JOURNAL OF SPORT MANAGEMENT & BEHAVIOR MOVEMENT
Year:2020 | Volume:15 | Issue:30 |Papers Count:17

Background & Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors affecting on the security of the Iranian football stadiums and develop an appropriate questionnaire in this context. Methodology: In the qualitative phase of the study, critical factors affecting on the security of the stadiums were identified and a 98-items questionnaire was emerged. In the quantitative phase, 144 participants (police officers, football organizers, stadium managers and university professors) answered the questionnaire. After exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis, final questionnaire formed by 83 items in format of four main and 12 secondary factors affecting the security of the Iranian football stadiums. Results: The results demonstrated that fit indices of the research model in the first and second-order CFA are convenient and based on second-order CFA results, infrastructure (t=14. 69, p=0. 05), physical protection (t=13. 45, p=0. 05), personnel and staff (t=13. 05, p=0. 05) and game planning and management (t=12. 29, p=0. 05) are four critical factors affecting the security of the football stadiums. Based on the EFA, the divergent validity of the questionnaire verified. Discussion: Designed questionnaire in this study has appropriate validity and reliability and it can be used after adjustment in the future researches in the area of the security of the sport facilities and particularly football stadiums. Furthermore, factors and items presented in the questionnaire can assist football organizers and also sport facility managers to employ proper security measures to prevent threats and provide safe and secure environment for audiences at the stadiums.

Objective: The aim of this article is to survey the effect of macro and environmental factors on corruption in Iran’ s football through individual and management conciliators and to offer resolutions for correction or stop of corruption. Methodology: This research was performed to Mixed method research. The population of referees, coaches, players, managers and experts formed the Iranian football that 130 persons were selected purposeful and available as a sample. Implement of the article was the questionnaire that is made by the researcher and the experts familiar with the subject of corruption and pathology formed the population of this research. After the exertion of views of the both groups on the questionnaire, in the second phase the questionnaire was adjusted and completed using Dolfa technique. The SPSS19 and SmartPLS analysis of descriptive statistics data was used in order to constrict the justifying ability and stability of compound. Result: The results showed that macro factors economic, social, political, cultural and international by the mediation of management or individual factors or by virtue of both factors affect corruption. Discussion: In conclusion, we should say that according to the approved model in research of the corruption in football is due to the various causes, but ultimately It is cause by individual component and in fact administrative factors into corruption are involved in selected aspects and decisions making related to behavior of corruption.

Objective: The aim of present study is to determining the validity characteristics of organizational creativity in sport. Methodology: 211 managers, responsible experts and experts of physical education offices of Iranian technical universities (samples equal with statistics societies) selected targetable and responded to Persian version of Creative Potential and Practiced Creativity scale (CPPC-17) of DiLiello and Houghton (2008). Results: This research was to kind of descriptive analytic. For evaluating divergent validity, the exploratory factor analysis showed that with 63 percent, the organizational creativity calculated in form of three components of creative potential, practiced creativity and perception of organizational support (over factor loading of 0. 40). In order to determining convergent validity, the confirmatory factor analysis showed that extracted factors had an adequate factor loading and as well as average variance extracted calculated for all components of creative potential (AVE= 0. 60), practiced creativity (AVE= 0. 54) and perception of organizational support (AVE= 0. 53). Also, their construct reliability was calculated for creative potential, practiced creativity and perception of organizational support, 0. 88, 0. 84, and 0. 86 respectively. Conclusion: Based on research findings can be consequences that organizational creativity will be practiced when employees perceived the operative organizational support. Totally the organizational creativity in sport human resources provide the opportunity for future studies based on 16 variables and three components.

The present study seeks to examine the relationship between spiritual intelligence and achievement motivation was among the sportsmen of team sports in Yazd province. The statistical population includes all sportsmen of team sports involved in Yazd Leagues reaching totally to 23378 people. The sample of the study constitutes of 378 people and this number is determined by using Cochran’ s formula. The method of the study is descriptive, of correlation type, and regarding the goal is of practical. The required data is collected through the questionnaires of Hyldbrant (2011) and achievment motivation of Gil and Dieter (1988). Using Chronbach’ s alpha, the reliability of the questionnaire is determined and the reliability scores were 0. 86 and 0. 90, respectively. To analyze the data, descriptive studies and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smironov tests, Pearson correlation and regression) are used. The findings reveal that there is a significant direct relationship between spiritual intelligence and achievement motivations of the sportsmen. In addition, all elements of spiritual intelligence are found to have a significant positive relationship with the acheivement motivation of the sportsmen, and elements of present critical thinking(to %265), self-awareness production(to %134, and awareness(to %171) can predict the acheivement motivation in sportsmen. The trainers and superviosrs of the teams and the athletes are suggested to use spiritual intelligence as an effective factor of creating motivations for the acheivement (motivation, success and power motivation).

