Year:2006 | Volume:- | Issue:27|Papers Count:16

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the curve of lumbar lordosis, the lengh of illio psoas muscles, and the strength of abdominal. Method: 20 male PE students with age mean of 21.5, weight 66.6 and height 172 cm. The lumbar lordosis was measured from L I to L5 in standing position with flexible ruler. The strength of abdominal muscle was measured by Double straight leg lowering test (DSLL) and the flexibility of illio psoas muscle was measured by Thomas test. Results: The results indicated no significant relationship between the curve of lumbar lordosis and the length of illio psoas muscle in the right and the left legs (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the relationship between the length of Uliopsoas muscle and the strength of abdominal muscle with the curvature of lumbar lordosis should be reexamined and the role of other important muscles like lumbar extensor muscles or gluteus muscles must be taken into consdieration.

Research purpose is to study the P.E. managers' perspective about privatization policy and organizational modifications in athletics. In this regard, eight main groups of managers were selected to be questioned. Research methods was library study and survey along with a questionnaire as a means of gathering information on privatization to be studied. Validity and reliability of the questions were examined. Questions were classified in eight groups to survey the research hypothesis. According to the results, 89.2 percent of the managers believed in organizational modifications in athletics through privatization policy. In this position, educational managers hold the highest and executive managers the least agreement.

The purpose of this study was to compare the aerobic physical activity and activity imaging on FEV1 in young asthmatical people.20 young asthmatical people were selected voluntarily and divided into 2 groups. The first group (age = 15/2±2.01 years, height= 157±8.3 cm; weight=50.6±2 kg) performed a selected aerobic physical activity for one month (5 days a week, 20-30 minutes ergometry with 60-85% max HR) and their FEV1 were measured before and after protocol, while the second group (age=157±2 years, height = 158/2±8/4 cm; weight = 51/2 kg) reviewed the mentioned protocol as mentality. Analyzing the data with T - dependent and Tindependent showed: None of the protocols had a significant effect on FEV1 in young asthmatical people (P=0.11, and P=0.26). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the two groups concerning FEVl changes (P=0.46).

Skillful manpower is the most important resource in contemporary sport management. In spite of having enormous resources, many sources, because of lack of qualified skillful people, cannot develop their organization. In recent years, many researchers are interested to study relationship between productivity and work quality. Productivity is categorized to four levels: 1. Personal productivity, 2. Organizational productivity, 3. Sectional Productivity, 4. National productivity. The aim of this study was to focus on personal productivity in physical education organization which is problematic in relation to motivation and manpower productivity in the organization. Three factors of motivation has been concerned and evaluated by questionnaires: 1. Personal affairs, 2. Environmental issues, 3. Work nature issues. Data were collected and analyzed (SPSS/10), from 284 responses through three questionnaires of motivation and productivity. Results showed a significant relationship between personal affairs and productivity. Also, there was significant relationship between increasing the environmental factors and productivity, and work nature end manpower productivity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate Iran football pro-league organization performance and also comparison with J-League. The performance of these two organizations has been compared in these areas: organizational position, financial performance, relationship to professional football players and in the field of information, communication and services activates. The type of this study was descriptive and data were collected as the combination kind consisting interviews (systematic and unsystematic), study of documents (articles of association, status books and performance reports) and also internet. Research findings were analyzed by "content analysis method". The results demonstrated that in the most investigated areas, Iran football pro - league organization performance is very weak. Most important weakness points of Iran pro -league organization performance were: Lack of specialized committee in the league organization, the weak role of general assembly, the lack of good utilization from financial sources in professional sports and the poor players transfer system. Finally, given the performance weaknesses in Iran pro - league organization, some applied suggestions are provided for officials in football federation, physical education organization, and league organization.

