Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science
Year:2017 | Volume:48 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:21

In order to study of genetic diversity of Fritillaria populations (Fritillaria imperialis L. ), in the five regions of Lorestan Province, used 40 morphological characteristics. Generally, 140 samples from five regions of the three cities including: Khorramabad, Aligudarz and Dorud were collected and analyzed in spring 2014 and 2015 for two years. From each area 30 samples were studied. These results showed that there is significant difference between populations of morphological characteristics. The results of cluster analysis using Ward method and Euclidean distance grouped the samples to five populations. Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results, there were 10 factors that explained 85. 34 % of their biological variations. In the first component, threre was positive and high coefficient in length of upper and middle leaf. The classification of cluster analysis was confirmed by principal component analysis. According to this study morphological traits can apply to assess variation among populations of Fritillaria.

In this study effect of Ace rootstock and different levels of nitrogen (60, 120, 180 Kg/h) on vegetative growth, yield, quality characteristics of fruit, leaf and fruit nitrogen concentration of Cucumis melo cv. Samsoori as a factorial experiment in Completely Randomized block Design evaluated in field condition in 2013. Increasing nitrogen levels from 60 to 120 kg. ha– 1 increased marketable yield by 23. 4%, whereas increasing nitrogen rate from 120 to 180 kg. ha– 1 decreased muskmelon yield by 19. 7%. Marketable yield was higher (18. 85%) in grafted in relation to non-grafted plants. Yield per plant, marketable fruit number and total yield per plant was higher in grafted plants. Fruit flesh firmness decreased in response to an increase in nitrogen fertilization and the highest values recorded on plants receiving 60 kg nitrogen per hectare. Fruit dry matter percent in fruits harvested from grafted plants were significantly higher than non-grafted plants. Total soluble solid and pH not affected by grafting and nitrogen amount. Stem length was also affected by grafting and highest stem length (212/17 cm) obtained in grafted plants, whereas lowest stem length (173/56 cm) were recorded in the non-grafted plants. Nitrogen concentration in leaf and fruits of grafted plants was higher than non-grafted. According to results, use of grafting and appropriate rate of nitrogen (120 kg) can improve growth and yield of muskmelon plants.

Barberry is a small fruit that grows in the wild in North West of Iran. Evaluation of fruit and seed characteristics can be useful in selection of superior cultivars for commercial cultivation. The aim of this study is to better understand the characteristics of barberries in order to use in breeding programs. The area and barberry genotypes were identified and sampling of them were done, then were transported to the laboratory and attributes such as length and width of fruits, seeds and leaves, fruit color were measured. Cluster analysis was performed on the basis of Ward's method. There is high variation in some traits, including berry weight, berry length, flesh weight, seed width, color characteristics such as a*, b*, Hue angle and chroma values. The results indicated that SH14 genotype had the largest fruit. Leaf traits, including leaf length and width significantly correlated with fruit traits such as weight and size of the fruit and seed length and width. The 3 main factors were explained approximately 68% of the total variance. According to cluster analysis, genotypes were divided into four main groups. Genotypes in group A had highest average length of pedicle and a* and b* color variables of fruits. The hue angle had a significant role in separation of group B. Also, seedless genotypes were located in group C. Genotypes in group D had a higher average length and width of leaves and seed number. The results obtained might be helpful for breeders who trying to develop new varieties.

In this research the climatic data of the year 2010 for the meteorological stations of Sari, Amol, Qrakhyl, Babolsar, and Galoogah were collected which included climatic factors of temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, maximum wind speed, number of sunny hours days, and freezing days. Some of the quality data of fruit such as weight, mass, acidity, etc. were analyzed in the lab. The analysis of qualitative characteristics of the fruit in the study stations indicated that the measured attributes have been affected by temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity parameters. The study stations according to the qualitative characteristics of the fruit and climatic parameters were placed in two groups of A (Galoogah and Qrakhyl), and B (Sari, Amol, and Babolsar). Fruits produced from the gardens of group A included higher acidity, weight, and skin thickness comparing to the group B. While the fruits produced from the gardens of group B compared to the group A, had more vitamin C, higher flesh weight and volume, and finally higher weight. Others measured attributes were not affected by climatic parameters.

