Year:2007 | Volume:20 | Issue:1 (74 IN AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE)|Papers Count:30

Malhe Plain phytosociologically is located at Southeast of Neishabour. It covers almost 6800 hectares of area. The lowest altitude is 1200 m and the highest altitude is 1400 m.Avrage annual precipitation reaches to 238mm. The vegetation of Malhe plain was studied, using the Braun – Blanquet method. 39 releves in different phytosociological individuals were recorded. Phytosociological data were analysed by Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances (AFC) and Classification Ascendant Hierarchique (CAH) methods, using the Anaphyto software.Ultimately, 9 associations and 1 subassociation were distinguished. Among the plant associations that are situated in Malhe Plain pennatae Stipagrostietum- Eremostachyo regelianae is the longest and Colchicetum kotschyi society is the smallest. Some ecological factors such as CaCo3 and K have role in the establishment of plant associations.

In order to compare the yield, yield components and vegetative characters of canola cultivars, 23 genotypes of Spring rapeseed were planted at Agricultural Research Station of Haji Abad during 2000-2002. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results of combined analysis showed that effect of year, cultivar and interaction between year and cultivar were significant on the number of days from emergence to flowering, duration of flowering, physiological maturity and plant height at the 1% level. Cultivars Hyola308, Hyola401 and Sny3 had the lowest and Balero had the highest number of days from emergence to flowering and physiological maturity. Sny3 had the highest and Balero had the lowest of the duration of flowering. The effect of cultivar was significant on number of pods per plant and number seeds per pod at the 1% level. Hyola308 hyibrid had the highest and Fusia the lowest number of pods per plant and also Hyola401 and Hyola308 hybrids had the highest and Shiralee the lowest number of seeds per pod. The effect of cultivar was significant on 1000 seed weight and seed yield at the 1% level. The means of seed yield and 1000 seed weight in the second year of experiment was more than that of the first year. Hyola401 hybrid produced the highest seed yield (3466 kgha-1).

On the basis of the results gained from the test of the evalution of quantitative and qualitative producing potential of IAA and the invitro test of assessing of superior IAA producing rhizobial strain use on wheat growth yield, in this research 5 bacterial isolates were selected and their potential was studied in greenhouse conditions. Greenhouse test results on wheat showed that bacterial treatment and also the Ag and Trp treatments had significant effect on measured parameters. The comparison of the means showed that between the rhizobial treatment effects there is a significant difference on the measured parameters. Also the mean comparison of Ag and Trp Treatments showed that usage of both Ag and Trp. treatments together caused a significant increase on measured parameters in comparison with using Ag and Trp alone and also in comparison with the control. So, the most important assimilation mechanism by rhizobial strains, is production of Indole phytohormones (IAA) which results the better root growth, so increase of water and macronutrient (N, P and K) uptake by the plant and increase of the plant growth.

Establishment of cover crops before the main crop seems to be proper approach to a sustainable agriculture. In a field experiment, the effect of Winter cover crops on weed control of tomato was investigated from the 2000 to 2001 growing seasons. The experiment was split plot based on a complete randomized block with three replications. Cover crops were considered as the main factor with three levels (rye monoculture, hairy vetch monoculture and a mixture of hairy vetch + rye) and the mulch management (herbicide + mulch, harvest, and harvest + mulch) with two hand-weeding were placed in subplots. For comparison, a control treatment was arranged aside the experiment. There was no significant difference between cover crops and control in terms of grass weeds biomass, but they could control redroot pigweed and common purslane. As, 80 days after planting of tomato, in the harvest + mulch treatment of rye, vetch and mixture of rye and vetch the percentage of common purslane density was 91, 82 and 64 respectively. The percentage of common purslane biomass was 98, 79 and 100 respectively, the percentage of redroot pigweed density was 87, 75 and 75 respectively and the percentage of redroot pigweed biomass was 100, 88 and 97 respectively. Maximum tomato yield was in the harvest + mulch rye, and mixture. These treatments increased tomato yield by over 200%. Generally, the results of this research showed that use of winter cover crops with suitable management is a good weed management system in tomato fields which increases efficiency of input and bring us closer to sustainable agriculture.

