JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ENVIRONMENT
Year:2018 | Volume:10 | Issue:3 |Papers Count:77

Brown bear has the highest distribution within all bear species and lives in Asia, North America and Europe. It is the biggest carnivore with wide distribution and aboundance in Iran, especially in mountainous area. The largest population of the species are inhabiting along the Alborz Mountains with the highest abundance in the Central Alborz Protected Area and the Golestan National Park in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces, respectively. To increase our knowledge instead of improve the conservation level of the species remained populations in protected areas and in order to be able to predict the effective factors on habitat suitability, we had a survey on this issue in Golestan, Guilan and Mazandaran Hyrcanian forests with the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) software. The results show that 59% of the study area is suitable for Brown bears. Moreover, Brown bears prefer the areas with high vegetation and high slope in northern aspect. According to the results, increase of annual temperature will reduce the suitability of habitats. Also, along with determining new protected areas, it should have an appropriate distance from human settlements and villages.

Today, pristine nature and remote habitats from human impacts have become very rare. Establishing protected areas is a conscious effort to support the last survivors of biodiversity, which more or less maintains their natural characteristics in the current unsustainable state of developments. The capability of the landscape ecological approach to trace ecological processes throughout a vast spectrum of spatio-temporal scales with special attention to cultural impacts, make it possible to understand the real consequences of human activities and their related planning efforts. In the present research, in a ten-year period of time from 2006 to 2016, the changes in Shirahmad Wildlife Refuge landscape has been investigated in order to determine the effects on Persian gazelle habitat. For this purpose, after preparing and processing satellite images of the studied area, land coverage maps for this region were extracted, for the specified period of investigation. Then, in order to quantify the changes in the Persian gazelle habitat, landscape ecological metrics were calculated. The results of metrics calculating indicate an increase in the area and continuity in the Haloxylon and Tamarix trees besides reduction in area and fragmentation and changes in shapes and number of patches in rangelands, salt marshes and agricultural land covers which is mainly due to the emergence of villages and residential areas and human activities such as overgrazing and natural causes like drought.

Investigation on the factors, which mostly affect wild bezoar goats' habitat use relying on presence only methods, was the main part of our study. During spring and fall 2016 totally 13 environmental variables were measured in the species activity points (presence points). Ecological properties of 110 species presence points in the Bisoton wildlife refuge were compared and the species distribution modeling was developed. All models indicated that the main suitable areas for the species limited to the south and western parts of the study area. Regarding the ecogeographical and distal variables which affect the species activity and habitat usage, the output of three different presence only methods were completely different. Distance to the industrial and military centers in the spring and distance from rural areas, military settlements and terrain slope were the most important factors affect the outputted model in ENFA modeling approach. MaxEnt modeling approach emphasized on distance to the nomads and vegetation type as the most affecting factors in both seasons. High values of species marginality indicate the special way of habitat selection by the species and its limited environmental tolerance to the habitat structural variables. To optimize the model, ctross validation was used. In the ModEco suite, the best performance was the domain model with AUC=0/9265. Our results indicated that ENFA produced more different results in comparing with other presence only methods like MaxEnt, Bioclime, Svm and Domain. We also find that MaxEnt with AUC-0/931 has better function than other modeling approaches.

A species distribution model evaluates the relationship between distribution of species and environmental factors and therefore gives a better understanding of future management plans. Artificial neural network is one of these modeling tools which in these days have become a very important gadget for decision making. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Capra aegagrus is one of the venerable species in Iran and it categorizes in VI Section. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to model Capra aegagrus Habitat suitability in Ghomishloo national park using artificial neural network. Different variables which used in this study are altitude, slope, vegetation, distance from the main roads and water resources. In order to analyze the data, multilayer perceptron network have been used and MATLAB R2015b was used for the calculations. The results show that the most important variables which effects on Capra aegagrus distribution are altitude, species distance from water resources, slope, the distance from the main roads and vegetation, respectively. And the results also indicate that the most suitable habitat for Capra aegagrus in Ghamishlo national park is in the areas with an altitude of more than 2200 meters and an area of 3982 hectares which includes 12. 36 percent of this national park.

Tangehakhori area in Firouzkouh township at the suburb of Tehran province. The purpose of this study was determination of Ovis orientalis habitat suitability and its relation to vegetation dispersion in haunt-forbidden Kaveh Deh area in fall 2015, using investment plant to recognize Past plant species, and using plant biodiversity indices’ determination software. Ovis orientalis habitat suitability was determined using ranking of HSI habitat variables and habitat HEP model. 9 habitat variables included: vegetation, direction, slope, distance from road, distance from habitat, distance from agricultural land, distance from watering place (trough) and haunters’ attendance. 11 species in September, 9 in October and 9 in November and Decembe were recognized Shannon diversity index in 3 fall months were 2. 013, 882, 1. 2, Margalef species richness were 2. 153, 1. 954, 2. 288, Menhinick species richness were 1. 079, 1. 162, 1. 567 and Simpson species diversity were 0. 8232, 0. 8411, 0. 8154, respectively. According to well-achieved scores of HEP method, Kaveh Deh habitat area was ranked as good (0. 67) in fall 2015.

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of supplementary feedingmethods on Moghani suckling lambs weight gain in rangeland condition. This experiment was carried out for 90 days in the spring of 2015 in completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 3 replicates of 10 lambs (male) in each treatment. Treatments including: 1. Traditional method without nutrition in rangeland; the lambs were taken with the ewes to the range, 2. Feeding 266 g/day barley grains, in addition to ewe milk and nutrition from the rangeland and 3. Feeding 311 gr/day of concentrates in addition to ewe milk feeding and nutrition from the rangeland. Lambs were weighed at the beginning of the experiment and every 14 days before feeding in the morning through the experimental period. Milk yield and body condition score of the ewes were recorded every month. The weight gain, body condition score and milk yield were significantly higher in concentrate fed lambs rather than other treatments (p<0. 05). In conclusion, in terms of economical, feeding the suckling lambs with concentrate and barley respectively lead to 61. 4 and 17. 4 thousand tomans increase in net income in comparison to traditional method in the studied flock.

This study was carried out to determine of the effects of lasalocid on ruminal fermentation parameters in Ghezel sheep. Sixteen male Ghezel sheep were used allocated in completely randomized design. The diet containing of 2. 9 ME (Mcal/kg DM) and 150 g/kg DM CP was formulated based on NRC requirement consisting of 400 g kg-1DM alfalfa, 488 g kg-1 DM barley grain, 200 g kg-1 DM soybean meal, 589 g kg-1 DM, corn grain and 20 g kg-1 DM limestone containing predicted metabolizable energy 2. 9 Mcal kg-1 DM and containing crude protein 150 g kg-1 DM. The treatments containing different level of ionophore (20 ppm, 25 ppm, 30 ppm and 35 ppm). The experiment period was 21 days. The rumen fl uid was collected using stomach tube at 2 and 4 h after morning feeding. The fl oatation and sedimentation time, methylene blue reduction time, pH, total ammonia nitrogen and total VFA in ruminal samples were determined. The ruminal pH, total VFA, sedimentation and fl oatation time and methylene reduction time were not significant differences. The effect of lasalocid on ruminal ammonia concentration was significant difference (P<0. 05). The results showed that the lasalocid had no effect on ruminal parameters except of ruminal ammonia-N resulted low proteolytic bacteria activity.

Global warming, droughts and the drowning of the island nations are among the most devastating effects of climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with livestock activities and to create a framework for supporting research projects in animal science, this study was conducted. Through the search and collecting the available information on the Internet, libraries and specialized sites, as well as the holding of various meetings and participation in international expert conferences and the setting up of special questionnaire, research strategies were presented as large-scale projects and research projects. In order to reduce greenhouse gases with the origin of animal production and create a complete research chain in Iran, eight research strategies, including studies on livestock species and their number in country, improvement and breeding of ruminant animals, nutritional strategies and increasing the nutritional value of livestock and poultry feeds, improving ruminal microorganisms, research into livestock buildings and facilities, modification of the structure of slaughterhouses, changing and modifying the pattern of fuel consumption and production of biogas, as well as changes and modifying the pattern of animal protein consumption, in the form of 59 master plans and projects were presented. In general, the implementation of national and international commitments, the presentation and implementation of research strategies to create a complete research chain, research control on animal science projects and public education (people and industrial factory farms) are among the most important strategies.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of commercial additives Lalsyl (Lactobacillus Buchneri) on the chemical characteristics of alfalfa silage supplemented with molasses or orange pomace. The treatments included: 1) alfalfa hay (control), 2) alfalfa hay with bacterial additive 3×108 cfu/g, 3) alfalfa hay with orange pomace, 4) alfalfa hay with orange pomace and bacterial additive 3×108 cfu/g, 5) alfalfa hay with 5% molasses, 6) alfalfa hay with 5% molasses and bacterial additive 3×108 cfu/g. Alfalfa hay harvested at flowering stage and after 24 hours wilthed and mixed orange pomace with ratio of 2100 g and 760 g, respectively, and was ensiled for 90 days. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design with three replications. The addition of orange pomace, molasses and bacterial additive in any of the treatments caused significant changes in dry matter content compared to control (p<0. 05). The pH of all treatments was less than 4. 55 and pH of control treatment was higher than other treatments (p<0. 05). Add orange pulp, molasses and hay withered bacterial supplements significantly increased the soluble carbohydrate and total volatile fatty acids (p<0. 05). Bacterial additive with orange pomace or molasses with the availability of fermentable carbohydrates for lactobacillus and couse a rapid reduction in pH and limit the growth of lactobacilli and yeasts and fungi and improve silage quality.