Background & Purpose: The purposive of this research was study about the role of sport TV program (90) in ethical results on society. Methodology: The methodology in strategy was survey and in aim was applicable. Population included: sports Journalists, referees in super league, managers in super league, PhD sport managements (experts), captain players in super league and usual audiences. The samples selected nonrandom and purposive way. The samples were 190 people. The data gathering instrument was research maker questionnaire with improved face and content validity by experts. Instrument reliability calculate by Cronbach alpha (Cronbach=0. 93). Components of questionnaire were on fair play in international fair play committee. Thus researcher insured about validity and reliability of instrument for data gathering. Results: Findings showed the mean of answers was upper than average for ethical respect behavior outcome of 90 TV programe. There weren't significant difference between answers of different groups in respect behavior on coaches, audiences, rules, journalists and respect ethical behaviors. But there were significant difference on respect behavior on referees and managers between different groups. Conclusion: The audiences had better point of view about the outcome of sport TV program(90) in compare of other groups.

Background and purpose: mentally retarded children have variety of problems in their social life, so the purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of eight weeks of perceptual-motor training on social development of mentally retarded children. Methodology: this study was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test along with control group. And participants were thirty educable mentally retarded students with average age of 10. 07± 1. 25. social development analysed by Vineland Social Maturity before and after perceptual-motor training which its validity was equals to 0. 81 and its stability was equals to 0/73. Exercise course was eight weeks, three times a week and each session was forty five minutes. So that the components of social development was desired (more than one variable), data analysed by multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: results showed that all subscales of social growth including Self Help General, Self Help Eating, Self Help Dress Self Direction, Occupation, Locomotion and Sociability, except in case of Communication, were significantly improved by the mean of perceptual-motor training. Conclusion: it can be said that the applied perceptual-motor exercise in this study can have an optimal effect on improving mentally retarded children's social life efficiency.

The present study is to achieve the goal of locating sport spaces utilizing a combination of analyzing hierarchal process (AHP) and the logic of layer valuation (Index overlay) in geographical information system GIS in the limited area of Gorgan city. Research methodology was type a descriptive-analytic. The statistical society of this research includes all of the sporting venues of Gorgan city which have been selected. in order to locating the new sport spaces 5 criterion (application radius, population accumulation, building accumulation, the distance from road and distance from present space areas) has been used in this manner. After specifying the weight of different layers and criteria and prioritizing different informational layers using AHP and finally overlapping layers in GIS software, appropriate places was specified for building new spaces. The results showed that the five places to create a new sports spaces Suggested in Gorgan that the two locations in East and South-East, Two locations in West and South West and one location in the northern city of Gorgan Are located.

The purpose of this study was to design a Personal Brand Competencies Model for Professional Sports Coaches in Iran. The method of research is qualitative and based on grounded theory. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection and Data analysis was performed using Strauss and Corbin Paradigm model. The method of sampling was theoretical and with the use of purposeful techniques (judgments) and snowball (chains). Based on this, 23 interviews were performed with sports instructors, sport managers, sports psychologists and sports sociologists. Data analysis was done using grounded theory (Strauss and Corbin method) in tree step: open, axial and selective coding. 24 categories and 243 concepts were identified and extracted from open coding and axial coding process. The results of the analysis of the data obtained from the interviews during the open, axial and selective coding process led to the establishment of the Data – foundation theory on the personal brand competencies of the professional sports coaches of Iran. The professional competencies of coaches, the internal and external factors shaping the behavior of coaches as the basic concepts of achieving the model of competencies of the personal brand of professional sports coaches of Iran have been mentioned.

Aim and research Background: Several factors are important in the formation of procedural memory, such as the amount of training and consolidation process (enhancement and stabilization). So that, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three training sessions in comparison to one training session before night sleep on enhancement of accuracy and response timing components of Timed Motor Sequences Task (TMST) and stabilization of these components in next day. Materials and Methods: this is a semi-experimental research in which pre test-post test design for two training situations was used. then, 32 right-handed students with adequate sleep quality were selected, and they were divided into three equal groups according to Purdue hand and fingers' fine motor skills test and simple reaction rime test. Under two different training conditions, subjects practiced TMST in the first day and attended retest test in the second day. Results: Results showed that no difference was seen between three training sessions comparing to one training session before night sleep in enhancement of accuracy and response timing components and their stabilization in the next day. Conclusion: Increasing the number of training sessions before night sleep is not a proper approach for the effectiveness of night sleep in fine motor skills. So, it is recommended for trainers and teachers, to avoid wasting time, cost and fatigue of too many practices, consider a session of practice before night sleep.

Background & Purpose: self-talk is considered as the appropriate way for interfering to improve athletes’ performance that effectors use it during the learning of the skills overtly or covertly to effect on performance and promote it. The purpose of this study was to examine The Effect of Instructional Self-Talk Using Different Attention Instructions on Badminton Short Serve. Methodology: The method of this research was semi-experimental and its design was pre-posttest with control group. Participants included elementary male students of Ahvaz city. Among this society selected 36 with age range 10-11 years old in convenience sampling. According to pre test scores, participants assigned in three groups (n=12): self-talk with internal attentional focus, self-talk with external attentional focus and control group. Result: The comparisons between experimental and control group did not show any significant effect and only the self-talk could differentiate between two attentional focus that self-talk with external focus group were better than other group in performing of the skill. Conclusion: However, self-talk could not differentiate between experimental and control group but participants increased their self-confidence, focus of attention and effort by using self-talk.

