Year:2008 | Volume:20 | Issue:4 (77 IN AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE)|Papers Count:27

A pretty lot of studies has been done to analyze farmers decisions considering the effect of risk. In these studies, different methods such as MOTAD, Target- MOTAD, - Separable linear programming, Mean – variane, focus - loss, etc.have been used. In this research MOTAD have been used. The used datas are related to Arsanjan agricultural district from 1378 to 1383 that is during 6 years. The results state that as the risk coefficient parameter alters, the planting combination, while the gross profit and risk are invariabled, alters too , corns and tomatos are the products most effected by the change of the coefficient.

Garlic as a member of the onion (Alliaceae) family, has a considerable value in food and drug industries. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the agronomic chractristics of garlic landraces of Iran. Six genotypes were evaluated, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications in the Chahar-Takhteh station of the Agricultural Research Center in Shahrekord. The results showed that there were significant differences among genotypes for all of traits (Garlic yield per plant and per plot, bulb diamond, the number of cloves per bulb, a clove weight, clove length and diamond and dry matter per plot). Furthermore among genotypes, Tafresh and Hamedan landraces had the most yield per plant and per plot. The phenotypic and genetic correlation coefficient analysis indicated that, bulb diamond, a clove weight, the clove diamond and length and the rate of garlic dry matter per plot had the highest positive relationship with both garlic yield per plant and per plot. The path coefficient analysis showed that a clove weight and the number of cloves per bulb had the highest direct effect on garlic yield per plot. Clove diamond had maximum indirect and positive effect on yield per plot via the clove weight. Similarly, a clove weight had maximum direct and positive effect on the yield per plot.

In order to study the effect of nitrogen rates and plant density on forage yield and quality of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum var. nutrifeed) an experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Torogh region, Mashhad, Iran on summer 2003. Experiment was carried out in split plot based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design with 4 replications. Three levels of plant density (D1=20, D2=13.3 and D3=10 plant/m2) and three levels of nitrogen rate (N1=200, N2=300 and N3=400 kg N /ha from Urea source) were arranged as main and minor factors respectively. According to main object of this research Qantitative traits (fresh and dry forage yield, Leaf stem ratio, tiller number per plant, tiller number per area and stem diameter) and qualitative attributes (%OM, %Ash, %CP, %Ca and %P) were measured in first and second cutting biomass. Results showed that nitrogen rate affected all the quantity traits significantly, in such a manner increased N use from 200 to 400 Kg N /ha increased 17.15 and 23.83 percent of fresh and dry forage yield respectively. Lake of significant difference in forage yield between plant densities levels, referred to high tillering ability of nutrifeed millet. Comparison of LAI and tiller number/plant and tiller number/m2 in different treatments indicated that increment of N and density increased dry forage yield through increasing LAI and tiller number per area. Meanwhile Leaf/Stem ratio was decreased. Finally it could be stated, maximum dry matter (18.39 t/ha) and fresh forage yield (109.43 t/ha) were obtained using 400 Kg N/ha for density of 100000 plant/ha (D3N3 treatment). Also regarding to sustainable agriculture objects we could suggest the D3N1 in the superior treatments group because of its low plant density (10 P/m2) and low nitrogen rate (200 kg N/ha). Fresh forage production in this treatment was 94.37 ton/ha. It should be mentioned that N rate and plant density have not significant effect on forage quality.

The effect of Tehran air pollutants on fresh and dry weight, the amount of proline, number of stomata, trichome and epidermal cells were studied in Nerium oleander and Robinia pseudoacacia. Considering the information obtained from the Tehran Environmental Protection Agency and Air quality Control Office, Sorkh Hesar Park and South Azadi area were selected as two sampling sites representing the clean and polluted area respectively. A number of plant leave samples were collected from both sampling sites and fresh and dry weight, the number of stomata, trichome and epidermal cells were determined, and the level of proline and soluble carbohydrates was investigated using spectrophotometric methods. The results show that both fresh and dry weight was reduced due to air pollution in Nerium oleander and Robinia pseudo acacia. The amount of proline was increased in both plant but the high level of proline in Robinia pseudo acacia was not statistically significant while the level of soluble carbohydrates was reduced in Robinia pseudo acacia and was increased in Nerium oleander. The number of stomata, trichome and epidermal cells was reduced in Nerium oleander. However, the number of trichome was increased and the number of epidermal cells and stomata was reduced in Robinia pseudoacacia.