Regarding the possible role of Diazinon (DZN) to induce free radicals production, it is assumed that it can lead to increased level of lipid peroxidation and then poor sperm quality. In this research, we aimed to investigate the toxic effects of DZN on sperm parameters quality as well as lipid peroxidation level in sera and seminal plasma of male rats. In this experimental research, 24 male rats (Balb/c) were randomly divided into four groups including: controls (n=6), treatment group A (n=6), treatment group B (n=6) and treatment group C (n=6). Commercial DZN was injected orally in a single dose (A=5mg/kg, B=10mg/kg and C=25mg/kg per day). After 5 weeks, animals were sacrificed for Malondialdehyde (MDA) and parameters quality examinations using Thiobarbituric acid reaction (TBAR) and microscopic techniques, respectively. There was a significant reduction in sperm parameters quality in treatment groups, especially in group C and group B, when compared with controls (p<0. 001). There was a significant difference for serum and seminal plasma MDA mean levels between study groups of A, B, C and control groups (p<0. 001). DZN leads to poor sperm quality via increasing of serum and seminal lipid peroxidation levels in a dose dependent manner.

The present study, ciprofloxacin was carried out in order to examine the probable effects of consuming this plant during the crucial days of pregnancy on fetal growth and development of liver tissue in mice. The treatment group received ciprofloxacin with a dose of 80 mg/kg intraperitoneally on organogenesis days of pregnancy. The samples stained by H&E method. The level of ALT, ALP and AST was measured by standard methods using enzymatic and biochemical kits using Autoanalyser Device Model 1000-RA manufactured by Technician Company, the USA. The collected data were expressed as Mean± SD and analyzed using T-test in order to compare the groups to find out their difference. The significance level was set at p

Rodents are very sensitive to metals exposure and they can be examined as an appropriate study sample since the similarity of heavy metals' pattern distribution between human and rodents' tissues. The aim of this study was determination of cadmium, copper and zinc concentration in muscle, liver, bone and kidneys of the social vole(Microtus socialis) in Kermanshah province. In the study, 12 social vole (6 male and 6 female) were collected by Sherman live-traps in 2016. The levels of copper, zinc and cadmium was measured by atomic absorption model of Phonix 986. The results showed, there is a significant difference in concentration of zinc, copper and cadmium between different tissues of the social vole (p< 0. 01). The highest and lowest concentration of zinc were observed in the liver (15. 68 μ g/g, ww) and bone (15. 68 μ g/g, ww), respectively. The highest amount of copper was in the liver (13. 31 μ g/g ww) and the lowest amount of this metal was observed in the muscle (4. 67μ g/g, ww). Moreover, the highest and lowest levels of cadmium concentration were found in liver and bone with amount of 2. 36 and 1. 19 μ g/g ww, respectively. So that there were a significant difference in zinc in the kidney and muscle (p< 0. 01), copper in the muscle, liver and bone (p< 0. 05), and cadmium only in bone between males and females. While, there was no significant difference in rest of the groups between the both sexes. By comparing the background concentration and the concentration of metals investigated in the liver tissue, the metals are located in the background and are not at critical levels.

Identification of grassland birds and their relationship with the rangelands of Arasbaran protected area in the spring and summer of 2016 with a binocular and telescope with direct observation and counting species were conducted and 74 species of rangeland birds belonging to the 20 family were identified. Species diversity was determined using Ecological Methodology software. Most of the varieties of Margalf and Manhinnik indices were 8, 363 and 3. 317 in March, respectively, and the lowest in August was 7. 915 and 2. 037 respectively. The highest dominance in September was 0. 1183 and the lowest value in June was 0. 0504. Family Turdidae with 12 species with the most diversity and 7 families with one species were least in the region. The relationship of birds with pasture habitats was nutritional or multi-use. The Family of Accipiteridae and Falconidaqe were dependent on the nutrition of the rangelands such as reptiles, and the Muridae species. Relationship of birds with grasslands habitat are in two-way and play an important role in pollination and insect population balance. Because birds are part of the constituent elements of the ecosystem, they are affected by the nutrition and transfer of plant seeds and are affected by the biological conditions of the rangelands.

Slaughterhouse and garbage site of Yasouj city are adjacent to each other, located at 12 km south of the city. From early November 2014 to late March 2017, we studied and counted eagles in this area. Our survey showed that from fall 2014 to spring 2015, 120-130 eagles and during fall 2016 to spring 2017, about 115-125 eagles were present at slaughterhouse and garbage site of Yasouj. Some 84 Steppe Eagles and six Imperial Eagles were counted from fall 2014 to spring 2015, and 79 Steppe Eagles and 10 Imperial Eagles from fall 2016 to spring 2017. From fall 2014 to spring 2015, 19. 05% of Steppe Eagles were adult, 33. 3% were 4-5 year-olds, and 47. 6% were 2-3 year-olds, and 83. 3% of Imperial Eagles were immature. From fall 2016 to spring 2017, 21. 5% of Steppe Eagles were adult, 36. 7% were 4-5 year-olds, and 41. 8% were 2-3 year-olds. Regarding the Imperial Eagle, from fall 2016 to spring 2017, the number of adults was very low (20% of the total population of Imperial Eagles) but the majority of the individuals were immature and subadult. Also, during the two-year study, only 20. 3% of Steppe Eagles were adult while the remainder were immature and subadult. About the Imperial Eagles, only 18. 4% of the individuals were adult. The peak of eagles presence was January and February in this area. Low global population of the Imperial Eagle was also confirmed in the current study, with very low population counted compared to Steppe Eagle.

To compare the effects of automatic and conventional laying nests in broiler breeder houses on some egg quality variables, a broiler breeder farm in which 5 houses equipped with automatic laying. nests and 5 houses had the conventional laying nests was used. The weekly percentages of misshapen eggs, double-yolked eggs, cracked eggs, dirty eggs, wasted eggs, and hatchable eggs were measured in houses during a production period (34 weeks). The observations of weekly percentages of each variable were analysed using a model included the random effects of houses and production weeks using proc mixed of SAS software, and the mean percentage of variables were compared between the two groups of houses. The frequency of misshapen eggs were lower and the frequency of dirty eggs and wasted eggs were higher in houses with automatic laying nests, (p<0. 01). The percentage of hatchable eggs was also higher in houses equipped with automatic nests (p<0. 01). The cracked eggs and double-yolked eggs percentages were not affected by the nest type. It is concluded that equipping broiler breeder houses with automatic laying nests and its proper mangement could improve egg quality and percentage of hatchable eggs.

Natrix tessellata is a water-dependent species, many of which live near rivers rich in fish. This research has accomplished about N. tessellata population of Sari city in Mazandaran province, from 4th April till 6th November (2012) collected 57 male specimens from 4 sites (Abbandankash the fishpond, Tajan river, rice paddies of Sari city environs, National forest of Zaare), also they gathered by hand for the study about them reproduction, dietary conditions, metric and meristic traid as diurnal patrols. It occurs the dice snakes in the altitude of 30 meters (upper sea level) till 700 meters in the rice paddies around of Zaare national forest ranges. So the recently results shown that their length is between 34-68 cm, and tail length is 11-16 cm, and in the meristic traits researching the ventral scales were 169-183 and sub caudal scales were 60-78 and dorsal scales were 19 in the all of specimens. Vernal activity occurs in the spring season that weather would become warm and would rise during 9 am till 19 pm, but in the summer their morning activity is from 8 am till 13 pm, and evening from 17 pm till 20 pm also never seen nocturnal activities during this research. The sperm numbers beginning of spermatogenesis middle of June (almost 5th) and reach the maximum gradually middle of August and September.

Protected area of Serisha-Gouji with an approximate area of 100 square kilometers is located in north of Torbat Heydarieh city of Khorasan Razavi province. Its minimum height is 1482 m above sea level and its maximum height is 2522 m. In this field study, which was conducted in the spring and summer of 2011, the area was divided into 8 stations and identified by sampling in a survey of lizards. A total of 75 samples were collected which were identified after transfer to the laboratory using valid keys and metric and meristic traits. The identified species were: Paralaudakia caucasia, Paralaudakia microlepis, Paralaudakia erythrogastra, Trapelus agilis and Trapelus megalonyx from the Agamidae family; Cyrtopodion scabrum from the Gekkonidae family; Eremias persica; Eremias fasciata; Mesalina watsonana from the Lacertidae family; and Eumeces schneiderii princeps From the family of Scincidae. The most frequent species is Laudakia caucasia.

