Year:2008 | Volume:21 | Issue:3 (80 IN AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE)|Papers Count:31

In order to study the effects of Zn and Mn micronutrient elements on yield and some agronomic traits of three different wheat cultivars, a field experiment was carried out in Shiraz during 2004-2005. Three fertilizer treatments, including NK NKZn and NKZnMn and three wheat cultivars including Chamran, Darab 2 and Star was used in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Grain yield in Darab 2 was more than others, and the highest yield was obtained under NK Zn Mn fertilizer treatment. Result showed that the interaction between fertilizer treatments and wheat cultivars was not significant for grain yield and other characters. In this case, there was positive and significant correlation between grain yield, plant height, ear length, ear weight and flag leaf length, but correlation coefficient between grain yield and 1000-grain weight was not significant. Moreover, it appears that increased ear length and weight associated with increased sink size for assimilate could result to a greater yield in bread wheat.

In order to study the littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor) resistance to diclofop - methyl herbicide an experiment was conducted at Department of Weed Science, Plant Protection Research Institute greenhouse in 2004-2005. The type of design was completely randomized design, with four replications per treatment. Treatments included sixteen Phalaris populations treated with recommended dose of diclofop - methyl (900 gr ai/ha). In this experiment eight populations: GR13, KhR2, FR7, FR2, FR4, GR12, KhR5 and KhR3 that contain GR50 and LD50 more than 50%, showed resistancy when treated with recommended dose with diclofop - methyl. The rate of resistancy for above mentioned populations dry weight was 7.26, 8.11, 9.36, 11.18, 12.66, 16.77, 20.35 and 24.25, and for the number of survived plants was 8.65, 10, 10.82, 12.54, 14.15, 15.06, 16.14 and 20.32 respectively.

Broomrape (Orobanche sp.) is a phanerogamich holoparasitic weed that causes considerable yield losses in some of important crops family including Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae. In this research, the effects of GR60 (seed germination stimulator), scarification and spore suspension Fusarium oxysporum (biocontrol agent) on O. cernua seed germination were investigated. At the first, the effects of various concentration of GR60 (0, 1, 2 and 5 ppm) on O. cernua seed germination was studied. Results showed that treating the seeds with 2ppm of GR60 resulted in the highest seed germination (50%), whereas 5 ppm of GR60 caused the least seed germination (3-4%). Scarification treatment did not have a significant effect on O. cernua seed germination. The effects of F. oxysporum suspension (1×10 6 spores/ml) on O. cernua seeds was also investigated. Results showed that F. oxysporum suspension caused significant reduction in O. cernua seed germination (60%). Application of both methods, the synthetic compounds such as GR60 for stimulating O. cernua seed germination in absence of host plant and biocontrol agents such as some isolate of F. oxysporum, can be used for reduction of the broomrape seed bank and control of this parasitic weed.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate yield potential of 10 common millet (Panicum miliaceum) genotypes using a RCB design with 3 replications in Karaj, Dezful and Gorgan during a 3 year period (2000-2002).Each experimental plot consisted of four rows. Cultural and harvest procedures were those commonly used for common millet yield trails at each location. Data were recorded on traits such as number of tillers per plant, leaf number per plant, stem diametere, days to 50% flowering, panicle length, seed number per panicle, 1000- seed weight, and varietal responses to pests and diseases. Combined analyses of variance were performed for all traits using statistical software of MSTATC. Results indicated that there were significant differences for all traits among genotypes at 0.01 probability level except for number of tillers, days to 50% flowering and forage yield. Mean comparisons showed that gen. 2 with 9.2 leaves, gen. 9 with the stem diameter of 8.45 mm, gen. 10 with panicle length of 35.7 cm, gen. 9 with 1111 seeds per panicle, gen. 9 with 1000- seed weight of 5.16 g, and gen. 3 with the seed yield of 1.859 T/ha had the highest values among the other genotypes. According to the classification of the genotypes based on the mean of traits and considering the lodging and natural shedding percent and responses of each genotype to biotic stresses such as bird damage, The genotypes Kcm2, Kcm7 and Kcm9 were identifies as desirable genotypes for Karaj. The genotypes Kcm5, Kcm8 and Kcm9 were also selected as the best genotypes in Gorgan. The only genotype which was selected in Dezful was the genotype Kcm9.