It seem that there is an association among physical activity (PA), aerobic fitness and future heart disease (CHD) mortality. Energy expenditure can be an appropriate index to determine PA amount affected by intensity and duration of PA. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between energy expenditure, aerobic fitness and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors. Fifty male students (Age 22.52±2.80 yr. Height 175.3±7.12cm, Weight 7/.90±10.24kg, EE 2676±461, Vo2 max 56.57±5.03 ml/kg/min) in Gilan University took part in this study. Subjects completed an informed consent form, health history and Bouchard questionnaire. This questionnaire was translated and after piloting, it was used in Iran. Measurements included percent body fat (PBF), body mass index (BMI), waist hip ratio (WHR), body weight (BW) and coronary heart disease risk factors (TC, TG, LDL-c, HDL-c, SBP & DBP). Pierson correlation coefficient was performed for analyzing data and the maximal level of significance for this study was p≤0.05. The results of this study indicated that EE correlated with TC, LDL-c, TCIHDL-c, DBP, PBF, BMI and BW significantly related to TC, LDL-c, PBF, BMI and BW There was a significant relationship between PBF with TC, LDL-c, BW with SBP and DBP (P≤0.05). The results indicated that students' health more effected than EE and aerobic fitness although body fat is related to coronary heart disease risk factors. Therefore, it could decline the CHD risk with a decrease in EE and aerobic fitness.

The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of different mental practice methods in the acquisition, retention, and transfer of a motor skill in male students. The research method is quasi experimental. Subjects were 64 Tehran guidance school male students who were all novitiate in the criterion skill (Basketball penalty shoot). They were selected randomly and were assigned into 8 groups (7 as experimental and 1 as control) with the same homogenity according to their pretest scores and based on their ability in mental imagery. Then, they were taught how to perform the criterion skill. They exercised for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 30 trails in each session. A basketball shoot test was used to obtain the scores of pretest and progression (acquisition, retention, and transfer) of the subjects in the criterion skill. The scoring of the test was like the one in AAHPERE basketball shoot. To analyze data Kolomogoriv- Smirnov test, paired T test, one way ANOVA and Tukey follow up test were used. Results showed that all of the seven experimental methods had significant effects on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of the motor skill in subjects. Using Tukey test, significant differences were observed among the different composed physical- mental methods of practice.

The purpose of this study was the assessment of expending leisure time in female students of Tehran University with stress on sports training. Normally, 300 persons (who participated in physical education 1 and 2 courses) answered a questionnaire with 15 questions. The data were analyzed and the percentage of frequency of answers was determined. Results reveled that female students have 1 to 2 hours (30 %) and over 4 hours (30%) free time per day, and they spend it on reading (47%), rest (20%) and amusements (18%), but they were interested in doing exercise just 8%. Statistical analysis showed that 80% of female students expended their leisure . time in the afternoon and evening. The female students liked walking and jugging (60% of frequency) and the basketball playing (0% of frequency). Therefore. this research revealed that the most of female students in Tehran University don't exercise, although; they know the benefits of exercise and training.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between goal orientation (Task-oriented goal vs. Ego-oriented goal) and Perceived Motivational Climate (perceived Task-Climate vs. Perceived Ego-Climate) with Sources of Sport Confidence of volleyball players, competing in 2004 volleyball super league of Iran. Subjects of this study were 80 male volleyball players. For data gathering, three questionnaires were used: Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), Perceived Motivational Climate Questionnaire (PMCQ) and Sources of Sport Confidence Questionnaire (SSCQ). The researcher would explain the content of the inventories to the athletes. Researcher informed the players that their responses were submitted anonymously. Significant finding were summarized as following: Among sources of sport confidence, factors of mastery, coach leadership and demonstration of ability had the highest average and athletes recoded higher score in Task-orientation used more factors of Sources of Sport Confidence. According to this research, the athletes who recorded higher scores in Task-Orientation, selected Mastery and Social Support as factors to enhance their self-confidence. On the other hand, the athletes who recorded higher scores in Ego-Orientation, didn't mention those factors and selected Situational Favorableness as a factor to enhance self-confidence. Thus, athletes who recorded higher scores in Perceived Task-Climate in their teams, selected mastery as afactor to create self-confidence and those who recorded higher scores in Perceived Ego-Climate, selected Situational Favorableness and Physical Self- Presentation as factors to enhance their self-confidence.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of strengthening exercise performed by the dominant leg of the non - athlete students on their non - dominant leg. The sample for this study was from a population of 150 students from the school of agriculture and natural resources. Through the use of demographic and sport questionnaire, a sample of 15 students with mean age of 21.5 years was randomly selected Electric dynamometer was employed to measure the strength of quadriceps muscles in both legs. Before and after 15 sessions of exercise with the non – dominant leg, data were collected Statistical analysis including paired t -test was performed on data. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant improvement in the strength of the muscles of non - dominant leg (P<0/05). Also. there was a significant cross -limb improvement to the quadriceps muscle of the dominant leg (P<0.05).

