JOURNAL OF PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY
Year:2013 | Volume:8 | Issue:SPECIAL ISSUE|Papers Count:9

Effect of salinity and symbiosis with mycorrhiza fungi on growth and yield of sorghum was investigated in crop year 1385, at greenhouse of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Golestan Province as a factorial randomized complete block design. In this study, factor fungi in two levels of M0 (without fungi) and M1 (with fungi) and factor salinity at three levels of 0.8, 7 and 14 dS/m were considered. Germinated seeds of sorghum were inoculated with Glomusintradices. Results showed that, at high salinity, parameters of leaf area, shoot height, panicle dry weight, panicle length, grain weight and ratio of plant dry weight to root had significant difference at 0.5 and 1% levels compared to the control sample. Root length, dry weight of stem, leaves, seed and bush increased considerably by the presence of mycorrhiza. The length of root, stem, shoot and panicle, number of grains per panicle and grain weight was significantly different compared to the control, at 1% level. The present results showed that the dry weight of stem, panicle and bush for these effects was significant at level of 5%. According to the results, the presence of mycorrhiza had a positive effect on the growth and yield of sorghum.

Many studies have been undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant activity of different essential oil and plants extract recently, which emphasize the ability of these compounds to inhibit growth of wide range of microorganisms and spoilage agents. Therefore, in order to evaluat the antioxidant activity of seed extract of 15 grape cultivars (Fakhri-E-Kashmar, Shoghali-E-Neishaboor, Sahebi-E-Neishboor, Mayemish-E-Birjand, Sefidangoor-E-Ghoochan, Rokhsiah-E-Mahvelat, Lalghermez-E-Mahvelat, Amirozom-E-Rezaie, Moghanai-E-Mashhad, Amirgile-E-Rezaie, Sabzeh-E-Mashhad, Tabarzeh-E-Rezaie, Shahani-E-Rezaie, Loflofi-E-Lotfabad and Samarghandi-E-Lotfabad), an experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with 4 replicates during 2009-2011. The antioxidant capacity of seed extract was assessed by DPPH method. Results showed a considerably high antioxidant capacity in all tested cultivars. The minimum and maximum values of 12.53 and 90.2 were observed in Sefidangoor-E-Ghoochan and Shoghali-E-Neishaboor, respectively. The cultivars Amirozom-E-Rezaie, Amirgile-E-Rezaie, Moghanai-E-Mashhad, Samarghandi-E-Lotfabad and Shahani-E-Rezaie, at the next ranks, had the maximum antioxidant capacity. So that, grape seed extract, which is a good natural and beneficial material for human health, can be recommended as a suitable source of antioxidants.

Under intensive livestock grazing on rangeland ecosystems, balance between facilitative and competitive interactions among plants leads to competition decrement and facilitative relationships' increment. Under such condition, the spatial correlation between nurse plants and understory vegetation would also increase. This spatial correlation leads to increase in survival and diversity of understory vegetation compared to the plants in open area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of nurse species (sponsor) in the preservation of understory diversity in three different grazing areas of Sar Aliabad summer pastures. Sampling was conducted at three different grazing areas including overgrazed, open grazed and exclosure sites. To this purpose, forty five 1m2 plots of were randomly-systematically establishment in each area. Half of the plots were established within the open spaces among the bushes, whereas, the remaining plots were assigned to the nurse plants, and number of plants within the plots was recorded. Thereafter, Shannon indices were used to evaluate the plant diversity within and under the nurse plants. Results indicated that Shannon diversity index for understory vegetation in grazing areas was higher than those of plants in open spaces. Diversity increased by reduction in the grazing intensity and was higher in moderate grazing area than two other grazing areas.

Darreh-Kahrizak region, with the area of 700 hectares, located in the east of Ashtian city. The altitude of the area is 2015 to 2500 m. In this study, medical plant species of this region were collected and identified by different flora, and as a result, 137 species belonging to 36 families and 97 genus were identified. The highest species richness was related to Asteraceae (18 species), Papilionaceae (18 species) and Apiaceae (14 species).

One of the most applications of tissue culture techniques is micropropagation. Micropropagation is an effective technique for propagation of pathogen-free ornamental plants. Type and concentration of plant growth regulators are two important factors in micropropagation. Studies on micropropagation of Matthiola incana, as an ornamental plant, are rare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and kinetin (KIN) on micropropagation of Matthiola incana. Seeds from mother plants germinated on MS medium without hormone. Shoot tips from in vitro germinated seedlings were transferred on solid MS medium supplemented with kinetin (KIN) (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/L) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/L). The experiment conducted based on completely randomized blocks. MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L KIN without NAA resulted in the best shoot length and largest number of node. The highest root number was observed in the medium with 2 mg/L NAA without KIN. The longest root was observed in the medium with 1 mg/L NAA+2 mg/L KIN. The highest fresh weight, dry weight and chlorophyll index of plants were observed in the media containing 0.5 mg/L NAA+1 mg/L KIN, 1 mg/L NAA, and 1 mg/L NAA+2 mg/L KIN, respectively. The results of our study showed that the appropriate concentrations of NAA and KIN cause faster propagation of M. incana under tissue culture conditions.