To investigate the effect of magnetic water on the periwinkle a factorial experiment based on CRD carried out with 16 treatments in three replications. Treatments consisted of four types of water (magnetic tap water, the tap water, magnetic well water and well water) and four irrigation intervals (2, 4, 6 and 8 days). The results showed the least time to flowering periwinkle (45. 20 days), the highest number of flower (17. 96), the highest number of leaves (165. 88), the maximum number of branches (17. 44), maximum height (21. 71 cm), maximum diameter of the stem (6. 95 mm) and lowest ionic leakage (55. 96%) were found in treatment of 2 days and magnetic tap water. The minimum MDA observed in interval irrigation of 2 days with magnetic well water and magnetic tap water. The maximum MDA obtained in irrigation intervals of 8 days + tap (9. 7 nmol g F. W-1) and well water (9. 45 nmol g F. W-1), respectively. The highest and lowest activity of SOD were found in irrigation intervals of 8 days with magnetic well water (59. 75 IU. g D. W-1) and irrigation intervals 2 days + with well water (10. 86 IU. g D. W-1). Maximum POD activity (6. 04 nmol g F. W-1) was observed in irrigation of 6 days with well water.

In this research, the plant samples of Artemisia were collected at full flowering stage from three natural habitats in North of Qom province, Iran. Morphological characters were plant height, the number of tiller, large and small diameter of canopy, root length, root weight. The samples were analyzed for their soluble sugars, proline, chlorophyll, Na, K, Mg, Ca and Cl content and percentage of essential oil. Analysis of variance indicated that habitats significantly influenced flowering shoot, stem weight, root weight, total dry matter weight, soluble sugars, proline, chlorophyll a, Na, K, Mg and Cl at P≤ 0. 01, and chlorophyll b and Ca at P ≤ 0. 05. The means of traits indicated that flowering shoot yield with 48. 3 g/plant, root weight with 70. 2 g/plant, total dry matter yield with 234. 6 g/plant and the percentage of essential oil with 0. 75% were maximum. The highest soluble sugars, proline, Na, K, Mg, Ca and Cl with 0. 68 mg/lit, 1. 17 mg/lit, 8. 8 ppm, 15. 7 ppm, 4. 7 ppm, 22. 86 ppm and 35516. 2 ppm means were observed. The results showed that Artemisia is an endurable plant in a low salty conditions and it can increase regulator osmolytes and reduce yield to suffer salty conditions.

For improvement asymbiotic seed germination media of temperate terrestrial orchid Epipactis veratrifolia, 12 different concentrations of the carbohydrates (fructose, glucose, sucrose and two combination of fructose with sucrose ) were assessed on the seed germination and protocorm development, in the presence (2g L− 1) and absence of peptone in Fast medium. Results revealed significant differences between treatments on seed germination percentage and protocorm growth. Carbohydrate treatments; H12 (3. 5g/l fructose+14 g/l sucrose), H8(10 g/l sucrose), H2 (20 g/l glucose), and H11 (5 g/l fructose+12 g/l sucrose) had significant effect on seed germination percentage. H11and H12 was the best medium for protocorm growth. H8P2(10 g/l sucrose+2 g/l peptone), H2P2(20 g/l glucose+2 g/l peptone) and H12P2(3. 5g/l fructose+14 g/l sucrose+2 g/l peptone) were the best for seed germination respectively with 79/6%, 74/6% and 71/9% seed germination percentage. H10P2 (30 sucrose g/l+2 g/l peptone) with 17/3mm growth, significantly was the best for protocorm growth. Therefore kind and concentration of carbohydrate and presence of organic nitrogen (peptone) influence asymbiotic seed germination percentage and protocorm growth and could improved both of them. This finding revealing that it is possible to improvement asymbiotic seed germination of this species orchid with combination of mono and disaccharides and organic nitrogen.

