Year:2007 | Volume:20 | Issue:1 (74 IN NATURAL RESOURCES)|Papers Count:30

Flood estimation as a criterion for designing water structures such as small and large dams is one of the approaches to increase safety against their failure. There are many different methods to estimate flood magnitude and other characteristics. One of the most important and common method is statistical flood frequency of measured data. The study area includes some sub - basins of Karkheh river in Lorastan province. The test of outlier was conducted by using statistical parameters of peak flow in the hydrometric stations, and it was determined that there are no outlier points among data. So completing and lengthening for common statistical period performed. Then, statistical distribution of aforementioned data was fitted. Using girding method, the centeriod of high area of each hydrometric station was determined. Generalized skewness coefficients of points then were computed using the unbiased skewness coefficient, the weight coefficient of data and the distance of each hydrometric gauge from centeriod of sub - basin. Spline (Smooth Plate Line) method was applied to generalize the skewness with the mean square error of %34.The results show that the range of percentage of differences between unbiased and generalized skewnesses are from 58% to 137 %. The observed data have been fitted well with the normal distribution. Using this method results less differences between observed and estimated values of peak discharges as where generalized skewnesses were used, the differences of peaks for return periods of 2, 100 and 1000 years, were %12, %77 and %180 respectively. It can be concluded that the fitness of selected probability distribution with the data is quite best using the generalized skewness in estimation of peak discharge.

Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss. belong to Umbelliferae family that grown wild in West and South-West of Iran with nutritive and medicinal uses in these regions. This plant was collected from North-West of Khoramabad . The air-dried whole plant was subjected to hydrodistillation method and the essential oil was obtained in yield of 0.45% W/W. Identification of essential oil constituents was made by GC and GC/MS. This oil was characterized by a high content of sesquiterpenes , most of them oxygenated sesquiterpenes with curzerene(16.9%) and curzerenone(33.8%) as major constituents. Additionally the other main compounds were germacrene-D phyllocldanol and isopimarol. The anatomy study was done by reboubled painting method with carmen and bludomethylene colors. In stems the secretory channales were found in different parts.

English yew (Taxus baccata L.) is one of the limited coniferous species in Caspian forests of Iran that is remained from tertiary third. Afratakhteh yew reserve is one of the yew sites in Caspian forests so there are dense stands of ancient yew trees (the age of some trees is greater than 1000 year) that occasionally are forming pure yew stand. For assigning of yew association, the vegetation of this site was studied from the base of Braun- Blanquet (Zigmatist) School. Based on the analysis of these vegetation data that were sampled from 27 plots with 400m2 area and by using Braun- Blanquet phytosociological table, two yew associations (Carpineto betulus- Taxetum baccatae and Carpineto orientalis - Taxetum baccatae) with third sub association and two variant were distinguished. Correlation analysis between topographical features (height from sea level, slope and aspect) and the two mentioned yew association shows, the distribution of these plant associations is mainly affected by slope factor. Determinant coefficient shows that slope feature is the %76 of operative factor in the establishment of tow yew communities. In Carpineto betulus- Taxetum baccatae which is established in less than %70 slopes, Carpinus betulus and Taxus baccata are the dominant trees in over story and Ilex spinigera is the frequent species in under story. But in Carpineto orientalis - Taxetum baccatae which is established in over than %70 slopes, Carpinus orientalis and Taxus baccata are the dominant trees in the over story and grass species of Festuca drymeia with companying the shrub species of Juniperus communis ssp hemisphaerica are the most frequent species in the under story.