In order to determine the effect of limited growing season on hectoliter weight of maize in late planting dates, which causes the harvesting of immature kernels with high moisture content before physiological maturity, effects of three planting dates, four harvesting stages and four drying temperatures, were evaluated using randomized compelet block design in split plot arrangement in four replications, at the experimental field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, in 2006. Variations on 1000 kernels weight and hectoliter weight showed that harvesting stage has important effect in variation of both traits. Highest 1000 kernel weight and hectoliter weight (295 and 782.5 g, respectively) obtained from harvesting two weeks after physiological stage. The lowest 1000 kernels weight and hectoliter weight (193.2 and 747.5 g, respectively) also harvested at daugh stage of grains. Harvesting stage and drying temperature showed significant interaction. All treatments showed their highest 1000 kernels weight and hectoliter weight at two weeks after maturity and drying at 60oC. Other treatments changed depending on harvesting stage. Moisture decrease under field conditions allows using 80-100oC in drying without considerable changes in 1000 kernels weight or hectoliter weight.

A field study was conducted to determine if earthworm activity and mycorrhiza seperetely and in combination, would affect the growth rate of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.). The experiment conducted with four replicates under a randomized block design at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj in May 2006. Forage yield of all harvesting except first cutting affected by Earthworm activity and mycorrhiza. Increasing berseem forage yield by earthworm activity caused through of enhancement of mycorrhoza infection rate. Phonological stages of berseem clover weren’t influenced by both mycorrhiza and earthworm activity.

Around 5000 ha olive orchards exist in Roudbar and its suburb. More than 3000 ha of this orchard has 40 years old. Roudbar native olive cultivar (cv Roghani) is the predominant cultivar in old orchards but now this cultivar showing Frequent alternation and low productivity. It seems that continuous fruit harvesting without fertilizers application microelements could be an important reason for low productivity and high alternation in old orchards. To solve this problem, effect of different time of foliar application of nutrients on flower characteristics and fruit set of olive was studied. This study conducted as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 5 treatments and 4 repetitions on Roudbar native olive cultivar (Roghani) in the collection orchard of Roudbar olive research station. In this study some of flowers characters including number of flower in each inflorescence, perfect flower percentage and fruit set percentage in each treats counted. The results showed that treatments have significant effect on increasing number of flower in inflorescence, perfect flowers percentage and fruit set percentage and among the time of spraying significant differences were observed too. Spraying trees in october and November had no significant difference with control trees, respect to flower characteristic and fruit set percentage while spraying in February and March had significant effect on increasing the number of flowers in inflorescence, perfect flowers percentage and fruit set percentage in comparison with control trees.

The objective of the research is to study the main factors affecting profitability of botton mushroom firms in Tehran province. The data were collected through published data and questionnaire from all firms operative in Tehran province on 2005. The required information on total cost and total revenue of the firms analyzed. In order to analyze profitability as well as the factors affecting profitability, so me indicators such as TR/TC, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis were employed for economic evaluation of the mushroom producing units. Using K-mean cluster analysis, units were divided into two groups, namely, less successful and successful ones. The mean of TR/TC for the successful group and for the less successful group were 2.72 and 1.26, respectively. The results of discriminant analysis indicated that the main variables that caused the distinction between these two groups were labour productivity, nutritional conversion coefficient and the distance of firms to market, respectively.