For evaluation of physiological and biochemical response of some grapevine cultivars to drought stress, an experiment was carried out in 2014 as a factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three cultivars i. e. “ Bidane Sefid” , “ Chafte” and “ Yaghooti” and four drought stress levels, including-0. 3,-0. 6,-1 and-1. 5 MP soil water potential were employed. In this experiment, two years old grapes were cultured in pots with 28 cm in diameter and 60 cm in height, containing sandy-loam soil in field conditions. Results showed that in “ Bidane sefid” , under drought stress (-0. 3 to-1. 5 MP), RWC, chlorophyll a and b content, and antioxidant enzymes CAT, APX, GPX activity along with DPPH scavenging capacity were declined, but electrolyte leakage, MDA content, LOX enzyme activity (responsible for membrane unsaturated fatty acid peroxidation), along with H2O2 accumulation were increased. Results indicated that ‘ Bidane Sefid’ under drought stress had higher oxidative damage, led to lower membrane integrity. In comparison with “ Bidane sefid” , “ Chafte” and “ Yaghooti” under drought stress, due to higher antioxidant enzymes (CAT, APX, GPX) with higher DPPH scavenging capacity, exhibited lower oxidative damage, led to higher membrane integrity. According to our results, it can be concluded that “ Chafte” followed by “ Yaghooti” had higher potential to tolerate drought stress compared with “ Bidane sefid” .

One way of extending storability of fresh products, is pre and postharvest polyamines application. This study was designed to study the effect of putrescine on quality of fresh pistachio during storage. Fresh pistachio cvs. ‘ Fandoghi’ and ‘ Kalleghoghi’ were dipped for 8 min in putrescine solutions (0, 1 and 2 mM). The results indicated that putrescine 2 mM was the most effective treatment in maintaining the firmness of both cultivars with the average mean of 2. 3 kgF. Also this treatment reduced the weight loss compared to control in both cultivars. Putrescine treatment decreased the microbial contamination and both cultivar had lower infection at the end of storage. Lowest and highest infection was observed for put 2 mM and control with means 1. 32 log cfug-1 and 3. 15 log cfug-1 respectively after 45 day of storage. The control showed the increment in acidity index, peroxide value, panel test, and reduction in soluble carbohydrate, color indices. All these changes delayed significantly by putrescine treatments.

Because of the extensive green roof and the special conditions of an environment that is created for plants, the selecting suitable plant species to provide the necessary accuracy. In order to introduction of suitable plant species and investigation of effect of the irrigation treatments and the suitable depth and type of medium, the plants were culture in boxes for five months (July-November) and they were placed on the roof of a building. Selected plants including Ophiopogon (Ophiopogon jaburan), Frankenia (Frankenia thymifolia), Carpobrotus (Carpobrotus edulis) were from three different families. They were placed in boxes with 10 and 20 cm deep including the culture medium with and without peat in wet and dry irrigation conditions. The characteristic of plant morphology were appearance, length and surface area, root and shoot fresh and dry weight. Results showed that the highest quality, coverage and length during the three treatment plants beyond to depth of 20 cm, wet medium irrigation and peat medium. It should be noted that the treatment plants with water depth of 10 cm and medium-dry without peat, in the longer time their quality, coverage and length were acceptable. Since of the extensive green roof system requires minimal maintenance and less deep, this situation can be considered appropriate. In comparing the three plants, Carpobrotus and Frankenia had better performance than the Ophiopogon. The topic of green roofs in Iran is very new so the importance and necessity of this research is quite clear. This research for the first time did pay attention to the green roof and suitable selected plant species for this system in Iran.

In this study a CRD experiment with three replications was carried out to assess the effect of different concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (200, 400 and 600 μ M) on the improvement of vase life and postharvest quality of cut Alstroemeria flowers. All of applied hydrogen peroxide concentration increased the vase life of cut flowers. The highest vase-life was obtained in 600 μ M H2O2 which increased vase-life for 7 extra days in comparison with control flowers. Hydrogen peroxide also decreased the floral wilting, MDA content and water loss of flowers compared to control flower, while increased the ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes activity. Catalase activity increased significantly only in 600 μ M H2O2 treatment. Polyphenol oxidase activity assay in petal showed that hydrogen peroxide decreased the activity of this enzyme significantly in comparison with control flowers. Data of this research showed that the application of exogenous hydrogen peroxide in optimal concentration act as signal molecule and through decrease of lipid peroxidation, induction of the antioxidant enzymes activity and the inhibition of polyphenol oxidase activity increased the vase life and postharvest quality of cut Alstroemeria flowers.