In this investigation, horn beam (Carpinus betulus) wood for medium density fiberboard (MDF) production and determining of mechanical and physical properties of boards have been studied. variables factors were steaming time in three levels (5, 10 and 15 minutes), press time in two levels (4 and 6 minutes) and resin content in two levels (9 and 11 percent). The results of this study indicated that,the highest bending strength (MOR), were observed on MDF boards produced for 5 and 15 minutes steaming time,and boards made for 10 minutes steaming time had the lowest of MOR strength.However the maximum and minimum modulus of elasticity (MOE) achived with fibers obtained under 5 and 15 minetes steaming time condition , respectively.In all conditions, increasing resin consumption was to improve MOR and MOE of the boards. The results also showed that the maximum internal bonding (IB), were related to MDF boards produced with fibers obtain under 15 minutes steaming time condition .However increasing of press time didnot affect on IB significantly. Thickness swelling (T.S) after 2 and 24 hours soaking in water of boards had inverse relationship with IB. Also the lowest T.S related to boards produced with fibers which obtained under 15 minetes steaming time and 11% resin consumption condition.

Gully erosion is one of prominent erosion processes of marly and soluble formations with low topography. Due to being widespread and having diverse lithology, Agha-Jari marly formation is more important in Zagros in this respect. Agha-Jari Formation is present in the studied area and is under gully erosion. This research is performed bosed on geomorphology method and by considering all effective factors in erosion, photograghical investigation and by integration of geology, slope,aspect, hypsometry and erosion feature maps. In each homogenous land units, chemical and physical analysis of soils and formation and determination of clay mineral types were performed. Gully erosion facies of Agha-Jari formation was studies according to the type of spread, cross section shape and number and density of gullies and gullies were classified according. the relationship between slope and gully dendity was studied statistically. Finallerosion intensily and sediment yield of gully erosion facies was investigated by MPSIAC Method. The results of study have shown that the amount of total lime is%35.2,gypsum %42.35 meq/100gr,organic carbon%0.42.the type of clay minerals from more to less abundant are:montmorillonite, illite and chlorite.V-shaped and U-shaped gullies are present, V-shaped being more abundant. %74of gullies are in high density and %26 in medium density class. Most of gullies are of digitate type. The correction coefficient between slope and V-shaped gullies density is %83 with coefidence level of %95 and between slope and U-shaped gullies density is %80 with coefidence level of %99. Gullies are present in slope of %2to%10 .Erosion intensity of gully facies is high and sediment yield is 24.7ton/ha/year.

The roles of nectar and pollen plants in honey quality is caused to study of bee plants specialties on attracting honey bee. To direct observe of honey bee activities on the flowers were recorded. In this research 10 numbers of the beehives were established in Sirachal region. Some of the beehives were equipped with pollen catcher trap apparatus and collected each three days between May to September 2004. These pollens grains and the Characters which extracted from anthers of plants were acetolyzed and then the microscopic slides were prepared. The comparisons were done on the base of pollen specialties. To observe and photograph were done by imaging analyses microscope and Live 3000 software. The collected pollen loads of pollen catcher trap apparatus were separated on the based of color and then were weighted, their dimensions and densities percents were determined. The results were shown that the color and weight percent of dominant pollens of the region related to the total experiment pollens were yellow, which is concerned Berberis vulgaris. Thus there are kinds of selection and the markers of flowers attractiveness are affected. But we cannot say that yellow is the best color for honey bees. Color of the pollens and corollas can be an important factor for attracting honey bee, but especially the pollen color factor may be overshadowed the other factors such as plant covering and numbers of flowers. The color spectrum densities of corolla at selected flowers by honey bees were been yellow, white, pink, blue, purple and red. Selection of pollen is independent of nectar. To collect of the other pollens were reduced while abundance of attractive pollen (Barberry). The pollen variety and collection range will be increased in attractive pollen deficiency month.

For assessment of relationship between emprical and nominal rangeland function selected shrublans G.N.P in 3 management condition in heavily and moderate and ungrazed areas. The results show that correlation between N and C are significant in moderate and ungrazed and have not significant in heavily grazing. Moderately and ungrazed areas have not significant different of empirical indices. There is highest correlation between infiltration with surface nature, slake test and soil texture. There is significant correrlation between nutrient cycling with litter and cryptogame cover in moderately and ungrazed areas.