The aim of this project is to investigate the heavy metal pollution in Eretmochelys imbricate in Kish island. For this purpose, 20 eggshells, 20 immatures and 4 fetuses also 17 sediment samples have been gathered, was extracted through wet digestion method, and lead and cadmium concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Mean lead concentration in immatures, fetuses and eggshells was 7. 44± 0. 67, 11. 14± 1. 34 and 12. 22± 3. 33 mg/kg respectively and mean cadmium concentration was 0. 44± 0. 14, 0. 84± 0. 52 and 0. 87± 0. 49 mg/kg respectively. ANOVA and LSD results showed that Lead concentration mean in eggshell and fetus are more than immatures. On the basis of Kruskal wallis results, there is no significant difference between immatures, fetuses and eggshells cadmium concentration mean. Binomial test showed that mean cadmium level is below the 1-2 mg/kg where biological impact would be anticipated and one sample t test confirmed that mean lead level in the eggshell is greater than 4. 7 mg/kg, which can cause irreparable damage to the eggshell. Mean lead and cadmium concentration in sediments is 65. 69± 7. 95 and 2. 82± 0. 75 mg/kg respectively that is more than standard.

Distribution and size range of juvenile mullets (Liza saliens) was investigated in Southeastern Caspian and Gorgan Bay from June 2014 to June 2015. Sampling performed with a fine mesh (2 mm) beach seine in five sampling sites, two in Caspian and three in Northern beach of Gorgan Bay. The collected specimens belonged to smallest sizes between 13 to 90 mm. In summer the size range of 18-38 mm were dominant in Gorgan Bay but in Caspian stations the sizes between 30 to 62 mm were more abundant. Specimens with minimum lengths of 13 mm were captured in summer. In fall and winter juvenile mullets occurred in all stations but in Gorgan Bay the specimens had several times reduction in winter. Based on results, juvenile mullets had a high abundance in nearshore waters of study area specially Gorgan Bay so these habitats could be considered as important nursery grounds for this species. The appearance time of juvenile mullets in nearshore waters of southeastern Caspian and beginning of a new life cycle is similar to western population of this species in Mediterranean Sea.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Chlorella vulgarispowder on the growth performance (final weight (FW), final length (LW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, daily growth ratio (DGR), condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI)), feed indices (feed conversion rate (FCR), voluntary feed intake (VFI), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lipid efficiency ratio (LER)) and body chemical (protein, fat, moisture and ash) Mugil cephalusfor 60 days. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 120 of grey mullet (with average weight of 14. 95± 2. 01g) in 4 treatments and 3 replicates (n=10 in each replicate) and included: control group without using algae extract, an another groups (treatment 2, 3and 4) the amounts of this extract were 5, 10 and 15 g/kg food. The results showed that at the end of experiment, the highest LW (11. 08± 0. 10 cm), WG (216. 85 ± 12. 39 g), DGR (6. 53± 0. 18%), SGR (0. 90± 0. 07), the lowest VFI (0. 99± 0. 03 %), the highest PER (4. 61± 0. 27), the highest PPV (39. 48± 2. 54), the highest crude protein (0. 99± 0. 0%), the highest crude lipid (10. 37± 0. 24%) and the highest LER (1. 23± 0. 09%) were observed in the diet containing 5 g /kg algae extract in all of these parameters, treatment 2 showed a significant difference compared with control treatment (P<0. 05). The highest protein and moisture were shown in in the diet containing 10 g /kg algae extract. Finally, the present results suggest that diet containing 5 g/kg Chlorella vulgariscould improve growth, feed performances and carcass quality in M. cephalus.

The aim of this study was to investigate and identify profile compounds of amino acid of male and female golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) in both reproductive and non-reproductive periods. In doing so, 100 pieces of golden grey mullet were caught in two seasons: spring (non-productive) and autumn (reproduction) on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. After biometry of the samples, protein measurement was performed using standard Kjeldahl method and amino acid analysis by HPLC. Based on the results, male fish had higher protein content than female fish. In addition, in the non-reproductive period, the fish had more protein compared to reproductive period (p<0. 05). There were no significant differences in essential and non-essential amino acids in male and female fish (p>0. 05), so gender has no effect on the content of amino acids. Lysine had the highest total amount of essential amino acids and glutamic acid in the total amount of unnecessary amino acids in both sexes and in both reproductive periods. There was a significant difference between the sum of essential and non-essential amino acids and protein efficiency in two reproductive periods (p>0. 05). TEAA/TNEAA ratio of fish in the reproductive period was 0. 99 and in the non-productive period was 1. In addition, leucine/isulosin ratio in golden grey mullet was good. Therefore, golden grey mullet fish are rich in the most important amino acids in marine aquatic animals and its meat is of high quality.

Khalkai River is located in northern part of Iran that passes through Masal City and enters Anzali wetland. The effects of trout farm effluents on the water quality parameters and self-purification in the Khalkai River were investigated. In this study, four trout farms and eight stations (inlet and outlet of each farm) were selected. Physiochemical characteristics and nutrients of water, including water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), phosphate, nitrate and nitrite were monitored monthly in five month. The results showed that the average of these parameters from entrance stations were: 10. 09± 0. 62 mg/lit for DO, 6. 62± 2. 16 mg/lit for BOD5, 0. 048 ± 0. 005 mg/lit for PO4, and 0. 035 ± 0. 004 mg/lit for NO2. Also outlet station were calculated between, 9. 20± 0. 73 for DO, 12. 81± 3. 97 mg/lit for BOD5, , 0. 075± 0. 007 mg/lit for PO4, and 0. 088± 0. 009 mg/lit for NO2, respectively. All the parameters showed fluctuations at different stations, and for some of them such as BOD5, COD and phosphate, nitrate and nitrite there was significant difference between before and after farm stations (p<0. 05). The parameters showed fluctuations at different stations, and for some of them such as BOD5, COD, TDS, EC, phosphate, and nitrite there was significant difference between different month (p<0. 05). These results were due to the effects of trout farms and of the self-purification of river. Meanwhile, all the parameters showed changes in different seasons that were due to fluctuations of environmental conditions and activity rates of the farms.

In recent years, use of probiotics has increased in aquaculture to improve the immunity and resistance to diseases in fish. In this study, two bacteria with probiotic ability, Lactobacillus pentosus and Lactobacillus plantarum, added to rainbow trout feeding during 60 days. Also a control group without administration of probiotic were selected. At the end of this period, the growth and digestive enzymes of fish were studied. After 60 days, the fish fed the diet containing probiotic show significantly improved specific growth ratio (SGR), protein efficiency rate (PER) and body weight gain (BWG) (p<0. 05). The Food conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly higher in the control group than in the other two groups (p<0. 05). At the end of this period, lipase, amylase and trypsin showed a significant increas in comparison to the control group (p<0. 05), however alkaline phosphatase and protease had no significant differences as compared with control (p>0. 05). It can be cocluded that the use of Lactobacillus pentosus and Lactobacillus plantarum distinctly affect on improvement of growth and digestive enzymes and they can be helpful in digestion of feeding ingredients in rainbow trout.

In this experiment the effect of dietary administration of probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici and multi-enzyme apsozyme on growth indices, some blood biochemical parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). For this purpose 216 fish with average weight of 27. 52± 0. 21 gr, were fed diets supplemented for 8 weeks. Trail was done using 8 experimental diet including probiotic (0. 1%), multi-enzyme apsozyme (0. 25% and 0. 5%), combination of probiotic and multi-enzyme apsozyme and a control diet. At the end of feeding trial, growth indices, some blood biochemical parameters total pr, Alb, Glocuse were assessed using spectrophotometer. Results showed significant differences (P≤ 0. 05) in weight gain, % weight gain, SGR among treatments. There was no significant difference in mentioned parameters in probiotic fed with control treatment, but significantly increased in Multi-enzyme fed with increasing levels (P <0. 05). Also, in multi-enzyme and probiotic combination treatments, these indices showed significant increase compared to separate probiotic and multi-enzyme (P <0. 05). Food conversion factor significantly decreased with increasing multi-enzyme level and in multi-enzyme and probiotic compound compare to probiotic and control diet (P <0. 05). Survival percentage showed no significant difference between treatments (P≥ 0. 05). Blood biochemical indices did not show significant difference between the amount of glucose and total protein in the control and other treatments (P≥ 0. 05) but albumin increased in probiotic, multi enzyme and combination of multi-enzyme and probiotic compare to control (P <0. 05). The results of this experiment showed that the using multi-enzyme and probiotic can affect the growth and blood biochemical factor and improve the growth and nutrition status in Common carp.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of biofloc on water quality and growth efficiency of Cyprinus carpio fingerlings fed with different protein levels (23%, 27%, 31% and 35%) and a trial treatment with no biofloc in 8 weeks period. Mean oxygen rate (5. 33) and pH (8. 05) were investigated and were high in control treatment than BFT treatments. Total suspended solids was significantly high than control treatment (P<0. 05). During feed experiment, good water quality was kept with biofloc development by adding sugar beet molasses. In biofloc treatments, ammonia, nitrate and nitrite amount decreased from the fourth week through time and biofloc developments, and their amount in biofloc treatments was lower than control treatment at the end of the experiment. Growth efficiency based on weight gain percentage and specific growth rate in fingerlings fed with 27% and 31% protein level was significantly higher than control treatment that fed with diet containing 35% protein (P<0. 05). Totally, results of this study showed that in biofloc system, feeding of Cyprinus carpio with diet containing 27 and 31% protein has the best result in improvement of water quality and growth.

