RESEARCH ON SPORT SCIENCE
Year:2007 | Volume:5 | Issue:15|Papers Count:15

The purpose of this research was to study the relationship of the records of the selected swimmers girls with their cardiovascular efficiency, somatotype and anthropometric features. For this reason 174 if girl participants in country .J s championship have been considered as the subjects during the four days of competition.Swimmers features such as standing height, sitting height, weight, body fat, Kinanthropometric variables (heights, widths), body composition index (LBM, MBI, %BF) and somatotype features (mesomorphy, actomorphy and endomorph) and their relationship with selected girl swimmers performances have been studied within 13 swimming events.Analyzing the data by pierson test showed that: Only 16 of 338 variables under sudy had significant relationship with swimmers, performance. Seven of which are related to chest depth index that have no significant relationship with the performance in certain swimming event. Regardless chest depth index, cardiovascular efficiency, thigh width, lower extremity length, sitting height, arm spam, palm length and endomorphic features showed significant relationship in one or more cases. It seems that we can not use mentioned indexes as a predictor for Iranian girl swimmers to foreseen their successful performance in swimming.

The purpose of present study an attempt was made to investigate the safety conditions in sports spaces of Iranian Universities and haVesuggestionimprovir1g those condition. To this purpose 10 Universities of Tehran were chosen. In this d1Seseven fields consisted of Football, pools, Handball, Volleyball, Basketball and Track and field were chosen to survey. The research instrument was a checklist composed of 1562 questions whose validity and computed by the researcher. Reliability was computed by the researcher. The questioning the checklists were divided into the four sections. 944 questions on safety variable in the tools, 178 questions on hygiene, 300 questions on equipment, lines and limits and 140 questions on ceiled places and stages were considered.Safety condition of equipment, lines and limits"(%79.2) were better than the other variables and hygiene (%67.1), tools (0/066.8), ceiled places and stages (%70.3) were placed after wards. Volleyball (%78) and Basketball (%73.3) had the best safety conditions. Football (%64.4) and track and field (%58.1) were of weaker conditions. As a whole, the findings showed that the sport places of Tehran. Universities were not safe in comparison with the standards.

This study was under taken to determine the effect of bilateral and unilateral strength training on bilateral deficit, knee extensor muscle strength stand long jump, hop and 20 meters running time.36 non-athletes female (age 20.61±1.88, height 58.60±7.12and weight 161.23±5.62) participated in this study. These participants were divided in two groups of 13 individuals and one group with 10 individuals as a control. Before applying program, bilateral extensor muscles strength, right leg extensor muscles strength and left leg extensor muscles strength, stand long jump length, hop length by right leg, hop length by left leg and 20 meters running time were tested. 8 weeks strength training program (%30 to %90 maximal strength) and a total of 16 training, sessions were given as the post-test. MANOVA were used to determine the significant differences between and within the groups with. p<0.05 as threshold.Result: according to MANOVA model and LSD follow up test hasn't been obtained significant difference between stand long jump, hop length by right leg, hop length by left leg and 20 meters running time but there were significant differences between bilateral extensor muscles strength, right and left leg extensor muscles strength and bilateral deficit.So, the effects of unilateral and bilateral trainings were similar on bilateral extensor muscles strength variable and both of them show better performance in compare with control group. In addition, the performance of unilateral test group has been higher on right and left leg extensor muscles rather than bilateral test group.At the end, bilateral group as same as control group didn't affect on bilateral deficit variable and bilateral group showed bilateral facilitation whereas unilateral training could increase bilateral deficit.Research showed that strength sports that are performed by two limbs simultaneously strength training is better to be done in bilateral shape and vica versa, in strength sports that are performed by one limp the strength training is better to be done in unilateral shape.

The purpose of this research was to assess the happiness of athletes and to compare it between social and individual sports. For this reason, 282 male and female athletic students of Tehran University (144 individual and 138 social athletes) were assigned and to determine their happiness, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) was used. To analyze data Kolomogorov-Smirnov test and independent T test were used. The result showed that social athlete students significantly were in higher level at positive mood, satisfaction and health. But there were not any significant differences between self-steam and efficiency of two groups Although happiness of social athletes significantly was better than individual ones.