Determination of forage quality is one of the fundamental factors for sound management of rangelands. There are spatial and temporal variations in quality of range species. In this study, forage quality of two grasses of Agropyron cristatum and Thinopyrum intermadium were measured at three phenological stages of vegetative growth, full flowering and seed dissemination in Golestan National Park. For this purpose, 10 plants were random selected at each phonological stage and crud protein, ADF, crud fiber, metabolized energy, and digestible dry matter were measured by using in vitro procedures. Data were analyzed by using ANOVA and Duncan’s test. The results indicated that the forage quality of both species were higher in vegetative growth to compare to full flowering and seed dissemination stages. Both species were not significant in crude protein, digestible dry matter, metabolized energy, and acid detergent fiber at vegetative growth and full flower stages, but Agropyron cristatum was better than Thinopyrum intermadium for these criteria in seed dissemination stage. In general, the quality of forage was better for Agropyron cristatum to compare to Thinopyrum intermedium.

Spur dike (Epi) is one of the common method of bank erosion controls and river welfare. Spur dike construction changes the direction of river flow so that prevents the erosion of river bank.Affirmative and good function of this structure is related to natural properties of the river and from the other hand is based on following the technical views during the construction of spur dikes. In this study to evaluating the function of three kinds of spur dikes (gabions, shoring, revetment and concrete) constructed on Minab river, following parameters were investigated:1-Ratio of spur dikes distances and their lenghts S/L.2- Ratio of river wides narrowing B1/B2.3- Rate of land refinding at the back of the different kinds of spur dikes through measuring the land areas.4- Rate of scour around the spur crest.5- The angle between the spur dikes and river banks and the water flow direction.6- Bed material kinds and their magnitude.7- Measuring the spur dikes dimensions.8- Depth of the spur dikes foundations in river banks.9- Kinds of construction materials used in different kinds of spur dikes.10- Date of spur dikes construction (epi ages).11- Economic Evaluation of each kinds of spur dikes.The results of an investigation shown, the best results to redirecting the flow of water has been occured by Gabion constructions with angles between 100 to 120 degrees relative to up of river banks and more than 120 degree in the shoring spur dikes. The flow of water causes meander loops between spur dikes in the S/L>3 (Ratio of spur dikes distances and their lengths). Finally according to measuring and observation and compare with formulas and studies that has been done inside and outside of the country can be results the Gabion spur dikes are the best kind of spur dikes to protect of bank erosion and land refinding in the same conditions.

This research carried out in order to determine chemical composition and gross energy of range plant of Ilam province for 3 years. Samples were taken from 31 areas of rangland along grazing season for 4 time. In each area 3 stockman were chosen randomly and samples after drying in room were milling and mixed, consequently 124 samples analyzed for chemical composition and gross energy in each year. Average dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, ash, crude fat, in dry matter basis in first, second and third years were 94.05, 10.80, 28.56, 9.77, 1.62, and 94.40, 13.40, 25.52, 10.36, 1.78, and 95.31, 13.32, 25.04, 10.59, 1.81 percent respectively. Average gross energy for first, second and third years were 4140.40, 4064.84, and 4089.72 Cal/g in dry matter respectively. Average dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, Ash, crude fat, in dry matter basis in 1, 2, 3 and 4 stages of sampling were 94.61, 18.52, 17.55, 13.26, 1.73 and 94.62, 15.34, 23.65, 10.80, 1.71 and 93.62, 10.80, 30.10, 8.51, 1.80 and 94.50 5.96, 34.19, 8.39, 1.70 percent respectively. The stages of sampling had significant effects (p<0.01) on crude protein, crude fiber and ash but no significant effect was observed for dry matter, crude fat and gross energy. Average of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber ash (p<0.01) and gross energy (p<0.01) in the years of sampling were significant difference.

