IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY CLINICAL SCIENCES
Year:2017 | Volume:11 | Issue:1|Papers Count:14

Poultry pasteurellosis affected domestic and wildbirds all over the world. Present study was designed in order to isolation and survey of pheno- and genotypic characteristics ofPasteurella multocidabacterium isolated from chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks in different areas of Mazandaran, Guilan, East-Azarbaijan and Khoozestan provinces. After the collection of 701 tracheal swab samples, 12 (1.7%) strains of P. multocida were isolated based on cultural methods; then 7 (0.99%) isolates were confirmed by application of specific primers ofkmt1. Biotyping tests showed that all isolates are owned byP. multocida subspecies multocida. Based on the results of capsular typing and detection of virulence factors of the isolates using specific primers, 5 (71.4%) isolates were identified asP. multocida serotype A and 2 (28.5%) isolates were untypeable. Also, the tests showed that thesodC, hgbA, hgbB, nanB, nanH and ptfA genes and ompH, oma87, exBD-tonB, and pfhA genes were present in 71.4% and 57.1% of the isolates, respectively andtoxA and sodA genes were not identified in any of the studied isolates. According to the results of determination of the drug - resistance patterns of the isolates by disk diffusion method, all isolates (100%) were sensitive to cephalexin, flumequine, florfenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, sultrim and fosfomycin but were resistant to cloxacillin. The results of this research showed alow prevalence ofP. multocida among under investigation poultry in the understudy geographic area (P<0.05); However, compared with previous studies, isolates resistance increased to some antimicrobial agents such as penicillin antibiotics.

Avian coccidiosis is one of the most expensive infectious diseases in poultry.Achillea talagonica is one of the plants which due to its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-oxidant properties have been applied from ancient times for the treatment of parasitic diseases. So, this study aimed to assess the efficiency of the Achillea talagonica aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts, on Eimeria maxima oocysts in vitro. The oocysts used in this study were obtained by challenging the 14th day-old broiler chicks with 75, 000 oocysts of E. maxima. To obtain sporulated oocsts, 9 g of stool samples were soaked in 2% Potassium bichromate and incubated at 27o C for 72 hrs. The harvested oocysts (sporulated or unsporulated) were then exposed to the 1, 2 and 5% concentration of aqueous or hydroalcoholic herbal extracts at 25 – 28o C for 48 hrs.Thereafter, number of Sporulated and unsporulated of oocytes were counted at 1, 12, 24 and 48 hours. In order to prevent any error in the results, the experiment was repeated three times. The results showed that both extract in all concentration were able to reduce the number of sporulated and unsporulated of oocytes compared with control (p<0.05). The rate of inhibitory effect had direct relationship with time and inhibition was continuously increased after 12, 24 and 48 hours. These results also indicated that hydroalcoholic extract had better effect than aqueous extract. However, further studies are needed to show the effects of these extracts in animal models.

The aim of this study was cilinical evaluation of anesthesia by intramuscular administration of ketamine combined with xylazine, diazepam and midazolam in hedgehogs. Seven hedgehogs were anesthetized by intramuscular (IM) administration of ketamine– xylazine (KX group), ketaminediazepam (KD group) and ketamine- midazolam (KM group) with an interval of one week. The stages of anesthesia (induction time of anesthesia, the maintenance and recovery time) were measured and recorded. Data analyses showed that induction time and maintenance of anesthesia have not significant difference between all protocols P>0.05. Complete recovery time from anesthesia in KM group was longer than KX and KD groups p<0.05. The results of this study showed that three of anesthesia methods could be used for general anesthesia in hedgehogs if they are available easily but it must be attend to longer recovery time of KM. However, choice of suitable anesthesia method is depending on work type (blood sampling, isolate parasites, minor surgery).

