Year:2003 | Volume:15 | Issue:3-4 (56-57 IN ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES)|Papers Count:29

Some of yeasts produce toxin metabolities and cause spoilage in food products. Growth and proliferation of yeasts depend on different factors such as pH, water activity, temperature, storage time, ... Torulopsis is the most important microorganism that enable to growth in low pH and temperature and in food products containing different preservatives (such as caviar). Methyl paraben (p – Hydroxy benzoate) is be used in different food that has low pH. This preservative inhibits growth of bacteria but hasn't been studies related of effect on yeasts specially Torulopsis.After preparation of different dilution of yeast isolated from caviar, samples is inoculated to BHI including Nacl 5% , Nacl 5% + Methyl paraben 0.15%, Methyl paraben 0.15% and control treatment, the treatments were incubated in -36 46, 206 and were examinated in zero, five, eight and eleven days. The results were indicated that 1 Methyl paraben plus Nacl have been had the best inhibitory effect 2) inhibitory effect of Methyl paraben in -36 was better than to 46. and 206. In control and Nacl5% treatment yeast has been increased in growth. Effect of Methyl paraben is depend on pH and temperature. The best of inhibitory Methyl paraben is acidic and nutral pH and low temperature. Since optimum of growth torulopsis is in low pH and temperature, therefore is suggested that Methyl paraben is used as preservative in caviar.

In according to survey and study kind of bed, total scale of organic matter in sediments (T.O.M.), density and diversity of benthos and also survey stomach contents of rearing shrimp that selected 6 pond in Tiab area. Sampling done from August 18 to October 27, 1998 In every pond denoted 3 station and sampling done used by Grab in space 0.02 m2. In addition measuring some physicochemical factors of water in during the culture. In during culture increased total organic matter and maximum reached to 14.8±0.21 percent, also identified kind of pond beds is silt-loam. This survey showed density and divertisy of benthos decreased in during culture with increasing of organic matter. Three groups of miofauna and macrofauna recognized that including copepoda, nematoda, naplius, polychaeta and shrimp larvae. Maximum density of miofauna dependent to copepoda with minimum and maximum 5500, 1100000 in square metters and maximum density of Macrofauna coordinated to oligochaeta with minimum and maximum 10 and 210 is square metters. On survey of stomach content not seen benthos, that demonstrator the ponds impoverish from benthos and nonentity access shrimps in during farm to them reference to term created in bed ponds.

An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of different levels of energy and protein on performance of Raeni male Kids. A compeletly randomized design (CRD) with factorial arrangement of 5x5 was used with three replications. All animals received the diets in pelleted form. After three months 12 kids out of 75 showed the symptoms of urolithiasis. Most of the affected kids were from the groups consumed high energy diets. The chemical composition of urinary calculi was 10% phosphorus and 5% calcium. After observing the urolithiasis symptoms, 10 gr of limestone was added to the diet of animals through water, in order to increase the ratio of Ca: Pto 3.5. Addition of limestone stopped urolithiasis the kids, but the already affected animals did not respond to limestone. But three out of 12 affected kids positively responded to treatment with ammonium chloride. The treatment caused a reduction in urine pH from 8.36 to 6.5.

In order to determine the normal values of serum sodium, potassium, calcium, in organic phosphorus and magnesium in the buffaloes of Khoozestan province, 2508 samples were collected from animals of either sex of different ages. The serum samples were examined after blood collection and the result were as under:1) Sodium                                     140.678±9.416 mEq/1 2) Potassium                                 5.343±1.239 mEq/13) Calcium                                     8/818±2.613 mg/dl4) Inorganic phosphorus                 8.288±2.264 mg/dl5) Magnesium                                2.256±0.533 mg/dlThe samples were divided to four groupes, 0-6 months, 6-12 months, 12-24 months, and above 24 months. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the amounts sodium and potassium in serum of young buffaloes are more than young buffaloes. Calcium levels had not significant difference between four groups. Statistical analysis showes except levels of potassium and magnesium in 0-6 months there was not significant difference between male and female in other groups.