In order to study the effects of level and time of nitrogen fertilizer application and cutting height on yield and yield component of rice ratooning (Tarom genotype, a traditional cultivar in Mazandaran Province, Iran). The experiment was conducted in a factorial design based on randomized completely block design with 3 replications at Rice Research Institute of Iran. Amol. The level of nitrogen fertilizer in four levels (0, 11.5, 23 and 34.5 kg N ha-1), time of nitrogen application in two levels (immediately and one month after main crop harvest) and cutting height in three levels (0, 20 and 40 Cm above ground) were the treatments. The results showed that different levels of N fertilizer did not significantly affect ratoon yield, harvest index, panicle number per squer meter, grain number per panicle, filled grain number and 1000-grain weight but N applied immediately after main crop harvest significantly affect ratoon yield and grain number per panicle. Cutting height had a significant effect on ratoon plant height, grain number per panicle and filled grain number. Ratoon yield, grain number per panicle and filled grain number was significantly higher when the main crop was ground cut at 40 Cm above ground.

Understanding of GE interaction structure is very important in plant breeding programs. Multilocation trials play an important role in determination of interaction dimensions. In order to evaluate the multiplicative structure of data, different methods are used. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction analysis (AMMI analysis) and investigation of biplot based on this method is very effective. The present study was undertaken on mean performance to evaluate GE interaction and identify general and specific adaptation using 14 wheat genotype along with two checks, Sardari and Azar-2 for 3 years(1999,2000 and 2001) in 6 locations. The results indicated that Kermanshah and Shirvan were strongly associated, and located in a similar group. Zanjan and Kordestan were strongly associated and located in a similar group. However, Ilam and Maragheh placed in a separate groups. The genotypes Ptz Niska/…, Bow”s”/ Gen//…, Pvn"s"/Chi//... and Heng-Sxl-7004/... showed the highest general adaptation with the environments. The genotypes that showed the most specific adaptation included: Ptz Niska/…, Bow”s”/Gen//…, Bow”s”/Gen//…, Son64/4/…, Azar-2” and Sardari for Kordestan and Zanjan; 87ZHONG291, Seafallh, Pvn"s"/Chi//… and Heng-Sxl-7004/... for Shirvan; Seafallh, Bow”s”/Crow”s”//… and Heng-Sxl-7004/... for Kermanshah; Bow"s"/Crow//"s"..., Dmni//Sut/…, 87ZHONG291 and Heng-Sxl-7004/... for Ilam and Pvn"s"/Chi// …, Ogosta/Sefied and Fengkang15/sefid for Maragheh. The genotype Son64/4/… performed the highest interaction with all the environments, and had the least general adaptation.

Cultivation of vegetables in low tunnels and use of polyethylene mulches has been increased in recent years. To study the effect of planting date and polyethylene mulches on vegetable leaf miner and downy mildew, an experiment was conducted in split plot, arranged based on a complete randomized block design with 4 replications in Kabotar Abad Station. Main plot was planting dates (early Feb., mid Feb., early Mar., mid Mar.) and sub plot was soil cover (black mulch, transparent mulch and without mulch). Infestation rate to leaf miner in each plot was assessed through inspecting all leaves of 5 randomly selected plants. Infected plants to mildew in the middle row of each plot were recorded and disease severity was determined using notation method. Data were analyzed and means were compared by duncan’s test. Results showed that for leaf miner there were no significant differences among treatments. However, the lowest and highest infestation rates belonged to first and third dates, respectively, and black mulch had the highest infestation rate. For downy mildew the first and second dates were placed in the same group and third and forth date in another group. Effect of mulches on infection rate and severity was significant and similar. The lowest infection rate and severity belonged to transparent mulch. Therefore, transparent mulch and later planting could be useful for management of this disease.