In this study musckmelon landrace of ‘ Tosabze Saveh’ was grafted on rootstocks that including ̔ Ferro-RZ̕ and ̔ Shintozwa̕ , also own-rooted and ungrafted plants with three irrigation levels of 100, 80 and 60 percent (based on readily available water depletion) that water were used 5792. 21, 4815. 20, 3867. 60 m3 ha-1 respectively for 84 days after transplanting under field experiment as split plots based on randomized complete block design was carried out in 2014 in Karaj. The analysis of variance of fruit phenol and total soluble solids were demonstrated that there was no significant difference between the rootstocks. The heighest (68. 07 percent) and the lowest (59. 09 percent) leaf relative water content, were found in ‘ Tosabze Saveh’ grafted on ̔ Shintozwa̕ and self-grafted respectively. The results showed that with increasing water stress the antioxidant capacity of fruits increased while not significant differences of the amount of vitamin C fruits there. Also it is significant difference in regarding to efficiency of photosystem II was found between the cucurbita rootstocks and control plants. The means comparisons showed that heighest (31. 22 ton. ha-1) and the lowest (23. 85 ton ha-1) total yield per hectare was recorded in plants that grafted onto ̔ Shintozwa̕ and own-rooted respectively. Assessment the contents of mineral elements of leaves showed that the increasing percentage of total nitrogen in melon ̔ Tosabze Saveh̕ grafted onto ̔ Ferro-RZ̕ and ̔ Shintozwa̕ in compared to control (non-grafted) were 18. 14 and 19. 022 percent respectively.

Satureja avromanica Maroofi is an endemic aromatic species from Lamiaceae family in Iran. In this study, for investigation of chemical composition of wild and cultivated S. avromanica, seeds of this plant were collected from natural habitate at Avroman area in Kurdistan province and cultivated in research farm of Grize Research Station in 2010. Aerial parts of wild and cultivated plants were harvested at full flowering stage for two years and after drying in shade, their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. Chemical composition of the essential oils were identified using GC and GC/MS. In the oils of first and second years of cultivation, 16 and 14 compound were characterized, respectively. In natural site, essential oil yields was 1. 4%. In cultivated plants at first and second years essential oil yields were 0. 17 and 0. 21% respectively. The main components of the essential oils in cultivated samples were thymol (32. 3, 12. 7%), carvacrol (23. 6-48. 3%), γ-terpinene (5. 4-8. 4%) and p-cymene (18. 1-9. 9 %) at first and second years respectively, while thymol wild sample was 83. 9%, carvacro l 5. 2% and p-cymene (3. 9%) in wild accession of Avroman plants. The yields (0. 17-0. 21%) and phenolic compounds (55. 9-61. 0%) in the oil samples taken from the farm compared to the yields (1. 4%) and phenolic compounds (89. 1 %) from oil samples habitat has decreased, but oil phenolic compounds in samples taken from the farm second year (61. 0%) compare to the first year(55. 9%) of planting, has increased, that it can be concluded that species is adapted to the environmental conditions of the farm.

In recent years grape growing has been extended to warm climate regions in Fars province. In other hand, heat stress is considered as major factor which affected yield and quality of grape production in these regions. The aim of this study was to determine heat tolerance ability in four three-year-old grapevine cultivars (̒ Rotabi̕ , ̒ Askari̕ , ̒ Monagh̕ and ̒ Flame Seedless̕ ) against sever heat stress under vineyard condition. This research was carried out in Ghir-O-Karzin region of Fars province for two years. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replicates and three vines in each plot. Leaf chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage (EL), and leaf gas exchange parameters were measured. The results showed a significantly differences in El, E, gs, A/Ci, photosynthetic rate (A) and leaf temperature. No significantly differences were observed for other parameters. Heat stress increased substomatal CO2 concentration with equal amounts in all cultivars. But heat stress decreased stomatal conductance (gs) and Photosynthetic rate (A) in all cultivars. Flame Seedless had a relatively desirable photosynthetic rate and was a heat-tolerant cultivar. Photosynthetic rate of ̒ Rotabi̕ was less than ̒ Flame Seedless̕ . Therefore, it was a moderately-heat-tolerant cultivar. ̒ Askari̕ and ̒ Monagha̕ were heat-sensitive cultivars compared to ̒ Flame Seedless̕ and ̒ Rotabi̕ .