To study seed yield and some associated characteristics in bean under drought stress condition an experiment was conducted in Mashhad Agricultural Reasech Station. Fifteen genotypes of beans were evaluated in two separate RCB design with 3 replications under stress and non-stress conditions. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among varieties in terms of traits under study, indicating the existence of genetic variation among varieties. Heritability, genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were determined. Most of the measured traits had significant phenotypic coefficient of variation. The results indicated that seed yield, number of seed per plant, biological yield and number of pod in Pinto been reduce under condition of stress whereas. In non-stress condition, yield was highly correlated with the number of pod. Where as in stress condition it was highly correlated with harvest index. Factor analysis were accomplished in non stress and water stress conditions. There were 4 factors that explained 76 percent in non stress condition and more than 69 percent of total variations in stress condition. Results of stepwise regression and path analysis showed that selection can be done based on number of pod per plant, harvest index, biological yield, 100 grain weight. Results of path analysis showed that the highest direct effect, being positive, was related to biological yield in non stress and related to harvest index in stress conditions. In classification of genotypes based on phenotypic characteristics climates, using cluster analysis (UPGMA), all genotypes classified in 5 separate groups in non stress and stress conditions.

In order to economical assessment of planting date and seed rate effecting on forage yield of Persian in traditional and mechanizian methods, investigation of correlation between yield and agronomy characteristic, estimation of cost and benefit of treatments in different planting patterns. This study carried out in split plot (RCBD) with 81 treatments and three replication in SPII farm. In experimental are planting methods as main plot in three levels (mechanizian, strip and traditional methods), planting date as subplot in three levels (6, 22, september and zoctober) and seed rate as subplot in three levels (10, 15 and 20 kg/ha). For economical assessment of treatments, methodology was partial budgeting technique and investment analysis. For estimating correlation between yield and agronomic treatment in planting patterns using pearson test. According to the results, the main cost of forage production of Persian during (2001-2003) in the mechanizian, strip and traditional methods were estimated 8211.5, 13021.2 and 13185.8 thousand rial/ha, respectively. In mechanizian method, during (2001-2003), the cost of seed bed preparation and providing planting of rows was estimated 954 thousand rial/ha and operation of planting, protection and harvesting costs were estimated 1333.8, 4524.7 and 1399 thousand rial/ha, respectively. In traditional method, during (2001-2003), The cost of seed bed preparation and providing planting of rows was estimated 7290.4 thousand rial/ha and operation of planting, protection and harvesting costs were estimated 1004.6 , 2833.4 and 1892.7 thousand rial/ha, respectively. Correlation coefficient between fresh yield with dry yield and the mean of plant height were estimated 0.93 and 0.63, respectively. Correlation was significant in %1 probability level. Correlation coefficient between dry yield with mean of plant height was estimated 0.67 and correlation was significant in %1 probability level. Correlation coefficient between fresh and dry yield with branches No. were estimated negative and -0.54, -0.58. The substitution of traditional method with planting date 6 September and seeding rate 10 and 15 kg/ha by other experimental treatments in region was nonprofitable. Because above treatments to other treatments had the most profit and cost lower. So, investment in this treatment was profitable. Then, according to technical and economical analysis, this treatment was the best treatment. The mean of net income of traditional planting with Planting date 6 September and seeding rate 10 and 15 kg/ha were estimated 3.4 and 2.65 Million Rial/ha and the mean of cost of its were estimated 13.02 and 13.05 Million Rial/ha.

With a yearly use of about 2000000 pieces of triangular blades for mowers, binders and combines in Iran, their fabrication seemed economically feasible. The major problem, however, is the blade hardening. Only the edges of blades should be hardened leaving the rest softened in order to withstand shocks. Among all methods of hardening; the traditional and modern; the method of case hardening using a frequency stove, served the purpose the best. The various components for the hardening method consisting the rectifier, head and frequency changer as well as hardening depth and hardening time were calculated. The peripherals, that is; the flow rate for the stove head cooler was determined. An economical coast analysis was given for a piece of hardened blade.

In order to investigation the effects of plant population on some of morphological and physiological characteristics and grain yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars, an experiment was conducted at the Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture Urmia University during 2002. A split plot factorial design, completely randomized block design with three replications was used. The main plots were assigned to three levels of row spacing (30, 45 and 60 cm) and sub plots included two common bean (Naz and Derakhshan) cultivars and three plant spacing (5, 10 and 15 cm). Growth indices (CGR and RGR) were analyzed based on growth degree days (GDD). Results showed that effects of row spacing and plant spacing on biological and grain yield were significant at 1% level. With increasing of row and plant spacing grain and biological yield, also increased. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences among cultivars for grain and biological yield and Naz cultivar produced higher biological and grain yield than Derakhshan cultivar. In vegetative traits, row spacing effect on the number of sub branches and it increased with increasing row spacing. By increasing plant spacing, number of sub branches, the length and the number of nodes per sub branches increased. Investigation of growth indices showed that by decreasing plant spacing, CGR was increased.