The objective of this study was to find out the restrictions of seedling production of Monterry pine (Pinus radiata) in nursery. The statistical analysis of qualitative and quantitative parameters seedlings showed that there were significant differences between sowing dates of Autumn and Spring. In respect to quantitative parameters (average collar diameter and average height), the Autumn sowing date was significant better than spering sowing date, and in relation to qualitative parameters (average percent survival and average quality degree) the Spring sowing date was significant greater than the autumn sowing date(p< 0.01). Of course it must be mention that because of collecting was performed at middle of September so next year the seedlings of Autumn sowing date had more time to growth than the seedlings at Spring sowing date. Continuous investigation of seedling for two years showed that only a few seedlings (almost 8 percent) had suitable quality and quantity growth in the end of the second years. According to lab tests, there are not any evidance of pests or diseases on the dead seedling, so physical and chemical soil test was performed and the results showed that High pH and lack of the micorhiza were the soil factors which had negative effects of the seedlings survival and growth.

Recognition of rainfall spatial variation over catchments is an important factor in designing water resources and watershed treatment projects. Drawing depth- area- duration (DAD) curves in any region can be useful to estimate spatial distribution of precipitation in drainage basin. The present study has been carried out for Markazi province and its adjacent area. Markazi province has an area of 2940000 hectare. There are 59 rain guages and one synoptic station over the province area with 30 years rainfall records (1966-1997). 60 numbers of 24 hours precipitation events have been selected for the study and the cumulative 24, 12, 6 and 3 hours rainfall graphs were draw. Gradient equation of each rainfall event was developed using the relation of elevation and precipitation. Topographic map of province were digitized using Ilwis 2.2 GIS program package. Gradiant equation for each event was entered to GIS in order to prepare isoohytal map. Some parameters including increment area, net rainfall, cumulative precipitation and the average of maximum precipitation for each precipitation have been identified. Then the first curves of DAD for any precipitation have been drawn and for each base time, the average value of precipitation for have been calculated and drawn. These curves show that in area of one square kilometer in each time of 24, 12, 6, and 3 hours the values of 40, 31, 28.5 and 28 mm precipitation were exist. The results showed that small areas, there is no significant differences between base time of 3, 6, and 12 hours. Whereas in large areas this event is being seen for example in area of 29 square kilometers and in base time of 3, 6, 12, and 24 hour, the values of 7.8, 12.2, 12.3, and 21 mm precipitation were exist. There are no significant differences between 6 and 12 hours curves of DAD.

Suckers in olive trees act as a sink and compete with fruit for water and nutrients. Thus, suckers may be considered as weeds in olive orchards. An experiment, starting in the Spring of 1999, was carried out to compare several methods of sucker control at motahari orchard for 4 years in Tarom, Zanjan Province, Iran. The experiment was conducted in a RCBD layout with 3 replications and the following treatments: Manual removal of suckers in April, Manual removal of suckers in April, June and August, spraying with 6 l/ha of glyphosate (41% SL) + 1.5 l/ha emulsifier (Citowett), spraying with 8 l/ha glyphosate, spraying with 2.5 l/ha bromoxynil (22.5% SL), spraying with 2 l/ha of 2, 4-D + MCPA (67.5% SL), spraying with 3 l/ha of paraquat (20% SL), and check with no removal of suckers. Data collection included number and length of sucker, fresh and dry weight of sucker, number and height. Data were collected in the newly developed shoots, fresh weight of 50 fruits, flesh to stone fruit and extracted oil percentage. Results showed that 2, 4-D + MCPA, glyphosate, and glyphosate + Citowett effectively reduced sucker number. 2, 4-D + MCPA, glyphosate, and 3 times manual removal of suckers reduced wet and dry weight of suckers. There was no significant difference among the treatments in the number or growth rate of newly developed shoots. On the other hand, 3 times removal of suckers, aplication of Glyphosate, Glyphosate + Citowett, or Paraquat, increased growth rate of newly developed shoots. The treatments had no significant effect on fruit parameters measured, especially yield and oil percent extracted. According to results, 2, 4-D + MCPA, glyphosate and glyphosate + Citowett should be recommended for olive sucker control.