In this study a stock of Apis mellifera meda from central part of Iran, from karyological point of view was taken into consideration. Testes from drone of the milk-white eye puple and young larvae (3 to 4 instar larvae) were used. They were pretreatment by hypotonic -colchicine (0.4% KCl, 0.1 % colchicine) solution for 30 minutes and fixed in aceticacid – methanol (1:3v/v).The samples were stored a 20° c The preparation were made by squash technique and usual air dry method. Staining was carried out by acetic – orcein and giemsa solution for G-banding. The chromosome number of the haploid set for this stock was n=16 and they consists of 4 metacentric chromosomes, 12 submetacentric or subtelocentric chromosomes. the longest and the shortest chromosomes were 2.79 and 0.84p. The secondary constriction was clearly seen in the longest chromosome. G-banding paterns in this stock were not clear. Because, some bands location were changed in different of cells which were observed In many cells a B-chromosome were observed.

The milk and fat production and some reproductive traits of Holestein cows in 6 dairy herds around Yazd (central region of Iran) using 11200 records from 550 cows were studied. The estimation of least square means of corrected (2X, 3050, ME) milk yield, fat production and fat percentage were 6270.30±48.20, 217.70±1.87 kg and 3.50±0.02 percent, respectively. Effects of herd, year and season on milk and fat yield were significant (p<0.01). Milk and fat production of cows, in fall season calving were more than other seasons (p<0.01). The estimation of least square means of calving interval (Cl), days open, dry period, days in milking and age at first calving (AFC) were 382.00±4.49, 103.00±5.12, 75.00±3.39, 307.00±3.72 days and 28.00±0.35 months, respectively. Effect of year on Cl and AFC was significant (p< 0.01). The results suggest that, autumn calving can be used as a strategy for increasing milk and fat production of Holestein cows in Yazd, in order to increase the economic efficiency of herds, AFC and Cl need to be improved.

In this study for investigation of effects sex on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of Lori-Bakhtiari lambs, 66 male and female lambs were used with mean of age 120±5 (standard deviation) days and mean of body weight 31.48±5.34 (standard error) kg for 80 days feedlot period. The experimental design was compeletly random design with two treatments sex with 33 lambs (male and female lambs) and 3 repeat with 11 lambs. Diets were isocaloric(2.51 M.cal. M.E/kg DM) and is nitrogenous (13.07%CP on DMbasis) and contain forage 40 percent and concentrate 60 percent After finished feedlot period 30 lambs were randomly slaughtered and data for carcass characteristics statistical were calculated and analysed. The means of final weight of male and female lambs were 44.96 and 41.01 kg respectively, which the differences were significant (p<0.05). The means of daily gain between male and female lambs were significant The means of feed conversion were 6.57 and 8.54 and feed efficiency were 15.22 and 11.71%, respectively and differences between male and female lambs, were significant The means of dressing percentage in two treatments were 49.33 and 48.8% percent and were not significant(p>0.05). The means of total meat, total bone and total fat carcass percent in male and female lambs were not significant But the mean of sub-cutaneous fat percent between male and female lambs were significant. In conclusion, daily gain and feed efficiency male lambs better than female lambs and subcutaneous fat male lambs were less than to female lambs and in final the male lambs fattening is better than female lambs with the view of carcass quality and marketing.

Blood samples were taken from 100 apparently healthy Khouzestan native buffaloes, for determination of non - specific indicators of inflammation such as fibrinogen, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), total and different leukocyte counts. Blood plasma fibrinogen and erythrocytes sedimentation rate were determined by Clouss and westergren methods respectively. Standard haematological techniques were followed for the determinations of total and differential leukocyte counts. The mean values of plasma fibrinogen concentration, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and total leukocyte counts (TLC) regardless of age and sex were 258±4mg/dl, 44±3 mm/hr and 7.9±0.2 Thousands 1cmm respectively. The differential leukocytic count was neutrophils, 45.6±0.9 percent; lymphocytes, 50.7±0.9 percent; eosinophils, 1.4±0.1 percent; basophils, 0.01±0.01 percent and monocytes, 0.6±0.06 percent. Statistical analysis revealed that erythrocytes sedimentation rate were significantly higher in mature age group than the immature age group, and mature females higher than the immature males and females (p<0.05). The percentage of neutrophils in males, mature males and immature males significantly higher than the females, mature females and mature males, respectively (p<0.05). A negative correlation between erythrocytes sedimentation rate and total leukocyte counts was found in the mature age group (p<0.05). The regression analysis showed that age and sex have a significant effect on erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR) and percentage of neutrophils respectively (p<0.05).