Based on research, understanding the physiological profile of successful players through the use of physiologic tests could lead to better working knowledge of coaches, trainers, and exercise scientists in order to train athletes better. The purpose of this study is to assess and understand physiological and performance capacities of soccer players of the super league in different playing positions (goalkeepers, center - backs, full - backs, halfbacks, forwards) by emphasizing aerobic and anaerobic power and to compare these variables in the positions mentioned. Methodology: The present study is of causal - comparative or post -hoc type. Statistical sample of this study consists all the players of Zob soccer team in different playing positions that is; 25 players. The variables measured in this study included physical characteristics (weight and height), BMI, aerobic power using Brouce test and anaerobic power using Wingate test. Findings: The analysis of data using SPSS and ANOVA indicated that there was a significant difference among the players in different positions in terms of their aerobic power (P<0.05); and also there was a significant difference between aerobic power of full - backs and forwards (P<0.05), whereas there was not a significant difference among the other groups (p> 0.05). Conclusions: Concerning different physiological requirements of players in different positions, it seems necessary to plan and implement suitable training programs in order to improve the players' performance in their specialized positions.

The development and human personality consists of cognitive, perceptual-motor and social development. This study was carried out to determine the interaction between social development and motor development. With meta-analysis methods, theoretical models and research findings are surveyed. In this study, three models, martens, GALLAHUE, and Isaacs, were used to compare the different aspects of the models, goals; concepts, criteria, dimensions, processes and the factors. Results indicated that theoretical models and risearen finding were identical inregard probability bias. According to these findings, the social development and motor development are inrelated. Therehow, it is essential to consider the social development as an important sunyect in physical aducation texy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of glutamine and creatine consumption on elite free style wrestlers' performance after one acute period of weight losing. Subjects of this study consisted 21 elite wrestlers participating voluntarily (22.23±2.5 years, 75±9.4 Kg, 170±5.5 cm, 25.8±2.70 BMI). Subjects were divided into 3 groups. At first, subjects were asked to perform some athletic performance tests. Then, their basic parameters of variables (anaerobic power, lactate threshold and tolerance) were determined using gas analyzer (K4b2). The first group didn't take any supplements during weight loss and after 16 hours of recovery period The second group took some glutamine supplement during weight loss and recovery period The third group took some glutamine during weight loss and some glutamine and creatine supplements during recovery period Athletic. performance tests were repeated to determine the effects of weight loss and food supplements consumption on athletic performance variables. To analyze the data, dependent t-test and one-way analysis variance followed by Sheffe post hoc were used Intra-group outcome suggested that in control group, athletic performance variable decreased, but it was not significant. In glutamine group, not only there was no decrease, but also there was a little increase in all variables which was not significant. In glutamine + creatine group, there, was an increase in all variables which was significant in lactate tolerance variable. Comparison of groups suggested that there were a significant difference between these two groups in glutamine + creatine and control groups in aerobic power and lactate tolerance. The results of the study show that glutamine supplement intake in weight loss period and creatine and glutamine in recovery phase can lead to positive effects on athletic performance.