A completely randomized experimental design was conducted to evaluate the effects of different ratios of C/N 10, 15, 20 through feed and additive molasses on silver carp growth and water quality in a recirculating aquaculture system. The results indicated that with an increase in the ratio of C/N, the growth of fish, FCR and PER significantly improved(P<0. 05). The water quality of water significantly (P<0. 05) improved as well. It was concluded that balancing the ratio of C/N can be used as a practical and zero exchange of water method for culture of fish due to bio-floc formation and improving fish growth and reduction of fish metabolites. This method can be introduced as an environmentally and friendly method for culture of carp due to treatment of environmental constrains of water.

Despite the many advantage of oral vaccines, this kind of vaccines have a low efficiency and little application in aquaculture due to their antigens destruction in digestive system of fish. Chitin is a natural polymer, while Aeromonas bacteria produce a biofilm of it that cause to bacteria resist to gastric acid and intestinal enzyme systems. At first vaccine of Aeromonas hydrophilia biofilmproduced and then its oral and injection administration was evaluated in common carp. Therefore, 700 carp (46 ± 14) grams, 9 equal treatments and three replications as the first to fourth treatment with Biofilm Vaccine, inactivation Bacteria, Chitin + Culture media and Chitin were oral administered safely, the fifth to eighth treatments were immunized with the injection method safely, the ninth treatment without any vaccine was considered as control group. The fish were injected with concentration of LD50 of Aeromonas hydrophilia bacteria (Mc Farland 8= 2. 4×109) on the 60th day. The mortality rate was recorded within 10 days and the relative percent survival (RPS) of each treatment was determined. The results showed that the RPS levels highest were related to injection biofilms, oral biofilm and inactivation Bacteria injection, which was significantly higher than of the other treatments (P <0. 05). The efficacy of the injection vaccine was not affected by Biofilm (P = 0. 098), although the oral vaccine was influenced significantly by Biofilm (P <0. 05).

Seafood are considered as the important sources of high-quality protein, but they can contribute significantly to human dietary risk. The aim of the present study was: detecting of the concentrations of cadmium (Cd) in skin and muscle tissues of rutilus kutum; comparing the concentration of Cd in tissues of male and female; and finally assessing the food consumption risk in southern coast of the Caspian Sea. The thirty specimens of Caspian kutum were obtained from southern coast of Caspian Sea. After digestion of specimens, concentration of Cd were detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The mean concentration of Cd in skin and muscle tissues were 0. 45± 0. 38 and 0. 38± 0. 06 µ g/g wet weight, respectively. The result of statistical analyze showed deference in Cd concentration in skin and muscle tissues (p<0. 01). Also, there was no any significant deference in Cd concentration between male and female. THQ (2×10-4) was lower than allowable dose proposed by EPA. Daily and weekly intake of Cd in edible tissues were 1. 42 µ g per day and 9. 97 µ g per week, respectively, that showed that the estimated amount of Cd intake is lower than the maximum acceptable level permitted by the joint FAO/WHO expert committee. The maximum allowable consumption rate for adults and children were 0. 16 and 0. 03 kg per day, respectively. The maximum allowable consumption rate in meal were 21. 79 and 4. 51 meal per month for adults and children, respectively. The present study showed that Caspian kutum meat is safe to consume and does not threaten the health of consumer with current consumption rate.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of substitution plant proteins of sesame meal with fish meal on growth performance, some body compostion and blood parameters in the Rutilus frisii kutum. to carry out the test, the number of 600 fishes weighing 1 to 3 grams with 40 densities located in 15 pools. Feeding done with rations containing different levels of sesame meal includes 4 treatments with 10, 20, 30 and 40 percent of sesame meal substitution with fish meal and one control treatment (without sesame meal). results of evaluation of growth and body compostion showed that the highest weight gain and specific growth rate and the lowest feed conversion ratio were observed in control treatment which had a significant difference with other treatments (p<0. 05). the highest amount of moisture, protein and low amount of fat were observed in control treatment, which had a significant difference with other treatments (p<0. 05). the results of blood factors showed that the highest levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit and MCHC were observed in control treatment. Also, the highest total protein, albumin, globulin, triglyceride and cholesterol were observed in control treatmentwhich showed statistically significant difference with other treatments (p<0. 05). this study showed that the inclusion of different levels of sesame meal instead of fish meal in Rutilus frisii kutum had a negative effect on growth parameters but had no negative effect on blood factors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in blood, immunity, ions, testicular histology and white blood cells and its relationship with fish age (Rutilus kutum) in winter and spring seasons of Chaf and Chamakhaleh of Guilan province from February 2016 to May 2017 in Chamkhaleh and the correlation between fish age and hormones was also determined. In order to carry out the present research, 30 live fish were taken. Blood samples were collected to measure blood factors (white and red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit), (IgM and lysozyme), ions (calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium) and hormones (estradiol and progesterone). The tissue sections were also collected from the testicles. Fish scales were also sampled to determine age. The results of this study indicated that the amount of hormones examined was consistent with the development of the testicle. Also, there was a significant difference in the level of hormones in some sampling months in this area and the highest levels of progesterone and estradiol in the Chamkhala region were observed in the fishes of 5 and 4 years old (Progesterone Chamkhala, 0. 33 ± 0. 02 and Chaf 0. 31 ± 0. 01 in May). The level of progesterone hormone changes significantly during the months and reached the highest level in May (P <0. 05), but estradiol levels increased from February to February (P<0. 05) and remained high until May. (0. 9 ± 0. 2) The amount of ions in March or February was lowered, and their levels reached the lowest levels in May. Calcium was 12. 5 ± 0. 08, magnesium was 5. 8 ± 0. 15, 145 ± 2 and potassium 8. 0 ± 0. 05, 0 (P <0. 05). The level of some blood factors (including the number of white and red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit) in the final stages of sexual maturation increased significantly. Red blood cells of the blood were 100000 ± 1850000, white blood cells of 6150 ± 350, hemoglobin of 11. 85 ± 0. 055, hematocrit of 58. 6 ± 3. 5 (P<0. 05), but the levels of lysozyme and Igm in the month of May were at the lowest level, lysozyme 2 ± 23 and Igm ± 1 ± 26 (P<0. 05). Regarding the serum IgM levels of the Rutilus kutum during the months of Febuary to May, there were no significant differences in Chaf and Chamkhaleh regions, and it was almost constant. The various stages of sexual maturation during the months leading up to the development of the testis did not affect the change in this factor.

Collagen has a wide range of applications in biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Collagen from cow has a risk for contamination from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). This study proceeds to extract collagen from the skin of Rutilus Kutum main and economical species of the Caspian Sea and Scomberomorus guttatus. Scomberomorus guttatus one of the tuna species of Persian Golf. Acid-soluble collagens (ASC) from the fish skin of Scomberomorus guttatus and Rutilus Kutum were extracted and characterized by Pico. Tag, SDS-PAGE, FTIR and UV spectrophotometry. Based on the data from the SDS-PAGE and the composition of amino acid, both collagens were probable that the obtained collagen classified as type I collagen. Collagens consisted of two different types of α chains, including α 1 and α 2, and β component. Also, FTIR analysis revealed the presence of helical arrangements of collagens. Moreover, UV spectrophotometry exhibited this collagen have an absorbance at 220 nm. According to the basis of dry weight, the yield of Rutilus Kutum and Scomberomorus guttatus ASC were calculated 15. 6 % and 14. 5 %. Amino acid analysis revealed a much higher glaycin content in the both collagens extracted which accounted to one third of the total amino acids. Besides, proline as an unique amino acid in Rutilus Kutum and Scomberomorus guttatus ASC had the specific amount of89. 6 and 86. 8 residues per 706. 1 residues.