In ruminants, polioencephalomalacia is often concomitant with thiamin deficiency. On the other hand sulfur is not only an essential 3 nutrient for ruminant but also have a therapeutic effect on various diseases of animal. Sulfur after entering in rumen would  reduce to sulfide, so that former and latter are potential encephalomalaciac agents. In this survey 5 apparently health female native goats ul with 13-20 kg weights received the serial 4.dilution 25.50.75 from NaHS. H2O with preliminary dose 2.3x10-3/0.75 kg/BW through intubations. In contrast, 3 goats received placebo (NaHCO3 pH = 8.2). In the microscopic examinations, the damages of  central nervous system were elucitated and the 3 variations of calcium, creatinine, sodium,  potassium, total protein, and magnesium were L, analyzed in control and test groups. The results evaluated by paired t-student tests. In this 4 survey levels of creatinine had not variation, whearas, levels of total protein and magnesium L increased but sodium and potassium decreased these variations is probably due to the destruction of thiamin and damage to cell membrane of gastrointestinal tract.

For a period of two years a total number of 403 cattle 417 buffaloes, 381 sheep and 214 goats of different ages and sexes were examined for eyeworm infestation at Urmia abattoir. Thelazia rhodesii and T. lacrymalis were found in cattle and buffaloes, while T. rhodesii was the most prevalent species. The rate of infestation in the cattle and buffaloes eyes was 16.12% and 1.62% respectively. No infestation were observed in examined sheep and goats.

This study done in semi-intensive culture in according to survey feeding management in Penaeus indicus. To this survey selected 5 ponds from Persian prawn Co. in Tiab area from July to November in ponds to detection of survival, growth rate and feeding rate in during culture sampling was done every 10 days. The result, shows total production of shrimp is between 770 to 1232.2 kg/ha with average weight 13.76 to 16.62 gr. In this survey survival percent was between 25.7 to 44.6. Feeding level in during of culture in more time increased from estimated feeding to shrimp that this cause increasing food conversation rate (FCR) in end culture. Food conversation rate (FCR) between 2.57 to 5.29 that have more different with normal FCR (1:1.5). The results showes food management is no standard and unefficient.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of oral administration of vitamin C on serum iron, TIBC, transferrin saturation and ferritin of colostrums fed neonatal dairy calves. Twenty Holstein dairy calves from a group of 40 neonatal calves were supplemented with ascorbic acid from birth to 3 weeks of life and other 20 calves were not supplemented (control group). Blood samples were collected 12 - 24 hours after birth and at the end of second, third and fourth weeks of life from jugular vein and serum were extracted after centrifugation. Iron and TIBC were measured by colorimetric and ferritin by RIA methods. Transferrin saturation was calculated.At the end of second week of life the calves in the test group had a significantly higher iron and saturation and lower TIBC levels than the control group (p<0.05). The ferritin of calves in the test group was significantly higher than the control at the end of fourth week of life (p<0.05).

In the present study, 370 isolates of E. coli were obtained from colisepticemia cases of broilers. For expression of P fimbriae, isolates were subjected to six consecutive passage on solid media. Isolates were tested for hemagglutination with human erythrocytes in presence and absence of D - mannose for detecting of MRHA and MSAH isolates. All of the isolates tested with indirect immunofluorescence technique for detection of fimbrial antigens. The 18 of 370 isolates showed MRHA with human erythrocytes, that on indirect immunofluorescence all of them reacted with avian P (F11) fimbrial antiserum. The frequency of P fimbriated E. coli was 4.9%. Serotype identification revealed that MRHA isolates which expressed P (F11) fimbriae belong to 01 serogroup.