The progressive application of electromagnetic fields (EMF) in science, industry, and medicine has raised doubts about the biological effects of this field. With regard to the importance of biological effects of EMF, present study has focused on the evaluation of the effects of static magnetic field on vegetative phase and growth of shoot apex of Chick pea (Cicer arietinum). The plants at vegetative stages were treated with a 30 mT static magnetic field for 5days, each day 5 hour. At the same time, control plants were grown in the same place but out of the field. Morphological studies were achieved after the samples were harvested and fixed in FAA, followed by serial sectioning. Staining procedures were accomplished by hematoxylen -eosin and Methyl green- Pyronin methods. According to the results of present study, the above-mentioned magnetic field increased the whole volume of the apex, numbers of tunica layers, number of flowers, and proliferation of the lateral fragments were also observed.

This research was conducted in 2003 to determine the most efficient production method, and the most appropriate cultivar of onion for autumn planting under the title of continuous production to supply a fresh, and out of season crop in Jiroft region. The experimental design was strip-plot in completely randomnized block design in four replications. Experimental factors included three short day cultivars of onion as follows 1. Primavera 2. Savanah sweet and 3. Texas early grano that placed in horizontal rows and three production methods including: 1. transplanting 2. Onion set planting and 3. seed planting that aligned in vertical columns. Each plot was of four rows 30 cm in between and four meters long. Transplants were obtained from seeding of cultivars in Jiroft on July. Onion sets were of small onions with 1-1.5 cm in diameter from spring production. The planting of the 3 methods was accompalished simultaneously in 11th Sept. Harvesting was done in March. The results showed that for Primavera in transplanting method on Autumn treatment with 95.1 ton/ha had the highest yield and can be recommended for Jiroft region.

Salinity and alkalinity are the major factors of soil degradation semiarid and arid area. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of landsat ETM+ data for soil Salinity and alkalinity mapping in the selected part of the Qazvin plain, an area of arid environment. In this study spectral classes carried out of remotely sensed data and with the help of field observation and soil analysis regrouped to soil salinity and sodicity classes. Finally soil salinity and sodicity map carried out. Soil sampling was implemented using stratified random sampling method, depending on landscape complexity and homogeneity as well as on the representativity to landsat ETM data. Also in each soil map unit at least one profile was studied for subsoil salinity variation. Field samples from augur and profiles were analyzed in laboratory for Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ cations, as well as soil texture, ECe and pH. We have analyzed the effectiveness of additional data such as digital elevation model and slop may improve the accuracy of classification. Also NDVI, SRVI, PVI, SAVI, SI, BI and NDSI indices, PCA and Tasseled cap as well as analyzed. Soil salinity map of each selected bands produced and with ground truth map crossed. The results indicated that combination of DEM with them ETM bands has highest accuracy. This study addressed that thermal band of ETM increased the classification accuracy which illustrated its effective role to classify the soil salinity and sodicity. Tasseled cap and indices had almost high accuracy, among studied image processing techniques. The optimum index factor had low overall accuracy. Also results showed that smooth crusts with out cracks caused increases the reflection. The accuracy of sodicity map was less than salinity map. The accuracy of moderate sodicity levels was less than with low and high sodicity levels.