The area of rangelands and dependency of livestock to this resources leads to select a suitable property size which allows scientific range management based on relationship between human, rangeland and animal to achieve higher income and sustainable utilization. So the objective of the present study was determination of minimum property size for pastoralism`s family in Semnan province. Due to different grazing capacity based on ecological condition in each climate zone; various rangeland areas need to keep the same number of animal to cover living cost. In seven climatic zones of Semnan province living cost of a family with the average size of 5.4 person was 9644 thousand rials according to year 1999 economic condition. The net income of a herd with 100 sheep and for herd with 100 goats were 6288 and 4683 thousand rials respectively. So 800-1000 hectares rangeland is required to feed animal required for covering living cost of each family in arid areas. This will be 715 to 895 and 282 to 325 hectares in lowland and highland regions of dry desert areas, 370 to 465 and 571 to 715 hectares in highland and lowland of semi-arid areas, 247-310 hectares in Meditaration Zones, 255-316 hectares in semi-humid areas and 202 to 252 hectares in humid areas and 277 to 285 hectares in very humid areas for grazing period of 4 months.

The yew (Taxus baccata) stand of Iran is one of the oldest yew forests in the world. It grows separately at different altitude levels of the Caspian forests. One of the most important natural stand of yew is located at Zarrin-Goul valley in Ali-Abad Katool, Gorgan, Golestan province. The cuttings were collected from two different sites: First from the Zarrin-Goul valley and the second from Dorfac forest of Gilan province. Cutting collection at the first site was at October and December, whereas at the second site was only made at October. The cuttings were cut from: a) annual sprouts and branches with trigger originated from young trees less than eight year old, b) annual branches with trigger, originated from old-age trees and c) annual branches without trigger. Supporting materials for potting soil were: 1-Pure sand, 2-sand+moisture+IBA Hormone (1000 ppm), 3- Mixture of forest soil, and 4- normal potting soil. Gorgan cuttings B and C placed in 5 potting treatments consist 1 to 4 were as previous case and treatment 5 including of: sand+Hormone IBA (1000ppm). Shooting of Gilan supplied in 5 potting treatments exactly the same as previous trails and cultivated via 3 kinds of cutting groups ( A, B and C). Potted cuttings irritated by piping water for 9 months and accounted each month. Those held in green house with 35◦C in day and 15◦C at night in Autumn and Winter and in hot season held in open place. Statistical analysis was randomized block design that was significant between all treatments. According to achieved results, permanent moisture potted soil with IBA was the best treatment and had more rotting percent. Rooting in some hardwood species like yew are very hard and it may happen in special conditions. Results in this research showed that callus produced at the base of cutting in the particular conditions is positive signal for rooting. Anatomical studies showed that all cuttings with callus formed would be able to produce root after taking time.

Aerial parts of tarragon plants treated under field condition were sprayed with IAA(200mm )and NAA (100mm)separately three time in a week. After a week aerial parts of plants were harvested and dried in the dark with air stream. The essential oil of dried aerial parts were obtained by hydrodistillation. Foliar application of IAA and NAA increased oil yield in tarragon.The essential oil of two treatments and their control (water sprayed) were analysed by GC/MC.The main compounds of essential oil determined. as: methyl chavicol(82.31%),cis-b-ocimene (5.15%), trans -b-ocimene(4.01%),for control plants. It was seen that IAA and NAA decreased methyl chavicol contentof tarragon oil and increased other main constituents.

