. Other conditions especially in horses can cause cardiac murmurs with no clinical importance. An important challenge in cardiovascular examination is to determine the cause and significance of cardiac murmurs. The aim of the current study is to determine the prevalence and characters of pathologic cardiac murmurs in horses of riding schools. In our study, 544 crossbred horses in Shiraz, Isfahan and Tehran riding schools were evaluated. Pathologic cardiac murmurs were detected in 18 (3.3%) horses. They included 6 horses with aortic valve, 5 horses with mitral valve, 4 with tricuspid valve and 3 with pulmonary valve murmurs. These murmurs were holosystolic and or holodiastolic and often radiated widely. The intensity of murmurs was 3/6 and -or 4/6. Quality of murmurs indicated pathologic murmurs in many cases. Eight horses with cardiac murmurs showed exercise intolerance.

Using genetical markers is one of the best methods to evaluate animal improvement. It is reported that Booroola gene has additive for litter size and ovulation rate in sheep. In this study 125 blood samples were collected from Lory-Bakhteyarian (80 sheep) and Arabian sheep (45 sheep). DNA of blood samples was extracted by modified salting out method. The DNA was evaluated by spectrophotometer and agarose gel. Site of mutation was amplified using specific primers and PCR product (190 bp bands) was determined by agarose gel electrophoresis, and then the products PCR were digested with AvaIl enzyme. The homozygous carrier sheep with FecB mutation (BB) had a 160 bp and 30 bp bands, the noncarriers (++) had a 190 bp bands, whereas heterozygotes (B+) had 160, 30 and 190 bp bands. Results show no polymorphism for FecB gene in khozestanian sheep. All of the sheep were wild type (++), so mutation of FecB gene was not the cause of prolificacy in Khozestanian sheep. Further research is required to evaluate fecundity gene and genotyping of Khozestanian sheep.

CIDR is used in reproductive management of dairy herds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term exposure of CIDR (imported) and VetoCIDR (Iranian made) on serum progesterone concentrations and persistence of ovarian follicle in Holstein cattle. Estrous cycle of Holstein cows were synchronized using 2 injections of prostaglandin analogues, 14 days apart. On days 6-8 of ensuing cycle, all females received norgestomet implant and 2 prostaglandin injections 24hrs apart and were assigned into 3 experimental groups (n=4 in each group). On day 4 after norgestomet insertion, females received CIDR (EAZi Breed, New Zealand) and VetoC;IDR (Aburaihan, Iran). In the latter groups, norgestomet was removed 4 days after CIDR and VetoCIDR insertion. Females in control groups did not receive any further treatment and norgestomet remained in place throughout the experiment. Daily blood sampling for measuring progesterone using RIA and every four day ultrasonography for determining the persistence. of ovarian follicle were conducted. Changes in progesterone concentrations were assessed using repeated measures ANOVA. In control group, progesterone concentrations remained at the basal concentration and ovarian follicle became persistent throughout the expetiment. Changes in progesterone concentrations were similar in CIDR and VetoCIDR groups (P>0.05).Progesterone increased within 24hrs after the device insertion (P<0.05) and reduced gradually (P<0.05). During the 28 days after the device inseltion, none of the females in CIDR or VetoCIDR groups displayed estrus and ovulation. Meanwhile, follicle growth and regression occurred regularity. In conclusion, there is no difference between CIDR and VetoCIDR in maintaining serum progesterone concentrations for 28 days.

Probable correlation between hematological and some serum biocheinical parameters with parasitemia rate and hemolysis in cattle infected by Theileria annulata was determined. Two groups including 10 uninfected cattle and 50 infected cattle by Theileria annulata were selected. Infected animals were divided in 4 subgroups with different parasitemia rates (<1 %, 1-3%, 3-5% and >5%). Hematological, some serum biochemical parameters, mean cell fragility (MCF), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in all animals. All hematological parameters showed significant differences between non-infected and infected animals with parasitemia rate above 1%. In parasitemia rates below 1%, only SOD showed significant difference (P<0.001). In infected cattle, negative significant correlations were observed between parasitemia rate and RBC (r=-0.906), Hb (r=-0.916), PCV(r=-0.932), and SOD (r=-0.909). Positive correlations (p<0.001) were observed between parasitemia rate and MCR (r=0.534), MCHC (r=0.455), LDH (r=0.898) and erythrocyte osmotic fragility (r=0.912). All serum biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin, total globulin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinin, total bilirubin, AST, CK, GGT, and amylase) showed significant differences between non-infected and infected animals especially with parasitemia rate above 5%. In infected cattle, a positive significant correlation (p<0.01) was observed between parasitemia rate and total bilirubin (r=0.420). There were no correlations between other serum biochemical parameters and parasitemia rate. A positive significant correlation was observed between parasitemia rate and hemolysis. SOD activity and oxidative damage of erythrocytes had a close relationship with the anemia in bovine theileriosis due to Theileria annulata.

In recent years, the widespread efforts were performed to identify the new antifungal substances because of increasing incidence of fungal infections resistant to treatment in human and animals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of citric and tartaric acids and their combination on the growth inhibition of important pathogenic fungi in vitro. In this study, Trichophyton mentagrophytes vaL mentagrophytes, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Malassezia furfilr were cultured into specific media and subsequently, fungal conidia were harvested from the medium surface. The number of fungal cells was counted by hemacytometer method for antifungal susceptibility test. The antifungal susceptibility test of citric and tartaric acids and their combination against fungi were assayed by macrodilution broth method. The results showed that citric acid had more fungi static and fungicidal activities than those of tartaric acid against pathogenic fungi understudy, and its effect on filamentous fungi was higher than the yeasts. Antifungal activity of the acids combination was similar to citric acid, but higher than tartaric acid alone.

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is one of the most common viruses responsible for acute hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs. This study was performed to determine the duration of virus shedding in affected dogs to Parvovirus diarrhea. The present survey was accomplished on 20 diarrheic dogs that had been affected to Canine Parvovirus (subtype 2a or 2b) in referred dogs to Veterinary Hospital of Ahvaz between 2005 and 2007. Immunochromatography assay was used for final diagnosis. The studied dogs were divided into two age groups « 6 months and > 6 months), four different breeds (Terriers, Germanshepherds, Doberman pinschers and Mixed breeds) and based on clinical signs into two group (hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic diarrhea). Mean of the duration of virus shedding in affected breeds of Terriers, German shepherds, Doberman pinschers and Mixed breeds were 3.75 - 4.33 - 4.66 and 4 days post-infection respectively. The total mean was 4.17 days between all of the breeds. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed that there were no significant differences between different sexes, age groups and between breeds due to virus shedding (P>0.05). Nevertheless, infection was significantly higher in hemorrhagic diarrheic dogs (85%; 17 of 20) (p<0.05). CBC in most of dogs affected by parvovirus infection showed leucopenia, lymphopenia and neutropenia. This study indicated that virus shedding in the affected dogs was at least 3 days and extremely 7 days after infection.