The effects of winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Dur.), annual canary grass (Phalaris minor Retz.) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) respectively at 0-61, 0-39 and 0-74 plants m-2 on yield of wheat (cv. Flat) was evaluated. Winter wild oat and annual canary grass had no effect on height of wheat plants. Where as, wild mustard at 12.5 or more plants m-2, significantly reduced the height of wheat plants. Winter wild oat at 39 or more plants m-2 reduced 1000-grain weight and number of grain per spike. This weed at 11.5 to 61 plant m-2, reduced the grain yield 18 to 44 percent. Annual canary grass at 29 to 39 plants m-2 significantly reduced 1000-grain weight and 18 to 19 percent the grain yield, but had no effect on number of grain per spike. Wild mustard at 12.5 and 22.5 plants m-2, respectively reduced number of grain per spike and 1000-grain yield, significantly. Wheat grain yield loss due to the presence of wild mustard at 12.5 to 74 plants m-2 was evaluated 51 to 91 percent.

Due to the increase of molasses prices and becoming self-dependent in production of wheat, it can be recommended to replace starch compounds with molasses in fermentation industries in our country. In this research using wheat starch to produce alcohol, we show that enzymatic decomposition of treated starch (15% wt solution) at 130 0C and pH 1.35, gives better fermentation yield in comparison with other methods of hydrolization. Also, enriching fermentation liquid with mineral such as P, Zn, Mg and K and with pH controlling at 5.5 in starting of fermentation can be very effective in increasing of alcohol concentration. Another result of this research is that acetic acid and lactic acid (up to 9 gr/l) have no effect in fermentation of hydrolyzed starch.

In the world, high percentage of the irrigated lands is located in the arid and semi-arid regions; that soils have high amount of salt. Irrigation of such lands may cause salt transition to plant root growth rizospher and leads to increase osmotic pressure, decreasing of nutrient uptake and low crop yield. In Iran soil salinity is also one of the most agricultural problems. Soil salinity prediction in non-sampled areas and mapping the salinity variability in order to soil reclamation planning is very important. So, this research work was done with the aim of evaluation and analyzing spatial variability of topsoil salinity as an aspect of soil degradation, comparing geostatistic methods and mapping soil salinity. There were used kriging, Co-kriging and weighted moving average by Gs+ and GIS soft wares to predict soil salinity. For comparing these methods, cross validation were used by statistical parameters of MAE and MBE. Results showed that kriging method has the highest with %98 correlation coefficient and gausian semi- variogram. There is also obtained the MAE=1.31 and MBE= -0.34 ds/m for this method.

In order to investigate the efficacy of three different formulations of Tribenuron methyl in wheat fields of Iran, field studies were conducted during 2003-2004 in Khouzestan, Golestan and greenhouse studies in Tehran provinces. Factors were Tribenuron methyl produced in Iran, China & France, each under four dosages (10, 15, 20 & 25 g/ha). Dose response curves of the percentages of reduction in dry weight and number of plant compared to the untreated control were fitted. The results indicated that all Tribenuron methyl formulations at the 10 & 15 g/ha dosages did not control broadleaf weeds excellently. There were no significant differences among Tribenuron methyl formulations at the highest dosage (25 g/ha). Dose response of high mallow (Malva sylvestris L. var mauritiana (L.) Boiss) and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) to the all Tribenuron methyl formulations were good at highest dosage in Khouzestan province. Formulation produced in France controlled bur medik (Medicago polymorpha L.) very good. Whereas Formulation produced in Iran and China controlled this weed acceptably. Response of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) to the highest dosage of Tribenuron methyl formulation produced in France and Iran were good and Tribenuron methyl formulation produced in China was acceptably in Khouzestan province. This weed controlled very good in Golestan province. Garden rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) dose response was very good from 15 g/ha to 25 g/ha in greenhouse experiment. The results indicated that Tribenuron methyl produced in Iran, China & France did not control broadleaf weeds excellent at the recommended dosage (15 g/ha) so that the this herbicide must be applied at 25 g/ha or replaced with another broadleaf herbicide such as 2, 4-D.