Several studies have been reported the effects of thiamine on the testis tissue caused by lead poisoning, but the effect on morphometric structure of testis in mice that have received the Lead has not been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of thiamine on the morphological structure of the seminiferous tubules were contaminated with lead. This experimental study was performed on 40 Wistar rats. The mice were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 specimens, including groups A (control), B (thiamine recipient), C (a stump flock Pb) and D (treated with thiamine and Pb), respectively. Lead to a value of 8.5 mg per liter and thiamine supplementation at a rate of 30 mg per liter was administered orally every day. Routine histological tissue specimens prepared and using one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. The lead induction causes morphological disorganization in the seminiferous tubules including the cell lines when compared to groups A and B and thiamine supplementation partially reduced these changes. Seminiferous tubules diameter and thickness of the epithelium layer genital germ tubules in the lead group decreased significantly when compared to the control group (P<0.05), while the recovery of these parameters in group D than in group A have been observed. Lead exposure has detrimental effects on spermatogenesis, but the administration of thiamine can improve the quantity and quality of the testis morphological parameters.

In order to evaluate the effects of intravenous Polymyxin B on clinical signs, serum haptoglobin and glucose concentrations’ followingexperimental endotoxemia in sheep the Present study was Performed.20 clinically healthy Iranian fat-tailed sheep were randomly divided to 4 equal groups containing Ploymyxin B 6000 and 12000 U/kg, Positive and negative controls. Endotoxemia was induced by administration of lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli serotype O55: B5 at 0.5 μg/kg, intravenously. Blood sampling and clinical evaluation were Performed Prior and 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 24 and 48 hours after endotoxemia induction. Polymyxin B in both treatment groups was intravenously infused along with 2.5 liter of dextrose 5% Plus to sodium chloride 0.45% at 20 ml/kgbw/hour.Positive control group received endotoxin and 2.5 liter intravenous fluids, subsequently, and fluid therapy was only Performed in negative control one. Serum glucose and haptoglubin were assessed and haptoglubin in Polymyxin B received groups was significantly lower than Positive control one from hour 3 to 48 after endotoxemia induction (P<0.05); however, there were no significant differences between Polymyxin B groups. Furthermore, Polymyxin B was improved the clinical signs (core body temperature, heart and respiratory rates) of endotoxic animals, significantly. Serum glucose levels were increased following endotoxemia induction but there were no significant differences among Positive control and Polymyxin B received groups. Based on the significant effects of Polymyxin B on improving the clinical signs and decreasing the circulating haptoglubin levels, it could be stated that this drug may be considered as an effective modulator on ovine endotoxemia.

Selenium and compounds such as nanoparticles of selenium in selenoproteins is critical in the formation of hormones and endocrine systems. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a growth stimulator in many tissues. In this study to evaluate the effect of oral administration of selenium nanoparticles to the serum IGF-1. Fifteen newly weaned male lambs were divided in to T1 (5 lambs), T2 (5 lambs) and control groups. Selenium nanoparticles were fed to T1 (0.05 mg / kg), T2 (0.1 mg / kg) and distilled water to control group (0.1 mg / kg) during 20 consecutive days. Blood samples were taken on 20, 30 and 40 days from the jugular vein into heparinized tubes. Measuring was done by sheep insulin growth factor 1 ELISA kit on the quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay techniques. There were significant differences in all sampling stages on days 20, 30 and 40 between all the groups. The T2 group head the highest value of serum IGF1 at every stage of the study. Also the T2 at the 40 days has the highest value in serum IGF1 between all stages of sampling. Based on the results, dietary selenium nanoparticles have a great impact on increase of IGF-1 and improve the growth of lambs.

Escherichia coliact as a pathogen in humans, especially in patients with immune deficiency and beta-lactam is widely used for treatment of infections caused by these microorganisms. In recent years, the prevalence of ESBLs among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from humans is taken into consideration and the mechanism of resistance caused failure in the treatment of infection diseases.Recently a new family of plasmid ESBLs named CTX-M and TEM were identified which codes by blaCTX-Mand blaTEM genes, respectively and cause resistance transmission between different genus and species of bacteria.Escherichia coli infection in poultry is named colibacillosis. Collbacillosis infection is one of the most prevalence diseases of poultry.Escherichia coli which contain CTX-M and TEM types of ESBLs were recognized from different regions of the world but their prevalence is different. In order to study the prevalence of blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes in Escherichia coli isolated from poultry with colibacillosis infection 10 broiler chickens farms with colibacillosis infection were necropsied and tisusue samples from livers and kidneys were aseptically prepared. Bacterial isolates were identified Escherichia coli using standard bacteriological methods. The DNA samples of the bacteria were extracted using boiling methods and then examined by PCR. The results showed that 20 percent of the Escherichia coli were positive to CTX gene, 24.28 percent to TEM gene and 4.28% of the isolates contains both CTX and TEM genes (P<0.05).