This study conduct to evaluate the survey and assessment of beach seine fish predation by statistical analysis of fish cooperative and Golestan fisheries office data since 2006-2008. In two Miankaleh and Gomishan in the second half of the 20 October second decade every year till the end of April the following year for a period of 6 months through pre-coastal continues by cooperatives Fishing blades and supervision of experts blade to the fishing and fishermen are employed Results, showed significant difference in amount of osteochities fish density and species in three years of study and was decreased (p<0. 05). Also, the osteochities fish density was Cyprinus. carpio> Rutilus. firisi kuttum> Rutilus. rutilus in two first years of survey. Followed the decreasing Carp predation In 2008 than two past years Kuttum predation was increasing than past brightly and predation density was kuttum> Sea carp> Roachin 2008. So, kuttum by 503525 kg had the upper level of predation in2008 and Roach by864 kg had the lower level in 2007.

The present study was conducted to investigate the species composition, length frequency composition and by-catch amount in longtail tuna pelagic gillnets in northeast of Oman Sea and fishing grounds of Chabahar, Konarak and Ramin (Sistan and Balouchestan Province). Sampling operation was carried out using the fiberglass boat and wooden vessel from October 2016 to June 2017. Fishing gear was included longtail tuna pelagic gillnets with 100 and 110 mm stretched mesh size in fishing boats and gillnets with 130 and 165 mm stretched mesh size in wooden fishing vessels. Totally, by-catch species composition were 15 species belonging to 8 family including Scombridae, Istiophoridae, Coryphaenidae, Alopiidae, Carcharhinidae, Carangidae, Sphyraenidae and Trichiuridae. The significantly variation of by-catch species composition observed in used nets by boats and wooden vessels. In the entire study period, in boats, minimum and maximum catch amount was related to Carcharhinus sorrah with 35 kg and Euthynnus affinis with 1622 kg, respectively. Maximum catch was obtained for Euthynnus affinis as 260 kg per each netting and fishing operation. Maximum mean catch (± S. E) was obtained to Euthynnus affinis as 47. 71± 9. 26 kg per each fishing operation. In wooden vessels, minimum and maximum catch amount was related to Alopias pelagicus with 93 kg and Thunnus albacares with 90013 kg, respectively. Maximum catch was observed for Thunnus albacares as 8219 kg per each netting and fishing operation. Maximum mean catch (± S. E) was related to Thunnus albacares as 1250. 18± 186. 61 kg per each fishing operation.

The present study aimed to compare nonspecific immune parameters and protein pattern of skin mucus in Neogobius pallasi and Neogobius melanostomus. The mucus samples were collected from 10 specimens ( 5 of each species ). Total protein, alkaline phosphatase ( ALP ), lysozyme and total immunoglobulins of the samples were measured (according to the porotocol). The measured levels of non-specific immune parameters in Neogobius pallasi were, 3. 14± 0. 22, 41. 19± 0. 89, 10. 60± 1. 00 and 0. 48± 0. 02 and in Neogobius melanostomus were 1. 23± 0. 32, 30. 88± 1. 52, 8. 78± 0. 67 and 1. 09± 0. 12 respectively. Non-specific immune parameters that measured in all instances, were higher in Neogobius pallasi and there were significant differences between the two species. Therefore, results showed that skin mucus has an important role in innate immunity and two species differences in response to stressful situations can be partly attributed to mucosal immune parameters.

Lethrinus nebulosus, which belongs to the Lethrinidae family, is widely distributed along the coasts of Iran. Determining the maturity index is essential in studies of biology, fishery management and aquaculture. In the present study, monthly sampling was conducted on northwestern coasts of the Persian Gulf in Khuzestan from July, 2014 to June, 2015. After biometry and sex determination during monthly sampling, gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indices, length at 50% maturity, monthly sex ratio and absolute and relative fecundity were calculated for this fish. The gonadosomatic index started increasing from February on and its peak was recorded in April (1. 7993). A single peak in gonadosomatic graph indicates one spawning a year. Maximum changes in hepatosomatic index were observed among males in March (0. 7449) and among females in April (0. 7812). The length of 50 percent of female adults amounted to 37. 2 cm. Absolute fecundity and relative fecundity were calculated as 312415 and 8. 24 respectively. The females outnumbered the males in most months of the year. The sex ratio of females to males was 1. 99 to 1. This fish reaches maturity in shorter length in the middle coasts of the Persian Gulf than in the eastern and western coasts.

Alburnus chalcoides is a member of the Cyprinidae that a few studies have done on its internal organs. Considering the importance of the gastrointestinal tract on the growth and survival of animals, it has been examined in this study. Sampling of the fishes was taken randomly from the first day after hatching to pre-puberty at different intervals. In fact, the growth of this fish was assessed through morphological and histological study using Hematoxylin-Eosin staining method and the secretion of the gastrointestinal mucosal layers of the gastrointestinal tract in terms of the carbohydrates was carried out by histological procedure by staining the Periodic acid Schiff (PAS). Anatomical study on this fish showed that its digestive system consists of two major parts of the, esophagus and intestine. In the early days, gastrointestinal tract was a simple and primary tube, in which no mucosal secretion activity was observed however this activity began after the appearance of Goblet cell and a layer of neutral polysaccharide compounds was observed on the gastrointestinal tract. The presence of neutral polysaccharides in the gastrointestinal mucosa showed its role in digestion and absorption of food, and it is important to protect the epithelial layer of the digestive tract and food passage. The evolutionary features of this fish are somewhat similar to other fish of Cyprinidae, but specific differences are also evident in this species.

The concentration of heavy metals Cd, Co were investigated in the Gill, Skin and Muscle tissues of Chalcalburnus Chalcoides Caught in Spring 2012 from in south of Caspian sea (Anzali lagoon &Shirud)in Gilan and Mazandaran province. . After biometrical measurements the Gill, Skin and Muscle tissues of samples were separated; metals were measured by chemical digestion method with pure nitric acid and their concentrations were determined by AAS. Mean concentrations ppm/ dry weigh)were compared with the international standards such as WHO, FAO and Stoskopf. The mean concentration for Cr in all tissues except in muscle tissue in both stations higher than the WHO standard and Stoskopf limit was recorded. The concentration Co in comparison with international standards FAO in Anzali lagoon were found higher than permissible limit. Also average accumulation of Cr in Muscle, Skin and Gills tissues had significantly different in two provinces (P< 0. 05). Average accumulation of Co in Muscle, Skin and Gills tissues was not significantly different in two provinces (Gilan&Mazandaran)(P>0. 05 ). Average accumulation of Cr and Co in muscle, skin and gills tissues were not significantly different between two provinces (P>0. 05).

The fennel plant with scientific name (Foeniculumvulgore) is belong to Apiaceae family. The purpose of this study was to consider the anti-bacterial effect of fennel extract with nanocapsulate against Salmonella typhi bacterium and comparing the effect of the usual form and it’ s nanocapsulate form in inhibition of this bacterium and also accessing the best combination and concentration of the fennel extract in order to prevent and inhibit the growth of the bacterium salmonella typhi in minced meat of the common Kilka in 4° C temperature. In this study, free alcoholic and nanocapsulate extract of the plant fennel in the concentration of 0. 5% and 1% on the behavior of the bacterium Salmonella thyphi in minced meat of the common Kilka (clupeonella cultriventris caspia) was evaluated. The used coating for producing the Arabic gum nanocapsulate was with the ratio of 3 to 1. The behavior of the bacterium salmonella thyphi in days 3, 6, 9 and 15 of the study was evaluated. The results showed, over time, the capsulate form in 1% concentration, had the best inhibitory effect on the Salmonella typhi bacterium. By increasing the storage time of fish in temperature conditions of 4° C, the degree of anti-bacterial effect nanocapsulate form was better and free form acted weaker and was closer to the control form and numbers of the bacterium in free form had ascending trend, over time (p<0. 05). It is suggested that free and nanocapsulate extract of fennel be used in order to decrease the load of spoilage pathogenic bacteria in other fishery products, that nanocapsulate is more effective to reduce it.

The production of tilapia fries is a basic requirement for the tilapia culture industry and it is necessary to optimize the production of fries to increase the profitability of the tilapia hatcheries. In the present study, the production fries of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and hybrid red Oreochromis sp. using tank and hapa systems was investigated. The results showed higher significant difference in the length and weight of fish in the hapa-free tanks, by t-test (p <0. 05) but much isometric fries and more survival in the hapa system. SRT were similarly 100% in both systems. Also, the means of total length, body weight and survival of hybrid red Tilapia were significantly higher than Nile tilapia fries, by t-test (p <0. 05). Producing SRT fries in tank system with hapa tended to more isometric fries and appropriate survival, however fries produced in tanks without hapa had higher total length and body weight.

In this experiment, the effects of different levels of Nettle (Urtica dioica) Hydroalcoholic extracts were investigated on gonads histological structure and sexual hormones in Goldfish (Carassius auratus) broodstock. Trial was performed randomly on three levels: 2, 4 and 8 gr/kg of the extracts and the control group. 5 fish with an average weight of 21. 88 ± 4. 70 g per 500-liter fiberglass tank were stocked and under the same conditions for 8 weeks fed with different levels of Nettle (Urtica dioica) extracts. Monitoring of plasma sex steroid levels revealed that experimental diets had significantly effect on progesterone levels in females fed 2gr/kg Nettle (P<0. 05), but not significant in testosterone in males (P>0. 05). In both males and females, gonads were in stage IV. Results showed that supplementation of diet with Nettle extracts can effect on fish reproduction.