To evaluate some of the morphological characteristics of different varieties of barely, under the normal irrigation condition and drought stress in the spike stage, an experiment has been manipulated in the form of full random blocks, in Spring of 1383 for three periodic times. The irrigation has been stopped from spike to cropping stage for creating drought stress which five traits was examined. The analysis of simple variance examined in both treatments showed that in the studied varieties, there is a significant difference in all of the characteristics except the stamen (flower) area. The result of the compound analysis in the treatment indicated that there is a definite distinction in the varieties of all traits and impact of the environment for the length trait of the spike was significant and for the rest traits was meaningless. The counter effect of environment x genotype for the reaction of the seeds traits and its seed ripping duration become significant, which shows the different reaction of the varieties in the different environments. The comparision between the average traits proved that in non-stress condition, variety no. 5 has up the most highest performance and variety no. 4 in the drought stress as well.

This research was carried out in order to test the effects of different salinity levels and temperatures on germination, growth and ion relations in Panicum miliaceaum. The experiment was carried out using factorial based on completely randomized design in four replication in Ardabil-Iran. The experimental treatments include six salinity levels (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mM NaCl) and four temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C). Data variance analysis showed that seed germination of Panicum miliaceaum was significantly (p<0.05) affected by salinity levels, temperature and their interaction. There was significant difference between maximum seed germination at 2000C with minimum seed germination at 1500C and 30°C. On the other hand, maximum germination percentage was obtained in lowest salinity (distilled water). It was substantially reduced and delayed with an increase in NaCl to levels above 50 mM. The increasing of temperature above 200C significantly reduced seed germination percentage. Low levels of NaCl (25-50mM) stimulated shoot and root dry weights of Panicum miliaceaum seedling. However, the highest NaCl levels (>100mM) resulted in a significant decrease in shoot, root and total dry weights of seedling. Temperatures of 20°C and 25°C resulted in a significant increase in biomass accumulation. The Na+ concentration in shoots and roots significantly increased as NaCl concentration increased. The K+ concentration in roots and K/Na ratio in shoots and roots was significantly reduced as salinity concentration increased. The K/Na ratio was affected significantly by higher NaCl concentration and temperature.

Today, one of the most important part of the economic body of the country, is agriculture, so that, we cannot imagine economical rise (progression) without developing of agriculture (developed agriculture). Since, each kind of agricultural product (crops) demands special environmental condition. Therefore, researchers and experts in natural resources and climatologis have special attention to land use and based on agricultural, ecological models appropriately discover and assess echological resources of the earth and finally, make feasibility studies for specific aims the present study is aimed at identifying effective climatological factors in plantation of olive trees in Esfahan province and localization of suitable area for plantation of this tree from environmental point of view by means of Geographical Information System ability in alongside of different informatics layers and in the shape of various models. In this research، having studied echological condition of the province and comparing it with the Roodbar base station we have been established climatical, environmental database of the province in GIS program. Then based on relationship between each one of the effective echological and environmental parameters in plantation of olive and function olive crop we have been classified resulted maps based on two weight modeling Ranking and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) valuability, weight and along side of resulted maps in GIS space، finally with the interpretive functions of GIS to interpret and choose suitable model to recognize cultivable of olive in province. These results show that, there is the lack of space accordance of environmental and climatical condition of province to product olive. Between used models, Analytic Hierarchy Process model shows more accordance with environmental reality & specially climatical to product olive.

The salinity and drought are two increasing stress in region soils. So that the selection of resistant cultivars is necessary and the most important. In order to study salinity and drought resistant of barley four cultivars named Sahand, Makoii, Naghadeh and CB were selected. By using randomized complete block design seeds of all cultivars were planted. The salinity and drought levels were respectively 5, 10, 15 & 20 gr/lit NaCl, ,25 ,50,100,150 gr/lit glucose. The results showed that in critical salinity (20 gr/lit NaCl) and drought (150 gr/lit) conditions the percentage germination of sahand and CB were respectively 80,27 &87,31. Then Sahand was resistant and CB sensitive cultivar. Sahand and CB were planted under field capacity F.C..Condition in three levels of F.C., 1/2 F.C., 1/4 F.C... After ten days concentration of free proline and soluble sugars in leaves and roots of seedling were determined. By increasing of drought stress, accumulation of proline and soluble sugars content leaves and roots of both cultivars were significantly increased. We experimented Alpha-amylas activity in four days seedlings that germinated under drought and salinity condition. Alpha- amylas activity in the Shand was higher than that in the CB. In electrophoresing (SDS-PAGE) of seedling protein of treatment under drought and salinity condition, the most differences were in some bands with 62.7, 43.35 and 28.68 KD molecular weight.