One of the most important components of short term in-service educational system in professional organizations is educational planning. This component operates based on three processes: Determination of training courses, choosing training courses and evaluating the last mentioned processes. The research results indicate that the efficiency and effectiveness of in-service training in the ministry are mostly affected by the existing problems and do not meet the needs. In this regard, the crucial issues are the lack of valid, expansive and complete information of the existing problem in designing processes, choosing the exact training courses, and also the evaluation of the above mentioned processes. On this account, the present research was carried out according to authorities’ views on situation and focal points of the present system in regard with educational planning in the ministry of jihad agriculture. Therefore having and dealing with vague points of the system and the lack of a satisfactory and well-defined pattern to specify the in-service short training courses in the mentioned ministry, have turned to be the real challenges which are the main issues of the present survey. This study is executed in regard with goals and problem of research. Because of this, by the use of survey method, a questionnaire and the ideas of agricultural training experts were taken into consideration, including: Training experts, managers and the head supervisors, the members of modular committee in the ministry and the qualified trainers of the in-service training courses of the mentioned courses, were all investigated and studied. To determine the statistics quantity sample of managers, head supervisors and the qualified trainers of the mentioned in-service training courses, the census was applied and the quantity of statistical sample of agricultural training experts and the members in modular committee of the ministry that were carried out by cocroan formula. As a whole 360 people were considered in the statistical sample. The findings of the research showed that now, designing the training courses process quality is less than the average(2.96 from 5) and in this regard the evaluation and assessment, rectification and re correction syllabuses and titles of training courses index is regarded as the least(2.7 from 5). Such, the choices of the training courses process quality is middle(3.01 from 5) and it had been evaluated in the various indexes to pay attention the index of evaluation and assessment, rectification and re correction of the determining choices of the training courses” less than the average (2.85 from 5). Furthermore, only 26.5 percent of the respondent believed to the ideas and views of staves, in evaluating the method final choices retarding training courses. Also, only 8 percent of them believed that the methods of Training Courses Design Committees are evaluated. The results of variance analysis test entitled Kruskall-wallis also portrays that a significant difference was not viewed between the four researches sample groups. In conclusion it is suggested to view the for gradual improvement and reformation on determination of short term in-service training course for staff , the level and contents of training courses should also be checked by job classification and different contents which are designed and compiled for various academic groups of B.Sc and PhD. On the other hand, regarding the existing problems in obtaining organizational posts various complementary training courses should be considered for individuals holding quite relevant, non relevant academic field.

Seed priming is one of the common techniques of seed enhancement. This experiment was conducted to investigate and find the optimum conditions of seed osmo priming of three millet species of Panicum miliaceum, Panicum antidotale and Setaria italica. The experimental factors include: A) different levels of water potential of osmo priming solutions (-4, -8, -12 and –16 bar) using PEG 6000, B) Priming temperatures of 15°c 20°c 25°c and 20.30°c C(12/12 hours) and C) three priming periods of 3, 7, and 14 days. Total and rate of seed germination were measured. The results showed that all three species the main effects of osmo priming solution potentials and also priming temperature and period were significant different. For all three species -12 bar water potential of priming solutions and also 7 days priming period were the conditions to achieve the best performance of seed priming. The optimum priming temperatures for P. miliaceum, P. antidotale and S. italica were 20°c 30°c (12/12 hours), 15°c and 25°c respectively.

Experiment was carried out in order to study the effects of two plant growth regulators on salinity tolerance status of two wheat genotypes Azar2 (tolerant) and Gaspard (susceptible). Salinity decreased germination percentage and growth of both two genotypes. Tissue water content (TWC) and relative water content (RWC) of seedlings decreased by increasing salt concentration in media. However experiment results showed that salt inhibitory effects on Gaspard Genotype was significantly further than Azar2, in fact this indicate similarity of these two genotypes responses to salinity in germination and whole plant stages. ABA had drastic inhibitory effects on germination seedling growth of both two genotypes. But ABA inhibitory effects were much more on coleoptiles and shoot development than its inhibitory effects on roots. Azar2 was more susceptible to ABA treatment than Gaspard. For both genotypes interaction between salt and ABA was significant that means growth response of seedlings under simultaneously two factors salt and ABA was different for various levels of them. Kinetin treatment increased germination percentage of seeds and fresh and dry weight of seedlings of both genotypes in related to control seedlings. But Kinetin treatment dramatically decreased the growth of roots. TWC and RWC of seedlings were increased under Kinetin treatment. in fact these two parameters are showing significant and high correlation with germination rate development of seedlings.