For the purpose to the examination of the different levels of planting time on the process of the growth of grain, yield and the yield parts of corn new hybrid, a test was performed in the center of safiabad agriculture investingations in summer of 2003. This investingation was performed in the form of pieced cretes in the mold of a coincidence desingh perfect block. Main factor in three ieveis of the date planting twenty- second tir, first mordad, eleventh mordad and secondary factor contained four mercantile hybrid sc.4-s-3393, sc.4-s-3261, sc.4-s-3282, sc.704. statistic accounts dispiayed, difference yield of grain is significant in the probability level 1%, for numerals and different levels of the planting time and also their mutual effect was significant in the level 5%. Extreme grain yield is achieved in the planting time of first mordad with medium 11310 kg.ha-1 and its least in the planting time of twenty second tir with medium 8065 kg.ha-1. hybrid sc.4-s-3393 appropriated extreme with medium grain yield 10490 kg.ha-1 and hybrid sc.4-s-3261 appropriated least grain yield with medium grain yield 9263 kg.ha-1. from the viewpoint of mutual effect, extreme grain yield contained 12420 kg.ha-1 relative to number sc.4-s-3393 in first mordad and its least with yield 6689 kg.ha-1 relation to sc.4-s-3261 in the planting time twenty second tir. Significant difference isn,t observed between subject numerals, the planting time and their mutual effect from the viewpoint of biological yield qualities, numbers grain in a corn and the depth of grain. In between different levels of the planting time is not observed significiant difference from the viewpoint of the qualities of number of grain row in corn, number of grain in the row, the diagonal of grain and corn,s length. But the planting time cares had significant difference in the level 5% from the viewpohnt of the qualities of diagonal of corn, corn cob percent, the height of bush and corn. Also the qualities of the weight of grain and the harvest index in between the planting time had significant difference in the probability levels 1%. in between numorals before is not observed significiant effect from the viewpoint of the number of grain in row, the length and diagonal of corn, corncob percent and the diagonal of grain, but difference numeral was significient in relative to the qualities of the weight of ears and the height of corn in the probability level 1% and in case of the qualities of the number of grain row, the diagonal of grain, and the height of bush and theharvest index. In between the mutual effect of the planting time and the numerals, the qualities: The weight of cobs, the diagonal of corn, the height of corn, and cob percent did not present but the mutual effect in case of the qualities of the numbers of grain in the row in the level 1% and in case of the qualities of the row numbers, the length of corn, the diagonal of grain, the height of bush and the harvestin index in the probability levels was significiant. Coeficients of correlation between the yield of grain and other qualities presented that there are extreme rate correlation between the yield of grain and the biological yield and the harvest index and also there was positive and significiant correlation are between the yield of grain and the speed of filling grain.

Search abilities putted in Persian and non-Persian E-journals are investigated in this research.97 Persian and 30 non-Persian E-journals represented the research population. A Survey process is used as research method. Research data is gathered through filling out a researcher-made checklist for each journal. SPSS software is used for analyzing data. The study results revealed that build in search facilities in both Persian and non-Persian E-journals are not suitable. Altogether, non-Persian E-journals with 37.9 percent build in search facilities were in a better condition than Persian E-journals.

In order to study of the growth and development of maize and cow pea in sole cropping and intercropping systems, an experiment using replacement and additive techniquse was conducted using different combination of intercropping in seven levele, two levele of plant density and two weeds levele of each crop. A factorial experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the research farm of Agriculture college of Zanjan University in the year 2006. With evaluation of land equivalent ratio (LER) observated that with increasing plant density and weeds control, the maximum yield of maize (11560 kg/ha) was obtained from intercropping system with ratio of 20% cow pea additive, the maximum yield of cow pea (1099 kg/ha) from sole cropping system maximum yield total of each crop (11871.9 kg/ha) from intercropping system with the ratio of 20% cow pea additive, also and maximum of LER (1.83) was obtained from intercropping system with the ratio of 1:2. Cropping system showed a significant effect (a=0.05) on yield, mean no of ear/plant and a significant effect (a=0.01), mean no of seed/ear and mean weight of maize. Also cropping system showed a significant effect (a=0.01) on yield, mean no of pod/plant, mean no of seed/pod and seed weight of cow pea.Intercropping evaluation of each crop with using of land equivalent ratio (LER) showed usefulness of intercropping systems to sole cropping systems.

Field experiment was conducted in 2004-2005 growing season, at the Research Station of Plant, Pest and Disease Institute of Karaj to study on some ecophysiological difference in more and less competitive winter wheat cultivars on competition with wild oat at different wheat densities. The experiment was established as a factorial combination of wheat varieties (Rooshan (as less competitive) and Niknejad (as more competitive)) 3 wheat densities (recommended, recommended + 25% and recommended + 50%) and 4 wild oat densities (0, 25, 50, and 75 plants m-2) with 4 replications. Quantitative estimate of these traits was obtained for each experimental unit using nonlinear regression analysis. The result showed that more competitive cultivar had more Leaf Area Index (LAI), more light absorption, reach sooner to 50% maximum leaf are index or height and higher proportion of its leaf area in higher canopy layer. Increasing wheat density increased these traits so increasing competition ability and decreased yield loss.