Darrah Damgahan with an area of 2100 hectars is located in 12 km SW of Mehriz in Yazd province. The lowest and highest of its heigh are 1880 and 3873 meters. Average annual precipitation reaches to 195mm. Flora of this region includes 175 plant species that belong to 134 genera and 46 families. The important families are respectively, Asteraceae with 34 species (19.4%), Poaceace with 23 species (13.1%), Lamiaceae with 15 species (8.6%), Rosaceae with 12 species (6.9%), Apiaceae with 9 species (5%) and Papilionaceae with 8 species (4.5%). Life forms of the plant species of region include: Hemicryptophytes 42.4%,cryptophytes 21.1%, therophytes 16% , phanerophytes 13.1% and chamaephytes 7.4% . From the view point of regional elements plants of This region include: 72.6% Irano-Turanian, 9.7% Irano-Turanian and Euro- Siberian, 4% cosmopolitan, 3.4% Irano-Turanian and Mediterranean, 3.4% Irano- Touranian and Mediterranean and Euro- Siberian, 6.3% Irano-Turanian and Saharo- Sindian determined. From the 175 species of flora this region 45 species (25.7%) are medicinal plants, 31 species (17.7%) essential oil plants, 22 species (12.6%) endemic in Iran and 3 species Endemic in Yazd.

In this survey flora of Kian region has been studied. The method of plant collection in this region was classical method of plant taxonomic studies. Collected plants were recognized and determined families, genera and species of them by using of indispensable references. Alphabetically list of taxa in this region was provided on the base of families and scientific name. Collected plants are conserved in Herbarium of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Hamadan and herbarium of Isfahan University. The life form of plant species was determined by using of Raunkier’s method. The plants of Kian region are including 64 families, 264 genera and 405 species. Life forms of plants are including: 7% phanerophyte, 12% geophyte, 42% hemicryptophyte, 4% chamephyte and 35% therophyte.

This study was conducted in order to find the relationship between grazer and plant composition in Vesf rangelands of Qom province. Livestock composition is important in grazing management, and is mainly affected by plant composition of rangeland. In addition to plant composition, some other factors such as distance from water source, topography, animal profitability, and socio- economic issues of a given region should be considered in determining livestock kind. In this research, cover percentage and production of plants were estimated using 50x60 cm quadrats. Also, palnt composition was determined based on cover data. Palatability of plants grazed by sheep and goat was calculated by means of video (time) procedure. Interview was performed with some herd keepers to find sheep and goat benefits. Totally, obtained results from vegetative data, topographic condition (mountainous area with sharp slopes), water sources (mountainous springs), and animal kind profitability showed that Vesf ranges are suitable for goat grazing.

Some of the plants in the nature always distribute in the specific region and could rarely be observed in other climates. These plants can be used as the index for recognizing and categorizing of climates. In this research at first the climate of Markazi province were classified by using the methods of Koppen, Stenze, Emberge, Thornth waite (1948 and 1933), adjusted Demarton and Gorszinsky. For this purpose the 20 years climate data were collected and dependency relationships of climate factors with elevation were determined. In order to relocating obtained relationship in climate equations as well as establishing the classified system. In next step, were recognize the key plant species in the area. With study of 550 key plant species, 54 plant sp. were recognized as a climatic discriminates. After that the comparison of plant discriminate of climate and climatic classes of classification systems for each plant carried out. For this purpose, the methods of census correct observation and scoring them according to their importance were applied. The results showed that the obtained climatic classes of adjusted Demarton, Thornth weite, Emberge were respectively more precise than other systems in the study area. Finally the results were examined using the none-parametric test of Man-Vitni. On the basis of this analysis, significant differences also were observed between the treatments.