The most part of Iran are located in arid climate and because of the importance of medic species in Iran agriculture, It is necessary to evaluate the medic species in view point of dry tolerance and nodulation , In order to selection of the most tolerant species to drought. In this study germination rate of three species of medic were tested to evaluate their germination potential in different water deficit conditions. Results of first experiment indicated that Medicago sativa among species represent highest average germination rate and percent as well as, high hypocotyl and radicle length, and Medicago scutellata exhibits the lowest average of germination rate and percent and Medicago littoralis represent lowest radicle and hypocotyl length. In second experiment, Medicago sativa showed highest number of nodes and Medicago scutellata showed highest root dry weight, stem dry weight, hypocotyl and radicle length. Finally among medic species, Medicago sativa exhibited highest tolerance to drought conditions and in drought conditions showed highest yield but in favorite conditions Medicago scutellata showed highest yield in comparison with other species.

Pistachio processing terminals play an important role in contamination of pistachio nuts by Aspergillus species and their toxin. The population density of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger groups were examined in pistachio processing terminals. Sampls collected from different stages of 17 semi-mechanized and traditional pistachio processing terminals. The media used for isolations were AFPA and Czapek agar. Serial dilution method was used to quantify populations of A. flavus and A. niger groups. The results indicated that population density of flavus and niger groups in traditional terminals was more than semi-mechanized terminals in processed pistachios. Comparison between different washing systems during pistachio processing revealed that using water shower baths is more efficient than current or non-current pools to reduce population densities of above fungi. Combination of two systems could be useful to establish a suitable washing system and sorting of contaminated pistachios from healthy ones is necessary. There was a positive correlation between shell staining and population density of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger groups and can be applied to sort out contaminated pistachios from healthy pistachios. There was no different between fungal population densities of sun-drying days, significantly. It seems sun-drying conditions are not suitable for growing Aspergillus species in Kerman province. Nevertheless conditions througout maturation of pistachio nuts in the orchards are suitable for growing Aspergillus species, but in Kerman,s condition during processing and storage conditions are not suitable for occuring next infections in pistachio lots. There was no certain correlation between small pistachio and population densities of A. flavus and A. niger groups, because population densities was high in some and low in other small pistachios. This is the first report to determine the population densities of Aspergillus species in pistachio processing terminals and the role of different pistachio processing terminals in contamination.Results of this research can be applied to improve pistachio nut processing systems and sorting contaminated pistachios from healthy pistachios in processing stages.

To evaluate the efficiency of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and phosphorus chemical fertilizer on yield and yield components of barley cultivar (Karoon Dar Kavir) an experiment was conducted in experimental farm of college of Agriculture of University of Tehran during 2005-2006 growing season. The treatments were arranged as split plots and were evaluated in a complete randomized block design with thee replications. The phosphorus chemical fertilizer level of P0 (control), P1 (30 Kg/ha), P2 (60 Kg/ha), P3 (90 Kg/ha) and P4 (120 Kg/ha) of super phosphate triple were allocated to the main plots. While the different bacteria strains of S0 (control), S1 (strain No.9) , S2( strain No.10) were allocated to the sub plots. The results of the experiment indicated that the highest forage dry matter yield of 83750.2 Kg/ha was obtained with application of 60 Kg/ha of phosphorus fertilizer accompanied with S3 bacteria (strain No.41 yield). The S3 (strain No.41) demonstrated an acceptable efficiency in forage and grain product in of barley with no chemical phosphorus fertilizer application. This result indicated that in organic farming systems, this bacterium could be used as a source of phosphorus requirements in barley production.