Study of crop response to water stress, salinity and long-term effects of using saline water in soil profile are necessary. Wheat yield was evaluated under different values of water qualities and quantities, in order to evaluate salt distribution in the soil profile SWAP model was run 10 years. The experiment was conducted in a RCBD times in a split-plot arrangement with three replications. The main-plots were four irrigation water levels 50 (W1), 75 (W2), 100 (W3) and 125 (W4) % of crop water requirements. The sub-plots were four irrigation salinity levels 1.5 (S1), 8.5 (S2), 11.5 (S3) and 14.2 (S4) dS/m. The results revealed that the yield reduction for W2 treatment was 9 % as compared to W3 treatment and that for S2 treatment was 10 % as compared to S4 treatment. Increasing soil salinity at the harvest time may be caused by the use of saline water, but rainfall can be decreased soil salinity in the next pre-sowing stage of wheat. Long-term simulation of solute transport in soil using SWAP model indicated that soil salinity could be gradually increased, as a result of using saline water. This implies that rainfall alone can’t completely provide leaching requirement. In order to have a sustainable agriculture, in every four years of using saline water, the soil must leach with non-saline water before sowing to wheat crop.

An experiment was conducted in order to study the effects of pruning time and Paclobutrazole on grape bud burst time to reduce spring cold damage in vineyards. Research was done in complete randomized block design (4 replications). Five ungrafted seven years old grapevines were selected per plot. The treatments were local pruning time as control, Paclobutrazole application (1000ppm), pruning after bud burst and Paclobutrazole application (1000ppm) with pruning after bud burst. Date of bud burst, Delaying of Bud burst, spring cold damage of shoots, yield and quantities characteristics of fruit and raisin were determined. Statistical analysis and mean comparison were done by SPSS software and Duncan’s multiple rang test methods, respectively. Results showed all treatments caused delaying in bud burst (8-14 days) in comparison with control (P<5%). Application of Paclobutrazole at delay pruning caused 13.36 days delay in bud burst. Also, yield and weight of raisin increased 36 and 24% compared with control, respectively. Spring cold damage reduced to 1% in comparison control (14%). Treatments showed no significant differences in TSS of fruit. Control had lowest rate TA (726 mg/L). TSS/TA was highest in Paclobutrazole application (24.95).

The 39 cultivars of Iranian figs cultivated in Agricultural Jahad research center of Varamin. collections have been morphologically evaluated. 31 quantitative and qualitative characters were assessed in this procedure. According to results of analysis variance all the characters in examined cultivars were significant, showing high variability in some characters. Results of simple correlation analysis showed the existence of significant positive and negative correlation among some important characters. Also, factors analysis showed that most of growth habitat like shoot length, number of internodes and length of 1/3 and 2/3 internodes of apical and medium characters constitute the main factors. Effective characteristics categorized in eleven factor accounted 77.6 of total variance. For each factor eigen value more than 0.5 was considered significant. Cluster analysis was performed using these 11 factors and cultivars in the distance of 13 were divided into 5 main clusters. These groups were mainly distinct in growth habitat and leaf size.