A factorial experiment was conducted for 60 days to determine of the response of Indian white shrimp (Penaeus indicus, Milne Edwardes) juvenile (average weight of 3.21±12 g) to diets containing various protein levels. three diets containing Three levels of protein (35, 40 and 45%) were formulated and prepared in this trial. Each diet also was compare in three levels of salinity (25, 35 and 45 ppt) So this study was conducted with 9 treatments and triplicate random groups of 20 shrimp per each 300 – litre tank. Each tank was filled with 200 litre water and exchanged 50 percent every day. The shrimp were fed their respective diets as a satiation weigth the feed divided into three parts for feeding at 08:00 and 20:00 h daily. The results of study indicated with the increase of protein and decrease of salinity growth performances also improved. In this study, treatment 3 with the protein of 45% and salinity of 25 ppt (45: 25) in view of weigth gain, SGR, FCR and yeild was better another treatment but there was no significant differences (p >0/05) between this treatment and treatment 1 (35: 25) and 2 (45: 25). As totaly, diet with a protein of 40% for 25 ppt salinity and diet with a protein of 35% for 35 and 45 ppt salinity represent the notable performances for growth of penaeus indicus. Further more, the present study showed that 25 ppt salinity was significantly better than other salinities of for culture this shrimp. The proximate analysis of shrimp carcass did not show significantly and appreciably different between the treatment.

In this work after extraction and methylation of the lipids from sevruga (Acipenser stellatus) tissues in fresh and frozen stages, the identification of fatty acids in these, samples was done by gas chromatography. The results of this investigation showed that the amounts of unsaturated fatty acids in fresh and frozen samples were 84. 41 % and 79.88%. In fresh tissues the amount of oleic acid was 43.71 %, alfa - Linolenic acid was 7.75% and icosapanthanoic acid was 5.36%. These were the most important 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. but after four o. months of cold storing at - 22 c the amounts of these fatty acids decreased to 41.30 %, 4.65 % and 4.00 % respectively. These results were subjected to tests of tukey and variance analysis. the results were significant at a level of 95% . The best holding time of the sevruga fillet in cold storage was tree month.

Propolis, a resinous wax-like substance produced by honey bees (Apis mellifera), is well known in recenet years, ailment, curable by propolis include bad breath, eczema, eye infections, throat infection, ulcers and urinary tract infections. Propolis is available for purchas and ingredient in capsule form, lip balm, skin cream, tincture, toothpaste and sore - throat lozenges. Considering the importance of the propolis, four propels - producing methods were studied in year 2000 at the research institute of animal sciences. These methods were Net (mesh 18), trapaulin, fiber, and roland bell trap. In these experiments, population of adult bees and broods, the amount of honey and pollen in the hive were uniformed, and also, queen sisters replaced by new ones. This study was conducted for 2.5 months in year 2000. Amount of propolis was estimated twice a week, bees population once per months. Average of collected propolis per hive was 30.70, 31.40, 41.51, 15.71 g by the methods of the net, tarpaulin, fiber and roll and bell trap, respectively, in year 2000 the maximum amount of ) harvested propolis, using the fiber method, was 51.27 d g/hive. The rolland bell produced propolis was significantly lower than the others in October. However, it did not different significantly effect compared to others in december population density of colonies did not significantly different (p<%5) among the methods in this study. Propolis - producing methods did not indicate undesirable effects on propolis were observed and there was not noticible difference among honey bees colonies population.

Feasibility of broodstocking of rabbitfish (Siganus sutar) in concrete tanks was surveyed in Hormozgan province. Juveniles were captured by used of gillnet and hooks in sea grass beds and rocky coastal area of Bandar-e-Lengeh. Fishes were transferred to aquaculture department and stocked in three 6m3 concrete tanks at a density of 151nd/m3.They were fed with commercial shrimp pellet and crabs meat at a rate of 3-5 percent of their body weight. Growth of fishes was measured monthly. In order to distinguish the gonads development, 5-10 fishes were autopsied monthly from march to September. Results revealed that Siganus sutor could mature in cultvation tanks. Gonad somatic index showed that S. sutor can spawn in april and may.