This study was aimed to evaluate histopathological effects of growth hormone on growth plate of different bones of pre-pubertal rabbits. A total number of 16 white New-Zealand rabbits of 2-4 months age were divided into two groups of eight, the experiment and control groups, and were then caged under the same environmental and nutritional conditions. In the experiment group, 3 Iu/Kg Somatotropin was intramuscularly injected every seven days and control group received the same amount of normal saline. At the end of study rabbits were euthanized using anesthetic drugs and Radius, Humerus, Femur, Tibia and the first lumbar vertebrae were isolated for histomorphometric examinations. The results showed that the thickness of growth plate of radius had no significant statistical difference between rabbits of experiment and control groups while this parameter was statistically greater in other bones of the experiment group including femur (P=0.039), Humerus (P=0.045), Tibia (P=0.047) and the first lumbar vertebrae (P=0.023). The results of this study showed that long term, low dose somatotropin injection to pre-pubertal rabbits causes thickening of growth plate and helps its longer activity during the growth period of cortical and trabecular bones although its effects is not the same for all bones.

Glucocorticoids have been used in large animal medicine for treating several disorders. But besides their therapeutic advantages, they have different side effects. Metabolic disturbances may be considered important following the administration of glucocorticoids because of their disadvantage in large animal medicine. Ten clinically healthy Holstein calves (6-8 months old) were assigned into 2 equal groups. Dexamethasone and isoflupredone were administered in each group separately at 1 mg/kg, on two consecutive days. Blood samples were taken at days 0 (1st drug administration), 1 (2nd drug administration), 2, 3, 5 and 7, from all studied animals. Glucose, β-hydroxybutyric acid, nonesterified fatty acid, cholesterol, triglyceride and high, low and very low density lipoprotein concentrations were detected in separated sera. All studied metabolic biomarkers significantly increased after both drugs administrations (P<0.05). The concentrations of circulating metabolic biomarkers in isoflupredone treated group were significantly higher than the other one (P<0.05).Dexamethasone and isoflupredone can interfere with metabolic pathways by several mechanisms in Holstein calves. The data presented here can aid veterinarians to make better decision on using the glucocrticoids in large animal medicine.

The use of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (tadalafil) has become the first-line treatment of erectile dysfunction nowadays. However, there is not any available study about its effect on the erection and spermatozoa characters of dogs. In this study in order to explore the effects of Tadalafil on the erection and ejaculation characters of male dogs, 20 male dogs were prepared. At first, Semen samples were collected by masturbation in all dogs, and they were encountered as the control group. The dogs fed Tadalafil tablets (20 mg, Farabi Co., Iran) after 6 to 10 days, and the new semen samples were collected after 45 minutes of the treatment. At this stage, the animals and their semen samples were encountered as the test group. All semen samples immediately sent to a laboratory in ice container.Blood pressures were examined for all dogs in the control and the test groups immediately after the semen collection. The semen indexes were analyzed with a CASA system in Tehran-Royan Institute.Results showed that the major characters such as the duration of erection (7.5 vs.13.75min), the volume (4.75 vs.5.5ml), and the concentration (231×106 vs.250×106 cells/ml) of samples, and the rate of motile (%85.55 vs. %92) spermatozoa were significantly increased in Tadalafil treated dogs.Unfortunately, systolic (143 vs.155mmHg) and diastolic (76 vs.80 mmHg) blood pressures were too increased. It was concluded that Tadalafil had a positive effect on spermatozoa cells, and it can be used in erection failure in male dogs.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding programs (ad lib and feed restriction (FR)) and dietary amino acids levels (DAAL) on performance, lymphoid organs (LO) and white blood cell (WBC) of Arian broilers. Study was completely randomized design oneight treatments (TR) with five replicates of 22 chicks of each. DAAL were calculated according to digestible lysine level. Experiment groups consisted of, 1) Control group (CT) that was feedad lib with lysine recommended by Arian guideline, 2) FR was applied to CT, 3) ad lib with 7% lower lysine, 4) FR with 7% lower lysine, 5)ad lib with 7% higher lysine from 1 to 25 days of age (d), 6) FR with 7% higher lysine from 1 to 25 d, 7)ad lib with 7% higher lysine from1 to 47 d, 8) FR with 7% higher lysine from1 to 47 d.Growth performance was evaluated at different ages and WBC, LO weight and carcass characteristics were examined at 47 d. Increasing DAAL significantlyincreased body and thymus weight (P<0.05), but did not affect heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (H/L). Weight of carcass and breast in TR7 and breast width in TR5 were higher than CT. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved in TR2 compared to CT (P<0.05). H/L ratio in TR2 and TR6 was lower compared to CT and TR5, respectively (P<0.05). The present findings indicate that increasing DAAL improves body and LO weight and carcass characteristics also, long term FR can improve FCR in Arian broiler chickens.