This study was planed to determine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza (G. mosseae) symbiosis and three pistachio rootstocks of ‘ Sarakhs’ , ‘ Abareqi’ and ‘ Bane Baqi’ on elements uptake and distribution under salt stress. A greenhouse experiment was conducted as factorial with three factors of mycorrhizae by two levels (with or without mycorrhizae), saltiness of irrigation water by four levels (EC of 0. 5, 5 10 and 15 dS. m-1) and rootstock by three levels (Sarakhs, Abareghi and Bane Baqi). Different levels of salt stress caused reduction in mycorrhizal colonization as well as elements uptake in all rootstocks while Na+ and Cl-accumulation in shoot and roots were increased as the effect of salt stress intensity. Elements distribution was affected by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as their accumulation (P, K, Na, Cl) were lower in roots than shoot. Mycorrhizal plants had higher concentrations of P, K, Ca and Zn and lower of Na and Cl in comparison to non-mycorrhizal plants. Symbiosis relations of pistachio rootstocks with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus led to increase salt stress resistance, which can be attributed, at least partially, to improve uptake of some low mobile elements like P and Zn and better osmosis regulation. Bane Baqi had lower content of Na and Cl in shoot and roots in comparison with two other which can be reason for its more resistance to salt stress.

Current research was carried out to determine the effect of deficit irrigation on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of 14 years old olive oil cultivars named 'Roughani', 'Amphisis' and 'Mission' in Dallaho Olive Research Station of Sarepole Zehab under three irrigation regimes during 2014. Irrigation treatments were included 100 % ETp irrigation (control), deficit irrigation 60 % ETp during the growing season (continuous deficit irrigation) and regulated deficit irrigation (deficit irrigation 60 % ETp during the growing season plus no irrigation during periods of pit hardening and color change). Results indicated lower growth in deficit irrigation treatment. However, higher fruit weight, fruit length, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percentage, pit dry weight and pit length were obtained in regulated deficit irrigation treatment in compared to continuous deficit irrigation. There were no significant differences between treatments for pulp/pit dry weight ratio, pulp percentage and dry and oil content in fresh weight. Oil percentage in dry matter was significantly different between irrigation treatments, where the highest oil percentage in dry matter (38. 67%) was found in ̒ Roughani̕ cultivar under continuous deficit irrigation. Also, this cultivar had the higher oil yield in hectare in comparison to those of 100 % ETp irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation. In ̒ Amphesis̕ cultivar, there was no significant difference in oil yield between 100 % ETp and regulated deficit irrigation treatments. Generally, there were different responses between cultivars to irrigation treatment and cv. Amphissis can be introduced as tolerant cultivar under regulated deficit irrigation. Vigorous cultivar (Mission) was more affected under deficit irrigation.

Short postharvest life and susceptibility to chilling are the most important problems of persimmon fruit cultivars. Use of nanotechnology is one of the most effective ways to extend storage life of fruits. In this study, effect of different packaging material including nano-silicate, polyethylene and control (without packaging) on quality and antioxidant properties of persimmon fruits cv. Karaj was investigated during 40 days of postharvest storage at 1 º C and 90-95% relative humidity. The fruits were removed after 20 and 40 days of cold storage and subsequently held at ambient temperature for three days (shelf life), and were analyzed for chilling injury index, weight loss, flesh firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid, soluble tannin, total flavonoids, total carotenoid contents and total antioxidant activity. The results showed that nano-packaging maintained quality attributes of ascorbic acid, soluble tannin, total flavonoids, total carotenoid contents and total antioxidant activity for longer period than polyethylene packaging and controls. Also, nano-packaged persimmon fruits had the least chilling index (0. 01%), weight loss (1. 32%) and the most flesh fruit firmness (5. 33N/cm2). Therefore use of nano-packaging is beneficial for quality maintaining and postharvest life of persimmon fruit during storage.