Clove oil is one of the best anesthetic drugs, recently that has been highly regarded in fishery science for its specific characteristics. The present research accomplished for determination lowest concentration of clove oil for inducing anesthesia in angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare), guppy (Poecilia reticulate) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) as valuable species in the ornamental fish industry. Fish (120 pieces of each species) were anesthetized by different concentrations (50, 75, 100, and 150 ppm) of clove oil in 25± 2 ° C and pH=7± 1. Afterwards, fish transferred to the recovery aquarium for recovery. Times for loss of equilibrium, anesthesia, regain of equilibrium and recovery were recorded and analyzed. The result showed the lowest concentration of clove oil for inducing anesthesia in angelfish and guppy at the lesser time than 3 minutes was 50 ppm, which that was anesthetized fish at 146. 4± 18. 5 and 178. 8± 7. 4 seconds respectively. The lowest concentration of clove oil for inducing anesthesia in goldfish was 75 ppm, which that was anesthetized fish at 155. 2± 4. 5 seconds. Recovery times in angelfish, guppy, and goldfish were under 5 minutes and 211. 8± 18. 8, 208. 7± 7. 4 and 191. 2± 4. 6 seconds respectively. Recovery process showed no disorder.

This study was conducted to evaluate the Iranian cichlid fish diet (Iranocichla hormuzensis) in the Kol river in Hormozgan province for 12 months from February 2014 to January 2015. Sampling was carried out with Throwing net and gill net. for study the diet, 360 specimens (I. hormuzensis) were Collected and the Relative Length of Gut (RLG), gastric emptying index (CV), food preference index (FP), and frequency of food items were calculated. The results of average of RLG in this species was 9. 29± 1. 41, showed that this species was vegetarian. The index condition factor (CF) Was obtained 0. 17 ± 1. 77, that showed this the fish in the Kol river have good living conditions and appropriate. the index of gastric emptying (CV) for this species was calculated 12. 12%, indicates showed that these fish eat a lot. The results of FP showed that diatoms were considered as the main food and food items including Blue-green algae, detritus, fish and crustaceans as alternative food, insects and Foraminifera was as random food.

The present research studied the effect of different levels of ethanolic extract of Tribulus terrestris on reproductive performance of Xiphophorus helleri. Fish fed diets containing different levels of Tribulus terrestris extract, 0 (control or treatment 1), 750 (treatment 2), 1000 (treatment 3) and 1250 (treatment 4) mg/kg diet for 2 months. Results showed that final weight, final length, weight gain index, weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly higher in treatment 4 in comparison with control group (P <0. 05). The highest relative fecundity and gonadosomatic index were observed in treatments 2. Results also showed that the highest amount of larvae was observed in the treatment of 2 (P <0. 05). The survival percentage was not significant in larvae and the highest final weight and final length of larvae were observed in treatment 2 and the lowest in treatment 1. It can be concluded that using of 750 mg extract/kg diet can improve the growth factors and reproductive performance in Xiphophorus helleri.

To study the biological characteristics of Capoeta gracilis with 171 fish samples that obtained in December 2015 to May 2016 Electroshocker devices. Sex ratio of male to female was 1. 67: 1 that showed significant difference between sex ration of male to female in population (X2 = 6. 211, p < 0. 05). Maximum total length and weight were 199 mm and 122. 43 g for females, 191 mm 93. 37 g for males. The weight-length relation of female was W = 0. 0097 TL3. 11 (r2 = 0. 99) and the weight-length relation of male was W = 0. 0142 TL2. 94 (r2 = 0. 99) and the total relation was W = 0. 0124 TL3. 00 (r2 = 0. 99). The results showed positive allometric growth for female and negative allometric growth for male and Isometric growth for the population (t-test, tmale= 2. 09, tfemale = 2. 77, tpopulation= 0. 09, p < 0. 05). Average absolute fecundity was 17978. 11, while relative fecundity (eggs/g) were 1434. 06. Eggs diameters were ranged from 0. 10 to 0. 98 mm with a mean value of 0. 44 mm. The highest mean Gonadosomatic for females and for males in April was observed in June, 4. 75 and 7. 51 for female and male respectively.

O. argyrogrammais a species native to the west Iran. There is little information about this species. The growth pattern and age structure of O. argyrogramma have been studied in the Gamasyab river, Hamdan province. In this study, a total of 317 specimen collected from March 2011 to June 2011, including 147 males and 134 females. There was no significant difference between males and female's abundance (P<0. 05), meaning the sex ratio was 1: 1. 09. Range of the length and weight changes in the population was 2. 7-7. 6 cm and 0. 181-3. 331 g respectively and the maximum frequency of length was observed in the range of 4. 2-5. 7 cm. Age determination by opecula showed that the studied population includes 4 age groups (0+ to 3+). LWR was obtained W=0. 008 for males, W=0. 006for females and w= for the population. The growth pattern was isometric for males, and positive allometric for female and the population. The provided information can be used in the management of species and biodiversity in future. The VBGF was Lt=10. 08(1-exp-0. 158(t+2. 71))) and Lt=10. 91(1-exp-0. 176(t+2. 46)) for females and males respectively. The provided information can be used in the management of species and biodiversity in future.

This study was conducted to assess water quality of Gar Gar River based on macrobenthic communities and BMWP index during January 2014 to 2015. By monthly sampling was done from 7 selected stations by using Peterson grab and surber with cross-sectional area of 225 cm2. For measuring to total organic matter physical method of burning in an electric furnace was used and to analyze Grain size of sediment, the screen series method was used. The total number of 19 class, 58 families (41 genus, 16 species) of Macrobenthos identified and counted in this survey. The highest number of individuals belonged to different families of Arthropoda (52. 6 %), Mullusca (25 %), Oligochaeta (22 %) and other groups (0. 4 %) respectively. The maximum density belonged to Tubifex sp. (Oligochaeta), Astrosimulium sp. (Diptera) and Melanoides tuberculatus (Gastropoda) respectively. According to the results of annual mean of BMWP index the Gar Gar River stations are classified in three categories. During the study period, stations 1and 2 were moderate, stations 6 and 7 were poor and stations 3, 4 and 5 were very poor. Also ASPT index showed all stations were classified as high-probable contaminated.

Benthic organisms in the aquatic environment plays an important role in aquatic nutrition, movement, rotation of food in aquatic ecosystem and the conversion of organic matter to mineral ones. The purpose of present study was biological monitoring of Zarin Gol river. This study carried out in Golestan province using macrobenthic invertebrates' population as it sample. Macro benthic invertebrate samples were collected by Surber sampler (900 cm2) of 12 sampling stations with 3 replicates in two seasons: winter and spring. Totally, 6192 individuals of benthic organism were identified consist of 31 families and 9 order. Three dominant populations of abundance were Ephemeroptera (%37), Trichoptera (%23. 45) and Diptera (Simulidae (%16) and Chironomidae (%12. 4)). Maximum total density in all sampling periods was in stations 2 (7944. 44 ind/m2) (downstream under the agriculture activity). Population biological indices value and abundance of sensitive organisms decreased from upstream to downstream, while the abundance of resistance organisms increased. The human activities effect on abundance and distribution of macro invertebrates and reduction of water quality in Zarin Gol River.

In order to evaluate and compare the Benthic in Laft and Tyab firths, the samples were gathered in two different seasons (Winter and Summer), 3 stations and also 3 repetitive layers. The results show that Polychaete has the most rate of frequency in hot seasons, however, Gastropoda has the least rate of frequency in cold seasons (less than Zero). Regarding average density in the 4th station of Tyab, Macrobenthos showed a significant difference in relation to station/place and station was proven to have an impact on the density of the Macrobenthos(P<0. 05). The index of Margalof and Shanon states that all the polluted areas under study were in desired condition which is normal in hot seasons. The Ounce index shows that Laft and Tyab firths are in desirable conditions and the environments are partially without pollution. Moreover, the index of Sympson demonstrated that the areas under study were not affected by serious pollution. In addition, the ecology index of frequency curve/ weight depicted that the curve weight is higher than/ above the frequency curve in all the stations which is indicative of a stress-free environment. Yet, 4th Tyab station was found to be a stressed environment regarding its geographical location which is the result of the direct effect of residuum from Shrimp-growing sites.