In this study, grazing gradient method (systematic changes in vegetation cover with distance from stock watering points and villages) has been used to determine the characteristics of soil and vegetation of rangelands. For measuring ground based data, 200 M transects and 3 M2 quadrats have been used. Factors such as vegetation cover, litter, plant diversity, bare soil, stone and gravels were evaluated in ground-based data collection. It should be noted that, ground based data measurement was conducted around stock watering points and villages as two important critical points on rangelands. The results of ground based data analysis reveal that there was a significant correlation between distance from critical points and plant diversity (r=0.97, p<0.01), and litter percent (r=0/96, p<0.01). Litter and plant diversity increase by distance from critical points. Vegetation cover has a significant correlation with distance from rural villages (r=0.95, p<0.01) while it was not the same around watering points. It means that there was not significant correlation between vegetation cover percent by distance from watering points (r=0.63, p>0.05). Correlation between bare soil and distance from critical points was the same to vegetation cover changes manner. There was high significant correlation between them around villages (r=097, p<0.01) and low correlation around watering points (r=0.99, p<0.01). About stone and gravel cover percent, however, there was not significant correlation by distance from critical points and their cover percent (r=0/47, p>0.05).

The recognition of the vegetation cover of an area is the basis of ecologic studies, also it plays an important role in the environmental life management. The aim of this research is to identify the tree and shrub species of Kojour as plant units. In this study, at first, the land form units were divided on topography maps (scale 1:25000). Then at each land unit the trees and shrubs were recognized through forest course. A plot with different dimensions was selected regarding to stand conditions. According to physiognomic conditions the vegetation units were defined. Finally 42 tree and shrub species were recognized in the research areas in Kojour. Totally, in 131 land units (subdivided by elevation, slope and aspect) 215 vegetation units were determined, in which 21 of them, Beech and Hornbeam were first and second dominant species. This type is the more seen one at altitude of 1100- 2200 meters above sea level and in all aspects. Also in 18 units Caucasian oak and Oriental were first and second dominant species Hornbeam, in 13 units Caucasian oak and Beech, in 9 units Beech and Caucasian oak, in 8 units Caucasian oak and Hornbeam and in 7 units Beech and Oriental Horn beam. The tree and shrub types were determined on the basis of elevation, slope and aspect. The results indicate that the distribution of species, the mixture of trees and the forest types of the area are affected by physiographical agents. There are better conditions regarding to the spice composition, density and quality in the forest stands which are placed on a high altitude. The high quality species are found in the northern aspects because of the suitable humidity whereas destroyed stands are seen in the southern aspects.

The seed of many medicinal plants species have dormant; they do not germinate unless specific environmental signals or events occur. In order to evaluate the effects of different treatments on seed dormancy and germination of Chahar Mahal & Bakhteyari local Denaei thyme (Thymus daenensis) , yarrow (Achillea millefolium) anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) and klose (Klosia odoratascima), this study was conducted completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in 2004. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of various treatments on thyme, yarrow, anise and hyssop seeds germination percentage were highly significant different (p<0.01). Treatments of 0.2% KNO3 and gibberllic acid 500 PPM have the highest and Thio urea 1 Molar the lowest seed germination percentage. But, seed dormancy and germination in Klose (Klosia odoratascima) showed no response to all experimental treatments.

The design storm is one of the main elements in flood estimation regarding to the existence of temporal variations in heavy storms، thus distinguishing of the rainfall temporal pattern is very important. In this study intensive observed and individual storms for different duration in synoptic stations of Daryache-e-Namak basin were studied and rainfall temporal patterns were derived using ranking method. In this method any given duration was first divided in to a number of equal periods and then they were ranked according to the amount of rainfall in each increment time periods. In the next step all ranks of periods in individual storms were averaged and rank for each period were assigned. Finally, rainfall amount in percentage was determined for each period and temporal pattern of rainfall was derived. Rainfall temporal pattern for each station and all of region (type patterns) in different durations were derived. To evaluate patterns، chi - square was used and confidence to patterns of each station and all regions were studied. Results show that, confidence to each pattern in suitable condition in longer duration would increase if number of storms. Other conducted research in the country certifies the results and rainfall temporal patterns are some what similar to SCS patterns unless for 12 hours duration.