Considering the low percentages of sperm chromatin decondensation and male pronuclear formation following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in ovine species which decrease the chance of normal fertilization, the current study was designed to assess the effects of some methods of sperm pretreatment on male pronuclear (MPN) formation and oocyte activation in ovine ICSI procedure. The experimental groups of this study were comprised of: I) ICSI of untreated sperm (control), II) ICSI of pretreated sperm with GSH+Hep (GSH+Hep), III) ICSI of pretreated sperm with GSH+Hep coinjected with GSH (GSH+Hep+inj.GSH), and IV) ICSI of pretreated sperm with GSH+Hep coinjected with sperm extract (GSH+Hep+inj.SE). The injected oocytes were activated with Io+6-DAMP and after 16h, they were examined for prenuclear formation. The MPN formation in GSH+Hep+inj.GSH was higher (P<0.001) than other groups. The rate of activated ICSI oocytes in GSH+Hep group was higher (P<0.05) than other groups. In conclusion, ICSI of pretreated sperm with GSH+Hep accompanied with GSH injection has dramatic effect on MPN formation in ovine species.

In order to study the effect of foreign and Iranian intermediate Gumboro vaccines on immune response against Newcastle and avian influenza vaccines, three hundred and thirty day-old chicks were purchased and for determination vaccination time, thirty chicks randomly were bled and remaining chicks divided into 3 equal groups and each group divided into 4 equal subgroups. On the basis of ELISA results and vaccines instruction, chicks of group 1 was vaccinated by intermediate Gumboro vaccine including strain LC75, manufactured by Lohman Germany company and chicks of group 2 was vaccinated by intermediate Gumboro vaccine (07IR), manufactured by Razi vaccine and serum research Institute of Iran at 16 and 23 days by drinking water. One group was kept as unvaccinated control group. At 9 days old, all 3 groups were vaccinated by B1 Newcasle vaccine via eye drop and mixed killed Newcastle and avian Influenza vaccines inoculated at neck back subcutaneously. The blood samples from 16 birds of each group were collected at 42 days of age.Mean blood serum titer against Newcastle and avian influenza were measured by HI test. This study showed that administration of foreign and Iranian intermediate Gumboro vaccines in ages higher than 2 weeks old, had no negative effect on immune response against Newcastle and avian influenza vaccines.

Effect of fat-tail on recovery times in halothane-induced anesthesia, in fat-tailed Bakhtiyari sheep were studied. The study was done in tow steps (Two study group: sheep with unligated median sacral artery (MSA) and those with ligated MSAL). In this study, eight 10-12 month old, fat-tailed Bakhtiyari ewe lamps were anesthetized twice with a two-week interval. In the first step, anesthesia was induced using a facemask applying halothane and oxygen. The anesthesia was maintained for 3 hr after intubation (control group). Anesthesia induction time, extubation time, time to sternal recumbency and time of standing up were recorded carefully during and after anesthesia. In the second step (two weeks later), MSA was ligated under epidural anesthesia prior to induction of general anesthesia which was carried out similar to that in the first step (MSAL experimental group). The extubation time, time to sternal recumbency and time of standing up were significantly longer in the control groups compared to those in the experimental group. Therefore, it can be concluded that fattail affects the metabolism and solubility of halothane. Furthermore, due to the high solubility and metabolism rate of this anesthetic, it is not suitable to be used for overweight/obese patients.