In order to determine phenotypic stability and contribution of yield components in the phenotypic stability of grain yield 21 genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications under rainfed and irrigated conditions in college of Agriculture, Razi University of Kermanshah, Iran, across 4 years. Distance between rows, distance between shrub in row and sowing depth were 50, 10 and 5 cm respectively. Nonparametric combined analysis of variance showed high significant differences for genotypes and genotype-environment interaction indicating the presence of genetic variation and possibility of selection for stable genotypes. In the non-adjusted data, null hypothesis was rejected (in the 5% probability) that indicate different compatibility of genotypes in rainfed and irrigated conditions). (The genotype number 8 (Filip92- 9c) with minimum and was considered as the most stable genotype in irrigated and rainfed conditions and genotypes 10, 12, 14, 17 and 19 were less stable respectively. Grain yield stability showed the high correlation with number of pod per shrub and grain weight. Simultaneous evaluation of yield stability and grain yield in one parameter also revealed that genotype Fillip92- 9c was the most desirable variety for both yield and yield stability. Component analysis of phenotypic stability using Ci- value defined maximum grain weight and number of grain per shrub and minimum number of shrub per unit area and number of pod per shrub. Thus yield instability is almost originated from grain weight and number of grain per shrub. Also component analysis of phenotypic stability using Ci- value displayed that number of shrub per unit area has the most contribution on the grain yield phenotypic stability. Totally, we can conclude that improvement of phenotypic stability should be performed on the basis of selection for number of shrub per unit area and then for number of pod per shrub.

The study was conducted under greenhouse conditions, to study the effect of potassium- accompanying anion on the relationship of quantity and intensity ratio (Q/I) of soil potassium, as well as to determine its correlation with soil characteristics and plant indicators of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Abyek of Ghazvin region. A factorial experiment with a complete random block design was carried out in 3 replications, in which 21 soil samples were considered as the first factor and 2 fertilizer levels of 0 and 100 mg/kg of potassium, as the second factor. In order to determine the effect of potassium - accompanying anion on Q/I relationship of soil potassium, two solutions (potassium chloride and potassium sulfate) were used. The effect of potassium-fertilizers on wheat yield was significant (p=0.05), and effect of soil characteristics on yield was significant at 1 percent level. PBCK showed a strong correlation with CEC (r=0.969**), clay percentage (r=0.908**), and percentage of soil saturation (r=0.872**). The following equation was suggested for estimating the buffering capacity for soils under wheat cultivation. PBCK=7.419 CEC - 19.743, R2adj=0.782 The correlation between available potassium DK0 and ARek with the potassium absorbed by the wheat and its relative yield did not show any significance. However, PBCK illustrated a strong correlation with the potassium absorbed by the wheat (r=0.714**) and its relative yield (r=0.735**). The PBCK resulting from the two potassium solutions showed a significant difference at 5 percent. A difference at 1 percent was also seen between DK0 resulting from these two solutions. However, their ARek showed no significance. The correlation between Q/I parameters, resulting from the two potassium solutions, with soil characteristics did not show a significant difference. However, in regards to correlation with plant specifications, there was a significant difference between these two solutions, with potassium chloride having a greater preference in determining the relationship between Q/I and soil potassium.

Our main objective in the present study was to assess the spatial variation of chemical and physical soil properties and then use this information to select an appropriate area to install a pasture rehabilitation experiment in the Zereshkin region, Iran. A regular 250 m grid was used for collecting a total of 150 soil samples (from 985 georeferenced soil pits) at 0 to 30, and 30 to 60 cm layers. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, EC, N, K, P, Na, Ca, Mg and SAR. Conventional statistical methods and geostatistics were performed in order to analyze soil properties spatial dependence. Mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis for all measured variables were evaluated. All variograms generally were well structured with a relatively large nugget effect. Soil properties such as pH, P semivariograms were best fitted by spherical models, while SAR, Na were best fitted by spherical models. In the beginning kriging were performed in order to analyze spatial variation of chemical and physical soil properties, then for enhancing estimation accuracy and comparing results we used cokriging technique. Comparison of the results using statistical techniques showed that kriging technique has acceptable accuracy in characterizing the spatial variability. Also results showed that although kriging technique has acceptable accuracy in characterizing the spatial variability of soil properties but if higher accuracy is needed, cokriging is preferred to kriging particularly when the extra variable has been used.