Because benthic invertebrate plenitude as bioindicator are used in marine monitoring, in order to ecological study on communities of Meiofauna of Mele Gonze Mangrove forest sampling carried out during warm and cold seasons from 3 stations with 3 different tidal levels. The results showed that totally 7 of toxons Meiofauna including Foraminifera, Ostracoda, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Nematodes, Copepoda and Olichaeta are present in the region, that the highest density belongs to Nematoda, and then respectively they were Foraminifera, Ostracoda, Bivalvia, Copepoda, Gastropoda and Oligochaeta. Density of Meiofauna didn’ t have any significant difference between summer and winter (P>0. 05) But between stations the difference was significant (P<0. 05). The percentage of total organic carbon in winter is high than in summer and between seasons and stations the difference was significant (P<0. 05). Also throughout the year in station 1 from high tide to low tide was observed reduction of sediment total organic carbon but in 2 other stations this was the opposite. Results shows dominant silt-clay in station 1and then respectively station 2 and 3. The highest meiofauna density in two seasons in station 1and then in station 2 and 3 was observed. The given result of pearson correlation test showed that silt-clay sediments and total organic carbon have significant influence on Meiofauna density.

This study was conducted to investigate abundance and species distributn of macrobenthos in 3 stations in Gorganroad River (S1: 36 58 42E, 54 00 28; S2: 36 58 41, 54 01 27; S3: 36 59 14, 54 02 54) from March to February 2013. Samples collected using Van ven grab in 3 replicates in each station. In the study area, 6 orders belonging to 9 families were indentified including Naididae, Gammaridae, Cardidae, Nereidae, Neritidae, Ampharetidae, Pyrgulidae, Ostracoda, Foraminifera, Balanidae and Cumaceae. The most abundant taxa were Ampharetidae (28. 62%), Lumbriculidae (24. 24%), Naididae (11. 3%), Chironomidae (10. 44%), Balanidae (10. 39%), Gammaridae (6. 14%), Nereididae (31. 91%), Cardiidae (2. 73%) and Tubificidae (2. 19%). Generally, in all 3 stations the highest and lowest biomass belonged to the Ampharetidae family (25410) and Tubificidae (1946), respectively.

The main objective of the current study was investigation of effects of lead (Pb) heavy metal on bioaccumulation and necrosis of the hepatopancreas and muscle tissues of the oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense). According to the past studies and the recorded concentration range of heavy metal in the rivers leading to the Anzali wetland, the present study was carried out with four treatments and three replications. The research was done in four treatments of lead (Pb) heavy metal in concentrations 0 (control), 5, 15 and 25 ppm for two months. During the experiment, the prawns were fed at the standard level and to the amount of appetite twice a day with shrimp standard pellet. According to the results, by increasing concentrations of heavy metal of the treatments, bioaccumulation rate of lead (Pb) heavy metal in mentioned tissues increased significantly (p<0. 05). Histological results showed that higher concentrations of heavy metal of the treatments will cause changes in both hepatopancreas and muscle tissues. The findings of this research showed that higher concentrations of lead (Pb) heavy metal will cause tissues responses; so that these responses show in hepatopancreas tissue, as a metabolic and active tissue. According to the above findings, undesirable biological effects of heavy metals on prawns were indicated. This issue increases need for management and importance of preventing entry of pollution sources such as heavy metals to Anzali wetland and its basin rivers.

This study was designed for understanding reproductive biology of Kiddi shrimpParapenaeopsis styliferain western coastal waters of the Hormozgan province. Sampling was carried out monthly for period 15 months, from October 2015 to December, 2016. A total 835 shrimp included 462 femalesand 373 males were collected monthly by a stop set net. The sex ratio identified that it was not aconstant 1: 1 throughout the year, with 53. 3 % of shrimp was females. The recorded resolts show that the kiddi shrimps can spawn all year round and have two determine peak of spawning time from March to May and November to December. The gonado-somatic index (GSI) for female shrimps showed that the ascending trend from December to March but a descending trend of this index recorded in summer and maximum value was observed in February. Length at first maturity (LM50) for female was 18. 8 mm of carapace length.

Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeon immune parameters and survival rate of the Litopenaeus vannamei after feeding with S. cerevisiae were evaluated in this study. For this purpose, a total of 300 pieces of shrimp with an average weight of 30 to 35 grams were selected from a pool shrimp Abadan Choebdeh and transferred to the center of Bandar Imam Research Station. After making sure the health adaptation was done. shrimps divided to two groups of 150 pieces (including 50 pieces of shrimp in three replication) including a group fed with food without S. cerevisiae and a group fed with S. cerevisiae. Then changes of immune parameters and survival rate were evaluated. The results showed that the relative survival rate between the two groups showed no significant difference. But Immune Factors (THC, TPP, PO, POD& SOD) in the treatment fed S. cerevisiae (T1) compared to control treatment (T2) showed a significant increase. In conclusion these results suggest that consumption of S. cerevisiae improves the immune system of the shrimp.

The relationships between life stages (nauplius, copepodite and adult) of Acartia tonsa with physicochemical parameters, and dominant planktonic species were investigated using Random Forest (RF) model along the Mazandaran Coasts during summer. Monthly sampling was conducted in 2012 along four transects (Amirabad, Babolsar, Noshahr and Ramsar) in different water layers at depths of 5, 10, 20 and 50 m. The results showed that the mean density of A. tonsa was1586 ind/m3. The spatial distribution of life stages showed that the density had decreasing trend from Ramsar, Amirabad, Babolsar to Noshahr, respectively. The density of each life stage of A. tonsa was also decreased with increase in depth and distance from the shore. Data evaluation through R-software showed that RF model had a good performance for identifying the most important factors in the distribution of the three life stages of A. tonsa (with accuracy of 97 %). It had been determined that the nauplius stage of A. tonsa had a noticeable relation with its copepodite and adult stages, temperature, phosphate, turbidity and larval stage of M. leidyi. Additionally, a close relationship was found between A. tonsa copepodite stage, and its nauplius and adult stages, temperature, larval stage (cydippid) of M. leidyi, nitrite and turbidity, while the adult stage had close relationship with its copepodite stage and cydippid stage of M. leidyi, nitrites, temperature, salinity and oxygen.

Species diversity of two heteropteran families, Pentatomidae and Scutelleridae was studied in wheat fields of Varamin (Tehran province) during 2013 and 2014. In total, nine species were collected: Eurygaster integriceps (Puton, 1881), Odontotarsus impictus Jakovlev, 1886, Ancyrosoma leucogrammes (Gmelin, 1789) (Scutelleridae), Graphosoma (Graphosoma) lineatum lineatum (Linnaeus, 1758), Aelia acuminata (Linnaeus, 1758), Aelia melanota Fieber, 1886, Eurydema (Eurydema) ornata (Linnaeus, 1758), Eurydema putoni (Jakovlev, 1877) and Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pentatomidae). Several samplings were done in order to determining of appearance date of sunn pest (E. integriceps) and population fluctuation of different life stages. All the samplings were done in five different areas of Varamin and vicinity including, Gharchak, Asgar-Abad, Dehmacin, Javad-Abad and Pishva. The results indicated that appearance date of sunn pest is middle of March and the peak of population density was obtained at the middle of April. Upon the results of this investigation, conservation of natural enemies, releasing of reared egg parasitoids in optimum date and application of different control methods as biological and chemical under IPM system can be established in the region.

The growth process of pearl oyster spat ( Pteria penguin) was studied under laboratory conditions using Pavlova lutheri and Chaetoceros muelleri cultured with Gillard's F/2 media for 30 days. In this study, four experimental treatments and one control treatment separately and a combination of Pavlova lutheri and Chaetoceros muelleri each with three replications with 10 spat densities were investigated. Results showed that there was no significant difference between treatments in terms of dorso ventral length (P> 0. 05), but treatment 5 caused almost the whole total length. Regarding the height of the heel, there was a significant difference between the treatments observed (P <0. 05) and treatment 1 with the best condition, although there was no significant difference between treatment with treatment 2. From the viewpoint of thickness, there was no significant difference between treatments (P> 0. 05). But there was a significant difference between treatments (P <0. 05) and treatment 1 produced the highest weight. Survival percent also showed a significant difference in different treatments (P <0. 05), and the treatment group 1 had the highest survival, although there was no significant difference between treatment and treatment number 2. As a general conclusion, treatment number 1 was the best treatment, but considering the absence of significant difference with treatment number 2, this treatment can be suitable for the growth of Pteria penguin.

This study aimed to investigate spatial and temporal distribution of rock oyster Saccostrea cucullata along the Persian Gulf coastlines from Hormozgan to Khuzestan Province. Sampling was performed by a 0. 25 m2 quadrat through coastlines from winter 2015 to autumn 2016. According to the results, maximum value of oyster length was 55. 42 mm in Hormoz Island. Minimum values of length and weight in spring, summer and winter was occurred in the Ameri harbor while minimum value of wet and dry weight registered for Bandar Abbas harbor. In addition, Bandar Abbas harbor experienced minimum values of dry weight, wet weight length and width of all samples in the autumn. Results of environmental factors analysis revealed that there was a strong relationship between wet and dry weight with salinity and temperature. Generally, salinity showed strong relationship with length and width of samples while temperature showed less strong than salinity in the CCA analysis. According to high frequency of oyster populations in some areas of the Persian Gulf and due to importance of these animals, regarding to management programs and oyster culture in future should be considered.