The Entrepreneurship and providence of entrepreneur and preparation of good condition for sport entrepreneurship organization is a new way to promote of sport organization function level in country. On the other hand pay attention to employer psychological empowerment can due to promote of organization Entrepreneurship organizations of variety.The aim of this study is the investigation of relationship between the psychological empowerment factors (meaningfulness, competency, self-determining, Impact and trust) and entrepreneurship in the experts of physical education's offices from Tehran's governmental universities. To these reason sixty experts from government physical education's offices was selected. The study approach in this investigation was descriptive correlation. To collect information about psychological empowerment factors; we use of spritzer questionnaire (18 question) and to collecting information about empowerment we use of Samad 'Ghaee questionnaire. To investigation of relationship between psychological empowerment factors and entrepreneurship we use of statistical Test of spirman.The results show that there are significant and direct correlation between psychological empowerment factors (meaningfulness, competency, self determining, Impact and trust) and entrepreneurship. It means that earning high score in psychological empowerment factor due to success in entrepreneurship.

The purpose of this study was: 1- To survey the internet effects on sport marketing mix, (product, Place, Promotion and Price) in two conditions (current-optimum) by two groups (sport expert-marketer).2- To survey processing the components of sport marketing mix through their seperatepriority in two conditions (current-optimum) by expert and marketer's groups.To do this, 30 sport institutions or companies in Tehran city and 15 experts with Ph.D. degree in sport management, who are teaching at the various universities, were selected as research statistical samples. For two groups, research variables include 4 elements of sport marketing mix (product, place, promotion and price) were measured by the researcher made questionnaire. To data analysis was used Nonparametric Tests (Willcoxon and U Man Withney Tests) respectively, Willcoxon Test was used to study the variables differences in one groups and U Man Withney Test was used to study the variables differences in two independent groups.On the Opinion of sport markters and experts, separately, there is significant difference of internet impact between current & optimum conditions. (a=0.05). In the current & optimum conditions, separately, there is no significant difference of internet impact between sport marketers and experts. (a=0.05).Generally, results shows that in the current condition, internet has a little effect on the components of the sport marketing mix, in other word, in our country, sport organizations and companies rarely, use internet in marketing activities. But both groups believe that in the optimum condition, internet can greatly effect on marketing mix. The effect's rate on price is the highest.

Previous research has indicated that odorant presentations can have both positive and negative effects on psychological perceptions of athletic task performance. Some of the scientists found that the presence of pleasant odor in a testing room enhanced performance on cognitive and physical tasks (push-ups and 400-m run, hand grip) and led to subjects indicating more motivation and interest in the task. For many years menthol has been used for treatment of respiratory disorders although, a bronchodilator effect of menthol has yet to be described, and any .significant difference was not found in oxygen consumption. Inhaling peppermint is reported to be a stimulant for increased energy that would certainly benefit any athletic or non-athletic individual during an exercise bout.The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of peppermint odor on maximum heart rate, V02max, VO2, minute ventilation and the respiratory Exchange Ratio (R). Subjects of this study were 36 female elite soccer players with mean age: 21.17±3.15 yrs, height: 160.12±6.24 cm, weight: 56.78±8.76kg and resting heart rate: 77.39±7.88 bpm. They were divided in to three groups randomly: control, inhalant peppermint essence and inhalant peppermint essence + alcohol. Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test showed that the distribution of data in groups were normal. Subjects' BMI were distinguished and ANOVA showed no significant difference in the mean of BMI of the groups (p>0.05).According to Bruce recipe the subjects did exercise on treadmill till exhaustion. Heart rate during exercise, VO2max, VO2, minute ventilation and R were measured by Gas Analyzer machine (k4b2). Statistics analysis for independent groups was by ANOVA (p>0.05). It showed that inhalation of ambient odor (peppermint essence) doesn't have any significant effects on mentioned variables (p>0.05), probably for intensity, time of exercise. So we suggest determining the effect of inhalation peppermint odor on exercise with longer time and lower intensity.

Our purpose was to determine the effectiveness of behavior therapy accompanied by diet and exercise on weight loss and spot reduction during 8 weeks in adult women. Twenty seven obese women (mean age: 40.6 years-old, mean body fat percentage 35.7% and mean height 158.45 cm) were participated in the study. They were classified randomly to two experimental groups and one control group. The protocol for first experimental group was diet (consuming 500k cal/d less than daily energy requirements) and exercise (3 days a week) while the second experimental group followed a combination of diet and exercise accompanied by behavior therapy. The control- group continued their normal life for the period of study (8 weeks). A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and willks' lambda multivariate tests (MANOV A) were performed. Scheffe's post hoc analysis was used to test significant main effects and/or interactions.Body Mass Index and body fat decreased significantly (P<0.05) in both experimental group. In addition, the most variation in spot reduction was related to the center of body (abdomen and thigh).