Influence of microelements zinc (as ZnCl2) nickel (NiCl2 H2O), cobalt (CoCl2), manganese (MnCl2 H2O), iron (FeCl2) and copper [copper chloride CuCl2, copper sulphate CuSO4. 5H2O, copper acetate (CH3COO)2 Cu.2H2O and copper nitrate Cu (NO3)2 3H2O] on the level of a-amilase activity (enzymatical code(E.C) 3.2.1.1.) were measured in intestinal mucosa, pyloric caecae and pancreas in beluga juveniles (Huso huso) to determine of micro elements that increase the level of enzyme activity. This study was done in vitro with five replications and with two concentrations of 1 and 1x10-4 mg/l of ions Zn2+, Ni2+, CO2+, Mn2+. Fe2+ and CU2+ 217 pieces of beluga juveniles with an average weight 25±7 grams, necropsied and necessary organs were removed and Frozen as soon as possible in 2001. The frozen organs were thawed and the experiments were followed in the laboratory of faculty of fisheries, Gorgan university of agricultural science and natural resources (Golestan province) and in the sturgeon international research institute (Guilan province). The results showed that, in most of treatments, the level of enzyme activities were more than control a dose of 1mg/l in pyloric caecae, Zinc and copper nitrate with a dose of 1mg/l in pancreas were less than control. The activity of this enzyme, under influence of iron with a dose 1x10-4mg/1 in intestinal mucosa, iron and manganese with a dose of 1 mg/l in pyloric caecae were less than control. Decrease of this enzyme activity under influence of mentioned microelements, were not significantly less than control (p>0.05).

This survey was conducted to determine the effect of Pseudomonas fluorescence on survival and growth of Penaeus indicus in larval stage from nauplius V to postlarval IV. Due to do it , the mentioned bacteria were extracted by separator and Zobell 2216E media from prawn broodstock ponds, then purified and mass cultured. These colonies were preserved in 1-2 degree centigrade temperature in a screw tube. Parent shrimps were obtained from Jasc landing. The chaetoceros sp and skeletonema sp were collected from Colahi prawn reproducing center and cultured in Conway media. Then naplios of artemia were prepare and decapsulated. After this procedure, the mentioned artemia were fed by prawns. In next stage of this research, the effect of bacteria as a live food was studied on prawn larvae. During this project, some bioassay factors such as survival rate, length and weights of prawn larvae were recorded and processed. The results of his research indicate the possessive advantages in utilization of milligram Pseudomonas fluorescence per liter concentration to approaching more survival, length and weight rates in order 226.59 and 122 percentages.

This experiment was carried out to study the effect of the diets containing different levels of alfalfa and berseem clover meal on the performance of broilers. 900 Aryan broiler chicks were distributed into 36 groups and fed diets containing: 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 percent of alfalfa or berseem clover meal. The performance parameters were recorded at starter (2 weeks), grower (3 weeks) and finisher (2 weeks) periods. At the starter period, body weight gain (gr/chick/day) was significantly (p<0.05) increased in the diets containing 3 and 4 percent alfalfa meal when compared to the control diet (22.8±0.63 and 24.3±1.36 against to the 20.5±0.92). At the finisher period, the diets containing berseem meal resulted in a significantly (p<0.05) higher performance when compared to the control diet. Feed intake (gr/chick/day) did not significantly varied among the different diets, during the experimental periods, with exception the diet containing 2% alfafa meal, which was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the control (89.4 vs. 82). However, addition of berseem clover meal up to 3% to the diet resulted in a significantly (p<0.05) reduction of the feed intake when compared to the alfalfa containing diets. Addition of 1, 2 and 3 percent of alfalfa or 1 and 2 percent of berseem clover to the diet significantly (p<0.05) improved the feed efficiency when compared to the control diet. Economically no differences was observed among the different diets with exception of the 1% berseem containing diet, which gave more profit than the others. It can be concluded that alfalfa or bersemm clover meal may be used up to 4 percent of the broiler chick diet but using of berseem at a level of 1% could be more economical.