Plant density and planting pattern are two essential factors for changing aerial arrangement and decreasing the weed interference potential. Effects of plant density and planting pattern on growth and physiological indices of corn (Zea mays L.) under the competition condition with lambesquarters were studied in a randomized complete block design with three replication and factorial treatment arrangement at Aborayhan campus in 2003. Plant density treatment was at two levels: Recommended plant density (70000 plant ha-1) and 1/5 times recommended plant density (105000 plant ha-1). Planting pattern treatment was at two levels: One and two rows planting (planting on both of ridge sides) and four lambesquarters density levels: 0, 5, 10 and 15 plant m-1. The results showed that corn leaf area index (LAI), total dry matter (TDM), crop growth rate (CGR) and yield in different plant densities and planting patterns were decreased by present of lambesquarters. In higher corn density corn leaf area, dry matter, crop growth rate and yield increased than less corn density in through of growth season. Two row planting pattern also increased leaf area index, dry matter and crop growth rate compare to one rows planting pattern, although it had not the same effect as plant density.

The haphazard and unbalanced use of macronutrients nitrogen and phosphorus as well as the prevailing calcareous and alkali conditions of agricultural soils in East Azarbayjan have resulted in poor application and uptake of soil micronutrients by crops in the province. To evaluate the effect of foliar application of microelements such as iron and zinc on the yield and quality of Nikbakht Red Ray and white Qom onion varieties, a randomized complete block factorial experiment was carried out during two growing seasons 2003-04 at Khosrowshahr Research Station of Azarbayjan.Iron and zinc sulfates were applied at three levels as 0, 0.2, and 0.4 per cent solutions, and as 0, 0.5. and 1.0% solutions, respectively. Two varieties of onions, namely, White Qom and Red Ray were used in the experiment making a total of 18 treatments in 3 replications. The highest yield of 71 tons/ha was obtained with the comined foliar applications of a 1%solution of iron sulfate and 0.4% solution of zinc sulfate. Also zinc sulfate. Also the highest yield of 70 tons/ha was obtained with white Qum variety as compared with the Red Rey variety. The highest total soluble solids (21%) resulted from the combined application of 0.2% solution of zinc sulfate and 0.5% solution of iron sulfate. Also the Red Rey variety produced the highest TSS. (21.5%) as compared with the White Qom variety. The lowest nitrate content (80 mg/kg) in the bulbls was obtained with a combined application of a 1% solution of iron sulfate and 0.4% solution of zinc sulfate. The Red Rey variety sprayed with a 1% solution of iron sulfate produced the lowest concentration of nitrate (80 mg/kg). The highest level of onion ascorbic acid (13.8 mg/100 gr) was measured with the application of 1% solution of zinc sulfate. Acidity of white Qum onion was measured to be higher than that of Red Rey. The sharpest taste resulted from a combined application of iron sulfate and zinc sulfate solutions. Likewise, the sharpest taste resulted from the foliar application of the iron sulfate on Red Rey onions. The heaviest single onion bulb belonged with the White Qom variety as compared with the Red Rey onions. The bulb with the largest diameter resulted from the foliar application of 1% solution of iron sulfate.

Changes of protein content of leaves and buds were evaluated in Olea europaea L. cv. Zard every two weeks during fruit ripening in region of Gilvan. Proteins of leaves initially decreased and then increased during the subsequent stage of fruit growth. Proteins in buds inceased during growth and development of fruit. Electrophoretic profile of proteins in leaves and buds showed new bands during fruit ripening. Quantitative and qualitative changes of protein in leaves and buds had similar profile.

Spectrobates ceratoniae and pathogenic fungi, especially Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. are the most important problems for storage and export of pomegranate. Spectrobates ceratoniae carries pathogenic agents into the pomegranate fruits and it is the most important agent in rotting process. To determine the best methods for decreasing the fruit rot losses in storage period and increasing of pomegranate storage life, a research was carried out in Yazd since 1999 for two years. The experiment was done under controlled condition (10±1°C and 55-60% R.H.). In this experiment 2 factors with 3 replicates at a split plot design were studied. The main factor was two variety of pomegranate (Malas-Yazdi and Gell-e-Tafti). The second factor were different treatments consist of CaCl2, Wax, Waitex (NaOCl), Benomil, Cupravite, Tecto and Control. Analysis of variances for results indicated that there were significant differences between treatments and interactions of them. The results showed that Gell-e-Tafti was more resistance to the Spectrobates ceratoniae and fungus diseases. Also, Waitex was the best material for controlling of pomegranate fruit storage rots. Therefore, this material was recommended for disinfection of pomegranate before storage.