Increase in salinity around root has negative effect on plant growth, because it inhibits plant roots to absorb water. This study was conducted in order to compare salinity tolerant of different genotype of barley root in different sowing depth in PVC tube, as factorial completely block design, at greenhouse of agriculture and natural resources research center of Gorgan, during 1389-90. Treatments were 4 barley genotypes (G1=FRIBERGA/STE// (L.527//BAHTIM-7DL/L.BIRAN/UNA8271//…), G2= (W12197/CR272-3-4//DIJON3-2-5), G3= (M9878/CARDO//QUINA/3/JAZMIN/4/ CEN-B/2*CAL192), G4= (SAHRA)). Two sowing depth (2, 4 cm) and three levels of salinity S1 (control) S2 (8 dS/m) S3 (16 dS/m). Results showed that at 16 dS/m salinity, genotype 3 had significantly higher root length, root volume, root number, root depth, potassium and sodium to potassium ratio, while, genotype 2 only showed increase in root dry weight and sodium content. There was a negative and significant correlation between proline content and root length. However, there was a positive significant correlation between proline content and root dry weight.

Elm-leaved blackberry (Rubus anatolicus (Focke) Focke ex Hausskn.) fruit is a drupe and fleshy, which is, first, green, then red and turns black at maturity. This plant belongs to family Rosaceae and is rich of secondary metabolites such as anthocyanins and total phenols. This plant is a volunteer species abundant in Golestan province. In this study, determination of harvest time was based on fruit surface color. To this, elm-leaved blackberry fruits were randomly harvested at mature (black) and immature (red) stages from two geographical regions (Hassan Abad village of Jelin and Livan-E-Gharbi village of Bandargaz). Thereafter, juice pH, soluble sugars, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium contents were determined. The results showed that the soluble sugars content of the fruits increased at maturity having higher level in Hassan Abad samples than Livan-E-Gharbi ones. There was no significant difference in the amount of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium ions between the mature and immature samples. Immature fruits were more acidic than mature ones, and also, Livan samples were slightly acidic than those of Hassan Abad.

Medical plant Berberis vulgaris L. is one of the valuable species of mountain regions of Golestan province. In this research, ethnopharmacology, phenology and detection of natural habitats of B. vulgaris L., was performed during 88-89 and different organs of the plant was collected, extracted and assessment of organs main secondary compounds amount was performed using spectrophotometer. In this study, medicinal information about the plant was attained from local experienced therapists of Cheharbagh village suggesting that different products of barberry plant are used, single or combined with other medical plants, as with using as laxative, diuretic and as a strong anti-inflammatory agent to treat cancer, cardiovascular and hypertension diseases. Growing of plant startsin farvardin, flowering in late khordad and fruitripening lasts until last September. This plant grows in the soils with the sand, silt and luminal texture with pH of 7.2 and electric conductivity of 3.4 and in semi-moisttemperate (Mediterranean) to mountainous climates. Results of phytochemical studies of the plant organs showed that amount of total flavonoid was 8.2-59.9 mgQuEg-1, total phenol was 16.1-37.8 mgGAEg-1 and anthocyanine was 11.34-153.42 mgCGEg-1, as the leave and fruit had the highest quantity of secondary compounds. Results of alkaloid berberine test showed that its amount in the skin of stem and root was 1.03 and 6.34 B%, respectively, and the other organs did not contain this material.

In this study, growth characteristics of Origanum vulgare L. was investigated under colchicine treatment. Colchicine is used to induce tetraploidy in O. vulgare L. Several methods are used to induce polyploidy in plant such as use of uryzaline and colchicines, however, it is possible that not only polyploidy is not achieved, but also negative effect is obtained. For long years, colchicine has been using to induce tetraploidy in different species. Beside it effect to induce tetraploidy, colchicines may have negative and positive effects on growth and development of different plant parts. Therefore, different concentrations of colchicine (0.01%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1%) have been prepared and were used to treat to O. vulgare L. via different methods. Results showed that colchicines inhibited growth and led to plant death. In the present study, it was tried to show the negative effect of colchicine on the plant organs by comparing the colchicine treated plants with the control ones. One of this effect is that growth of the treated plant is suppressed and the plant finally is withered.