Background and purpose: balance and suprapostural task is the important ability in usual life and sport activities of children that always, the importance of focus of attention in balance discussed. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to investigate effectiveness the focus of attention of suprapostural task on balance in girl’ s from four to 6 and 9 to 11 years old. Methodology: In this study, 90 female have participated, that randomly, divided into three groups, external attention, internal attention and control group. The participants asked to maintain their balance by attention on suprapostural task. Instructions included focus of attention on the bar (external focus), hands (internal focus) and no instructions (control). Results: The results showed that in both age groups, external attention of suprapostural task leads to meaningful learning of balance. Conclusion: The findings support of applying the external attention instruction as an effective strategy to improve children learning.

Background and Aim: weight loss includes wide mental aspects in addition to physiological exchanges on the body, because most of the athletes who have weight loss on the international competition show several emotion problems before and during the competition. The purpose of the current study was the comparison of perception of success, hardiness and emotional regulation among athletes with or without loss weight. Method: The present study is descriptive and kind of causal-comparative study. The statistical sample consists of 480 athletes who had participated in 2015 learns nominee's competition. Based on accident sample 200 athletes were chose. Study tools were consisted sport perception of success, kubasa hardiness and emotional regulation questionnaires. Data were analyzed by MANOVA. Result: The result of analyzed indicated that the athletes with weight loss had signification different with the athletes without weight loss in hardiness and its subscales (control, challenge and defines) and also in success perception's factors. In reverse, the athletes without weight loss had signification different with the athletes with weight loss in emotional regulation and its subscales (suppression, emotional evolution). Conclusion: it can be concluded that weight loss can influence Psychological and emotional states of athletes significantly, so this matter necessitates instructing and informing about different aspects of weight loss among athletes and coaches.

The purpose of current study is investigation of motivations and barriers related to the “ sports for all” among the students. For this reason, among the 50, 000 undergraduate students of the universities of State, Payame Noor and Islamic Azad (Mashhad branch) in the academic year of 93-94, 1131 students were selected based on the Morgan table using random-stratified sampling method. The information was made by a questionnaire which had been designed by the researcher himself and the validity of that was confirmed by 20 experts in sport management. The stability of the questionnaire based on Cronbach's α-coefficient was 0. 84 in the case of motivations and 0. 68 for barriers of participating in sport activities. Also, descriptive statistics such as frequency tables and columnar graphs were used to analyze the data Also, the mean of standard deviation and variance and in the inferential statistics of Kolmogorov Smirnov test To determine the normality of the variables, the Kruskal-Wallis test and the two consensus tables have been used. The results demonstrated that enjoy the exercise and mental relaxation, are of the motivations for participating in sport activities, while social interactions and the impact of sport on health are not motivating factors. The variables of the lack of sport information, behavioral and everyday problems are not the barriers for participating in sport activities, but the variable of lack of access to sport sites is of the main barriers in this case.

Background & Purpose: The study of the various tools of virtual reality and their effects on various physical and psychological factors are still at the beginning. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a virtual reality practice on the selective reaction time of elderly men. Methodology: 30 subjects with a mean age of 71/2± 4/29 were randomly selected and assigned to both experimental and control groups (each group was 15). First, the 8 direction reaction time test was pre-tested. The experimental group then went on to practice virtual driving for 6 weeks. After the end of the training period, a post-test was performed. data were analyzed by using t-test to show intra group and independent t-differences for intergroup differences. Results: Significant improvement in the response time of elderly men after a training period showed that this improvement was significant (P<0. 05). Conclusion: As a result, virtual driving practice can be used to improve the reaction time of elderly men.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to analyze the trend of sport tourism in Isfahan city based on STEEPV model. Methodology: The method of this descriptive-analytic study was survey. The statistical population included all faculty members and sport management students, managers of travel agencies, and experts in sport organizations in Isfahan. The number of statistical population was 483, which according to the Cochran formula 215 were selected as the sample. According to library studies, the questionnaire was designed and distributed in two parts to examine the factors and the factors beyond the control of sport tourism in Isfahan. After verifying the formal validity of questionnaires by experts, a strategic matrix was used to analyze the findings of this research. Results: The results showed that one of the most important social factors: increasing the share of sport tourism in the leisure time of the people according to their interest in sport tourism; technological: using the capabilities of cyberspace in the development of sport tourism; economic: trying to increase investment in sports tourism; boom Sport: Developing sport tourism to improve the environment; Political: Efforts to improve the status of international societies and values: Use of culture and identity of the city to increase athletic motivation in sport tourism. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that Isfahan sports should be advised about the challenges ahead and should use appropriate strategies to achieve the goals.