In order to study the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus rates on cultural circumestances, grain yield and fat contents of Safflower, an experiment was conducted on factorial randomized complet block design with 3 replications during 2005-2006 at two research station khosrowshahr and tikmehdash.Factor A was nitrogen is 4 rates if 0, 50, 100, 150 kg.ha-1 and factor B was phosphorus in 4 rates of 0, 25, 50, 100 kg.ha-1 the highest grain yield was obtained with application of 150 and 25 kg.ha-1 nitrogen and phosphorus respectively at tikmehdash is first year. Maximum capitulum per per unit area was obtained in N150 and P50 and P100 rates. The highest seed per capitulum was measured in N100 P25. Among treatments, N100 had the maximum fat contents at seed. Maximum values in plant height, protein content capitulum diameter were obtained in N150. the highest plantheight and fat yield was recorded in N150 P100.

In order to study effects of different planting pattern on yield and yield components of mung bean cv. Gohar, a field experiment was conducted in summer season of 2003. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block with a split-plot arrangement and four replications. Main plots were row spacing (50, 65 and 80 cm) and subplots were within row distance (5, 7.5 and 10 cm). Results indicated that the highest and the lowest grain yield was produced at 50 and 80 cm (120 and 95.6 g.m-2) row spacing treatments, respectively. with a reduce in row spacing, the grain yield increased that might be attributed to higher grain per pod (8.7), pods dry weight (73.2 g.m-2) and biological yield (315.4 g.m-2). Within row distance did not have any significant effect on yield and yield components with the exception of 1000 grain weight and HI. The highest yield was produced by 50*5 cm planting pattern.

Hydrocarbons contaminants depend on their type and concentration can cause variable toxicity in soils, on the other hand different kind of plants also response concentration of contaminant differently, because of the diversity of physiological and morphological characteristics. In this study the effect of different levels of light crude oil was investigated on emergence and plant biomass of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceu) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Tall fescue and alfalfa were planted in pots of uncontaminated and contaminated (1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 percent crude oil) soil, and kept to be grown in lab for 4 months. The results indicated that emergence and plant biomass were significantly different in contaminated and uncontaminated soil. Growth rate of plants indicated signs of toxicity and reduced in contaminated soil. Alfalfa showed low resistance to toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons compare to tall fescue so that the seedlings of alfalfa died after a period of time in soil contaminated with ten percent of crude oil.

In orther to study the effect of plant density and mix ratio on quality and quantity of yield in mix intercropping berseem clover and barley, an expriment was conducted in Gorgan Agricultural Research Staition in 2002 and 2003. experimental design was factorial within randomize compelet block with 4 replication. the factors inclouded plant density in three levels (optimum density, 25%more than optimum density and 50% more than optimum density) and plant ratio in five levels (baraly and clover pure stand, mixture of 75%baraly +25%clover, 50%baraly +50%clover and 25%baraly +75%clover). The result showed that the rate of fresh forage, dry forage, crude protein and crude fiber per hectar were different in two years. and the highest yeild of these traits obtained in the second year. In 25% more than optimum density obtained maximum fresh forage, dry forage, crud protein and crud fiber yield. The intraction between year and density for dry forage and crudee fiber was significant at the 1% level. and the highest rate of these traits obtained in 25%more than optimum density in seconed year, respectively (11.71 ton/ha, 3093.22 kg/ha).The rate production of fresh forage, dry forage, crudee protein and crudee fiber was influence mix ratio and the highest rate of these traits was obtained in the mixture of 25%barley +75%clover, respectively (97.76 ton/ha, 11.37 ton/ha, 1053.6 kg/ha, 3029 kg/ha). The interaction between plant density and mix ratio also was significant at 5%level for fersh forage and at 1% level for dry forage, crudee protein and crud fiber. and the highest rate of these traits was obtained in 25%more than optimum density and the mixture of 25%barler +75%clover, respectively. Calculated LER (Land Equivalent Ratio) for dry forage in mix intercropping has been indicated 26% yeild more than sole cropping that it took in the mixture of 25%barley +75%clover in second year. In order to forage product, application 45 kg/ha baraly seed in addition to 19 kg/ha clover seed in mix intercropping recommended. Also in first cutting dosent any attention to clover forage.