Micrografting technique has been used on woody species to produce viruses-free plants, rejuvenation, reinvigoration, analysis of grafting compatibility and incompatibility and clone's propagation. Several experiments have been carried out in order to investigate the most suitable culture media after micrografting, effect of types of rootstocks and scions, effect of time after subculture of scions, and comparison of in vitro and in vivo micrografting techniques for some Iranian pistachio (Pistacia vera L. ) varieties. For in vitro micrografting, rootstocks and scions (Badami-Zarand, Owhadi, Akbari, and Ahmadaghaii) were propagated using micropropagtion. For in vivo micrografting experiments, dry nuts of Pistacia vera L. var. Badami-Zarand were used. Percentages of regenerated micro-shoots (Micrografting success percentage), callus production on grafted area and leaf numbers were evaluated after one month. Results showed that types of rootstocks and scions had significant effect on micrografting success percentage. The best culture medium for rootstocks was MS supplemented with 2 mg. L-1 after micrografting in which decreased callus production in grafted area and growth of nodal meristems of rootstocks. The time after subculture of scions had no significant effect on microgftaing success rate. In vitro and in vivo scions had no considerable differences; therefore it is possible to use the in vitro scions on the in vivo rootstocks.

In order to the study of aril and leaf mineral composition of pomegranate cv. Naderi with spraying fertilizer containing amino acid under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design. Irrigation treatment in three levels (100%, 75% and 50% required water) and fertilizer containing amino acids in four levels (0, 2, 3 and 4 milliliter per liter) were applied. Spraying was done in four stages (before anthesis, after fruit set, rapid growth phase and two weeks before harvest). The results showed increasing water stress decreased nitrogen (5. 97%), phosphorus (0. 37%) and potassium (0. 07%) and increased iron (230 ppm) in aril and potassium (0. 08%) and iron (348. 84 ppm) in leaves in comparison to the control without water stress. Increasing level of amino acid fertilizer increased nitrogen (8. 75%), potassium (0. 1%) and iron (235. 92 ppm) in the aril and level of phosphorus (0. 64%) in the leaves but decreases the amount of potassium (0. 07%) and iron (324. 19 ppm) in the leaves. Based on the results it can be stated that spraying of fertilizer containing amino acids significantly improved the nutritional value of pomegranate and reduced the harmful effects of drought stress.

An experiment based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications performed in order to find the best levels of nutrition with 4 nitrogen levels 0, 100, 150 and 200 mg per kg soil using ammonium nitrate as a fertilizer source to increase the beauty performance in topiary of chrysanthemum. For each experimental plot, two pots (one plant per pot) were used. Rooted cuttings of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum grandiflorum) code 288, cultivated in substrate consisted of equal volume of loam soil, peat and sand. The pyramid-shaped frames made using a metal wire with a wooden base to form a given topiary type for chrysanthemum. The effect of nitrogen fertilization on plant growth capability in the current condition with regard to the plant height, leaf number and area, root length, fresh and dry weight, total chlorophyll content, tissue nitrogen content and reproductive traits evaluated. The results showed that total chlorophyll content increased with increasing nitrogen levels. Most of the growth traits were higher at the level of 200-150 mg N per kg of soil and maximum nitrogen levels of 150-100 mg kg was suitable for reproductive traits. Therefore, to ensure proper growth of chrysanthemum branches in topiary form, furnishing of 200 mg N per kg of soil on vegetative growth stage and feeding reduction to 100 mg per kg of soil for the flowering process is appropriate and advisable.

Choose a suitable culture medium for Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora H. B. K. ) is one of the prerequisite for success in tissue culture. The nodal explants containing a lateral node for shoot micropropagation were cultured in different concentrations of MS and B5 medium with ¼ , ½ or full micro and macro elements concentration. All culture media amended by activated charcoal in 1 gL-1. They were stored for six weeks in growth chamber condition. Experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design in three replications. Full root generation was obtained in full micro-and macro-elements concentrations of MS and B5. The most number of nodes in the highest shoot, the longest shoot, the most number of leaves in highest shoot, the largest leaves, the highest leaf chlorophyll content index, the most number of roots, the widest callus, and the heaviest fresh and dry root were observed in full concentration of MS. It could be because of higher ionic strength of MS medium compared to other media use. The least leaf necrosis on the highest shoots and plantlet was observed in full concentration of B5. Regarding research finding, MS medium with activated charcoal (1 gL-1) would be recommendable for lemon verbena high performance propagation in tissue culture condition.