Spinal Column is the main axis of the body and plays an important role in keeping a good posture. Flexibility of spine probably influences the curvature of spine. However the exact data about the relationship between the spinal flexibility and its relationship with the curvature of spinal column in young healthy people are locking. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the spinal flexibility with degree of the kyphosis and lordosis in young healthy people who were not affected with disease or had not undergone spinal column surgery. 100 young healthy men were evaluated in this study. The spinal flexibility and degree of kyphosis and lordosis was measured with Spinal Mouse (non-invasive tool). The Pearson correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between these variables. Results showed that the relationship between the variables of interest was not significant (p>0/05) for flexibility of thoracic spine with degree of kyphosis (r= -0/04) and flexibility of lumbar spine with lordosis (r =0/06). According to The results there was not significant correlation between the spinal flexibility and the degree of kyphosi sand lordosis.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic training (%50-55 V.S %70-75 of maximal heart rate) on TG, TC, HDL, LDL & VLDL concentration as the most important cardiovascular effectors. 47 sedentary student males were randomly divided to three groups: Exp 1 (N=16, MEAN±SD age=22.6: ±1.6); Exp 2 (N=16, MEAN±SD age=21.4±1.3) and control (N=15, MEAN±SD age= 23.7±1.8). The training program consistent of 8 WK running and brisk walking, three session with equal distance at an intensity of%50-55 (Exp1) and %70-75 (Exp2) at maximal heart rate. Data analysis by independent T test showed that training with %50-55 of maximal heart rate had no significant effects on TG (p=0.117), TC (p=0.680), HDL (p=0.051), LDL (p=0.712), VLDL (p=0.171) concentration. Training with %70-75 of maximal heart rate was not significantly different in TG concentration (p=0.736), but TC (p=0.010), HDL (p=0.026), LDL (p=0.008), VLDL (p=0.043) were significantly decreased, TG concentration in control group was significantly increased. The analysis of data using ANOVA indicated there was no significant difference among the baseline of variables between three groups (p>0.05), but in the post test stage there was significant difference between EXP2 with EXP1 and control groups in TG TC, HDL, LDL concentration (P<0.05)., but the difference between three groups in VLDL concentration was not significant (p>0.05).

The purpose of this investigation is design systematic rehabilitation period for professional athletes involved thigh compartment syndrome. 16 elite athletes (11 male & 5 female) with mean age of22 years and weight 62 kg and 170 cm involved thigh compartment syndrome include 5 weight lifter,8 football player and 3 speed runners on the basis of questionnaire that how pain start and use of sensory and movement tests and clinical examination (Radiographic, CT, MRI) divided to experimental group I (include of chronic thigh compartment syndrome) and experimental group 11 (include of acute thigh compartment syndrome).Regarding to athletic body statue and injury sever the rehabilitation include: phase I: starting it as soon as possible after injury. Phase III: functional rehabilitation period and phase III: functional-sports period. With use of statistical method of in depended and pair sample t test for detuning deference between group and steps.All of athletes in the group I that have an chronic compartment syndrome after 8 weeks rehabilitation and group 11 that have an acute compartment syndrome after 8 weeks rehabilitation return to training and race (p<0.01).According to the result of investigation design systematic rehabilitation period with fashion complex and collection include: especial training, movement treatment in water, physical therapy and massage necessary for return faster athletes involved thigh compartment syndrome.

Motor sequence is central to much of human intelligent behavior. It is well known that such sequential skills involve chaining a number of primitive actions together. Coach use explicit knowledge about aim and method of execution of sport skill for athlete. The purpose of this research is evaluation the role of explicit knowledge on accuracy and speed of learning of motor sequence.In the first phase of research we design soft ware of serial reaction time task. This software registers errors and Response Time (RT) in response to sequential stimulus. We compare explicit (aware to sequence) (N=15) and implicit (unaware to sequence) (N=15) in two groups.ANOVA for compare response times and errors in different blocks and paired. Test for comparer regular and irregular blocks and independent T Test for compare implicit and explicit is used. Result show that RT decrease in both explicit and implicit group but error decrease only in explicit group. Errors in explicit group are lower than implicit one. RT decrease is similar in explicit and implicit group. In exact skills explicit learning is better but in quick skills it is no difference between explicit and implicit condition.