Each educational system includes basic infrastructures which form the basis of the system that interact with eachother. As the agricultural trainer is one of the vital component in the agricultural educational systems, therefore, appropriate planning should be done for increasing their qualification levels and promote them into professional trainers. But before planning for them, first of all, their professional development level should be determined and this study attempts to do this thing. In this study, trainers` professional development level in Agricultural- jihad Training Complex and Centers in all over of Iran were determined to plan for their professional development. Studying method was descriptive and correlation and also data gathering device was questionnaire which its reliability and validity after designing were assessed. Trainers were studying statistical population which was approximately 490 people according to current information. Sample quantity was 104 people which were obtained by Cocran formula and variance calculation. In order to select samples, classified random sampling was used. Data was analyzed with SPSS software by following factors: frequency, percentage, mean, median, Coefficient of variance, regression, correlation, means comparison and factor analysis. Results show trainers in all aspects of professional development scales are in high and very high levels, and from the professional development point of view are mostly suitable. Only if they passed pre-service training course in conducting operational research of students, means comparison test (the mann-whitney.U test) are significant. Means comparison test (kruskal-wallis) of attending in educational workshop, conducting operational research of student revealed Ph.D level trainers have high ranking mean among different educational degree variables. Moreover, membership in the professional societies among university fellows, showed higher ranking and significant. Correlation results show the relation between age, level of higher education degree and teaching practice with professional development. Regression results demonstrate level of higher education degree and the age of trainers affect the professional development. In addition factor analysis show 10 factors with nearly 60% variance which mainly have similarly with standard scales and ofcourse have very little differences.

In order to study the effects of rate and time of N and K fertilizers application on seed yield of onion (Allium cepa L. CV. Texas Early Grano 502), a factorial experiment based on RCBD with 4 replications was conducted at Kabootar Abad Research Station of Isfahan during two years (2000-2002 growing seasons). The first factor was three rates of N and K including: a1-N and K recommended (on the base of soil test), a2-35% more than recommended, a3-35% less than recommended and the second factor was six split application types of N and K on the base of plant growth stages, thus: b1- N applied, 1/2 at the planting time and 1/2 at the beginning of bolting and K applied at the planting time, b2- N and K applied, 1/2 at the planting time and 1/2 at the beginning of bolting, b3- N applied, 1/3 at the beginning of bolting, at the pollination and at the grain filling and K applied at the planting time, b4- N applied, 1/4 at the planting time, 1/4 at the beginning of bolting, 1/4 at the middle of bolting and 1/4 at the grain filling and K applied, 1/2 at the planting time and 1/2 at the beginning of bolting, b5- N applied, 2/3 at the beginning of bolting andat the grain filling and K applied at the planting time and b6- N applied, at the beginning of bolting andat the grain filling and K applied, 1/2 at the planting time and 1/2 at the beginning of bolting. Results showed that the seed yield (1018.3kg/ha) and capsules/umbel and seeds/capsule in a1 treatment were significantly higher than a2 and a3. Comparison of split application treatments showed that the seed yield (1120kg/ha), umbels/m2 and capsules/umbel in b4 treatment were significantly higher than the others. The levels of N and K fertilizers did not have significant effects on seed germination percent and rate and comparison of split application treatments showed decreasing the seed germination percent in b3 treatment.

In order to determine the best harvesting time, drying method, packaging and storage condition of jujube fruit, an experiment was done in two stages in Birjand for 3 years. In the first stage, the samples were harvested after (100, 120 days full bloom) then they were drying in three methods (drying on tree, drying among the ash, industrial drying).Physical and chemicalexperiments including, fruit length, width, weight, moisture percentage, TSS, TA, pH, contamination on insects and panel tests were done on samples. The results of the first stage showed that the best harvesting time was 120 days after full bloom, that dried fruits had the more weight, width, length, TSS and TA. The best drying methods was drying in ash that the fruits had better texture color, taste and overal acceptance. In the second phase the selected methods of the first phase (harvested 120 days after full bloom dried in ash) packaged with 3 methods (Cartoon, low density polyethylene, Celophon), and preserved at three temperatures (25, 10, 4) degree centigrade for 1 years (o.6 months). The factors including weight changes, Contamination to insects, moisture, organoloptic test (Texture, color, taste and overall acceptance) were tested every 6 months. The results showed that low-density polyethylene and 4 degree centigrades were the best packaging material and temperature for storing Jujuba. Samples stored in this condition had the best quality after 1 year.