Gastropods have an important role in mangrove forest food web. This study was performed with the aim of studying the gastropod assemblages in different seasons, tidal regions and distance from fishery harbor at Govater Bay-Sistan and Baluchestan Province. Gastropods sampling was done in three transects perpendicular to shore line extended to mangrove forests in three repetitions at the water adjacent, middle and land adjacent points. Separating different intertidal regions, seasons and distance to fishing harbor was done by the one-way ANOSIM. The SIMPER test was also done to define in which what species had more participation in similarity or dissimilarity of gastropod assemblages in different regions or seasons. The ANOSIM results showed that gastropod assemblage in different intertidal zones had significant difference (P<0. 01). Gastropod assemblages in the water adjacent points were different than land adjacent and middle points. This analysis didn’ t show any significant different between seasons and different distances from fishing harbor; therefore, it can be interpreted that in this region season doesn’ t effect on gastropod assemblages and low human interference in fishing harbor effluent hasn’ t changed gastropod assemblages. The SIMPER result show that Asseminea sp1 and Asseminea sp2 had more role in sepration of two intertidal regions regarding to gastropod assemblages respectively with the average of 13. 19 percent and 13. 09 percent dissimilarity from 62. 53 percent of the mean total dissimilarity.

With regard to the nutritional value and the relative equity value of proper food of polychaete Perinereis nuntia in diet of types of aquatic requirements such as shrimp broodstock, achieving its breeding and culture bio technique is an important goal in shrimp industry. For this purpose, usage of diets inducing the highest growth and the lowest mortality is of importance. In this study for the purpose of effect of different dietary treatments on the growth and survival of polychaete worms (Perinereis nuntia), three nutritional treatments included concentrate food, green macro algae (Entermorpha sp. ) and red macro algae (Gracillaria sp. ) were used to feed the worms for two months. After the trial, the worms were tested for the growth rate and survival. Results showed that the average final weight, specific growth rate (SGR) and survival were significantly different among different treatments (p < 0. 05). The maximum amount of above cases were (1. 980 ± 0. 005 g), (1. 44 ± 0. 02) and (84± 2. 3 %) respectively that have been associated with red algae treatment. Regarding the results of the growth rate and survival rate of P. nuntia fed on red algae (Gracillaria sp. ), it is recommended to use of co-culture algae with polychaete worms in raring Perinereis nuntia polychaete.

Antioxidant activity as well as proximate analysis of sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota was assessed. Samples were captured from Bostaneh coast, Hormozgan province. Body walls with/without internal organs were evaluated in fresh and rehydrated forms. Total protein, lipids, moisture, carbohydrate and ash were examined. In order to evaluate antioxidant activity, mathanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extraction as performed from body wall and internal organs in fresh and rehydrated tissues using malondialdehyde lipid peroxidation and total phenols methods. The results revealed that the moisture of samples was significantly (p<0. 05) decreased after rehydration and the protein and lipid ratios were increased in samples. The results of malondialdehyde analysis showed that internal organs (gonads, respiration tree, cuvierian organ) exhibit more antioxidant activity. The highest malondialdehyde (the lowest antioxidant activity) was measured in ethanolic extracts (1. 01± 0. 2µ mol/mg of dry weight), and the lowest malondialdehyde (highest antioxidant activity) was measured in wet internal organs (0. 43± 0. 03µ mol/mg of dry weight). Highest total phenol was measured in methanolic extracts of wet body wall (1. 17± 0. 01 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of sample in dry weight) and lowest total phenol was measured in ethanolic extracts of wet internal body extract (0. 26± 0. mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of sample in dry weight). The difference in results of antioxidant test and total phenol assay revealed that antioxidant properties of sea cucumber were originated from other components rather than phenolic compounds. Bioactive antioxidant compounds observed especially in the internal organs of sea cucumber H. leucospilota might be further screened as pharmaceutical precursors.

Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory disease in which glomerular is damaged, as a result the renal failure is observed. Inflammasome complex made of some intracellular components that can be affected inflammation process. This complex is one of the most important components of the innate immune system. Inflammasome complex is stimulated after detecting pathogenic signals and causes activation of inflammatory interleukins. Based on, the role of Caspase-1 and Interleukin-1β in regulation of inflammation, investigating the gene expression of them in glomerulonephritis patients can be useful in determining the role of Inflammasome in glomerulonephritis. For this purpose, in this study, 28 samples of patients with glomerulonephritis and 28 healthy subjects were examined. After blood sampling from individuals, the total RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and after synthesizing cDNA; the caspase-1 and IL-1β genes were analyzed by quantitative analysis with Real Time PCR. The results showed that the expression of IL-1β and Casp-1 genes in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with glomerulonephritis is different from control samples. The expression of Casp-1 and IL-1β genes in patients are 1. 88 (P <0. 01) and 1. 56 (P = 0. 052), respectively. So, in the Caspase-1 gene this difference in expression is significant. Considering the importance of IL-1β and Casp-1 genes in the pathway of activation of the Inflammasome complex and due to the increased expression of these two genes in glomerulonephritis patients, it can be concluded that probably glomerulonephritis cause by the activation of the Inflammasome complex.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired as well as community-acquired infections due to significant changes in microbial genetic ecology; as a result of indiscriminate use of antibiotics, the spread of multidrug resistance (MDR) is now a global problem. Its general resistance is due to a combination of factors for examples resistance genes, efflux poumps and Biofilm. The biofilms also prevent effective penetration of the antibiotics, which increasethe chances of antibiotic resistance. In the present study sixty clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosaobtained from Sina hospital. They were identified by routine standards and operative procedures; antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The biofilm forming potential of these isolates was also evaluated using microtitre assay. Finally, a relationship between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance was also examined. The isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa tested were found resistant to most of the antibiotics tested. Qualitative biofilm analysis revealed that most of the isolates exhibited strong biofilm production. The strong biofilm production was significantly higher in isolates that were multi-drug resistant (p =0. 042). Our study indicates that multi-drug resistant, biofilm forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates are correlated. The high prevalence of biofilm producers and multiresistant P. aeruginosa isolates indicates that prevention programs need to be implemented to avoid infection in highly susceptible patients.

This study done in the Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter, at 40 study sites from 8 transect between Astara to border of Hasangholipour. Transect are in Astara, Bandar Anzali, Sefidrood, Tonekabon, Noshahr, Babolsar, Amirabad, Bandar Turkman and the SouthCoast of the Caspian Sea. In each transect, 5 stations at depths of 5 m, 10 m, 20 m, 50 m and 100 m were determined to sample a chapter of depth zero (level) and 10 m, 20 m, 50 m and 100 m by Rutner was performed. A total of 24 species were identified from the phylum Dinoflagella. The maximum density Dinoflagella (28. 17 ± 27. 14 per cubic meter × 106) and maximum biomass 349 ± 336 mg per cubic meter, respectively. Most species diversity Dinoflagella phylum in winter (17 species) has been that species Exuviaella cordata، Goniaulax polyedra، Peridinium achromaticum، Peridinium latum، Prorocentrum praximum و Prorocentrum scutllum were observed in all seasons. Phylum Dinoflagella with an average density of 28/17 ± 27/14 (the number of cubic meters × 106) and the average biomass annually 349 ± 336 (milligrams per cubic meter) of approximately 9% density and 4% biomass phytoplankton of area in the country. The diversity, the density and biomass Dinoflagella have been significant changes (p<0. 05). Ongoing changes in microscopic plants including Dinoflagella can effect on fish migration patterns, their growth rate, mortality rate and of course the critical gas concentrations in the atmosphere.

Habitat destruction is the most important threat to species. Forests are one of the most important habitats for wildlife. According to the latest official statistics of Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, approximately 25% of Zagros forests declined between 2001 and 2014. Identifying and zoning forest areas susceptible to decline to take preventative measures can help protect these important habitats. Hence, we used logistic regression model along with forest areas with over 50% decline as dependent variable and 12 environmental factors including annual mean rainfall, annual mean temperature, annual mean relative humidity, annual mean evapotranspiration, aridity index, drought index, dust storm index, NDVI, percentage of slope, geographic aspect, distance to agricultural lands and distance to surface waters as independent variables to identify forest areas susceptible to decline. The performance of the model was satisfactory with ROC of 0. 93 and Pseudo-R2 equal to 0. 33. Results indicated that about 51. 3% of Lorestan province’ s forests are faced with the risk of decline, of which about 25. 3% have low risk, 8. 7% have medium risk, 8. 8% have high risk and 8. 5% have very high risk of decline. Climatic factors including aridity index, evapotranspiration, annual mean rainfall, drought index, relative humidity and annual mean temperature were respectively recognized as the most important factors affecting Lorestan province’ s forests decline.