In this experiment, 24 Spring rapeseed varieties were compared in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four Replications over a two years period (2001- 2002) in Jiroft. Simple and combined variance analysis of two years data showed that these varieties were significantly different (P=0.01) in number of pods per plant, number of grain per pods, 1000 grain weight and oil percentage. Means comparison showed that Sarigol varity has the greatest pod number per plant then Option 500 and hyola 308. Hyola 308 variety was superior than other varieties from number of grain per plant (23.8) followed by Hyola 401, Option 500 and Hyola 420, respectively. Number of grain per pods indicated more correlation (r = 0.68) with yield than other yield component. Hyola 401 produced the greatest 1000 grain weight (4.16 gr) and Hyola 420 with 1000 grain weight 3.91 gr was reposed in second group. Goliath and Option 500 produced the highest oil percentage (47% and 46. 9%, respectively). Also these varieties were significantly different (P = 0.01) in yield and oil. Means comparison of yield showed that Hyola 401 variety was superior than other varieties (4461 kg/ha). After that the greatest grain yield were obtained from the Hyola 420 and Hyola 308 varieties with 4186 and 4012 kg/ha, respectively.

In order to investigate the effect of tiller removal and plant density on ear yield of sweet corn an experiment was conducted on spring 2004. This study was carried in factorial experiment in compeletly randomaized block design in four replication and three densities consist of: 45000,55000 and 65000 plant per hectar. Three level of tiller removal consist of: Without tiller removal , tiller removal in one stage and tiller removal in two stage.Mean competition factors of this experiment showed that no tiller removal had the most dry matter (10607kg/ha) and fresh ear yield (20576/8kg/ha). At the same time increase plant density , ear lenght decrease. Considering of no significantly effect of plant density on yield of ear, on the other hand tiller removal decrease ear weight and biomass. So 55-65000 plant per hectar with no tiller removal for ear and forage sweet corn (k.sc 403) can be recommended.

In order to determine the most suitable pomegranate cultivar for Yazd province and the same climatic area, 11 cultivars of Yazd commercial pomegranates cultivars have been compared in a randomized complete block design with four replications in Yazd Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, from 2001 to 2005. Data was analyzed for every factor separately by MSTAT-C software yearly. Compound analysis was done, too. The results showed that differences among yield, marketing, resistance to Spectrobates ceratoniae, fruit rot, cracking and sunburn were significant at probability level of %1. In addition, results indicated that difference among years was significant for yield, sunburn, cracking, Spectrobates ceratoniae infection and fruit rot. Goroch-e-Tafti and Shahvar-e-Daneh-Sefid cultivars had the highest and lowest yield, respectively. Malas-e-Daneh-Siah was the most resistant cultivar to Spectrobates ceratoniae and Gabri-e-Daneh-Siah was the most sensitive cultivar (mean %4.8 and %47.8 of infection, respectively). From point of sunburn, Shahvar-e-Daneh-Sefid was most susceptible (average %41.4 of sunburn) and Gabri-e-Daneh-Siah was the most resistant cultivar( 1.38% of sunburn). Abanmahi was the most sensitive cultivar to cracking, and Malas-daneh-Siah, Gabri-e-Daneh-Siah as well as Shahvar-e-Daneh Ghermez were in resistant group. The Gabri-Daneh-Siah was the most of sensitive cultivar from point of fruit rot. Totally, Esfahni-Daneh-Ghermez, Malas-e-Daneh-Siah and Shahvar-e-Daneh-Sefid were the most popular cultivars from viewpoint of marketing. In the final classification, the Malas-e-Daneh-Siah and Shahvar-e-Daneh-Ghermez considered as a superior group. Malas-e-Daneh-siah has subacid taste and Shahvar-e-Daneh-Ghermez is sweet.

In order to study of the effects of different concentration of atrazin+allachlor, EPTC and corn planting pattern on yield and some of the physiological indices of corn ,single cross 704, under competition, an experiment was conducted in 2005 at the research field of weed Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, using split plot design with 3 replication. Experimental factors were corn planting pattern in 4 different types (one line on a furrow, two lines on a furrow, one line in furrow, and one line in furrow and then replace furrow by row) and herbicides treatments in 4 different types (mixture of atrazin+allachlor at 4+1 kg/L/ha, respectively (recommended dosage), mixture of atrazin+allachlor with 25% decrease, EPTC at 6.5 lit/ha (recommended dosage) and EPTC with 25% decrease. In all planting patterns, except for two lines on a furrow and one line in furrow and then replace furrow by row, recommended dosages of atrazin+allachlor and EPTC produced the highest yield and physiological indices after weed free treatment. While, planting patterns of two lines on a furrow and one line in furrow and then replace furrow by row produced the highest yield and physiological indices at 25% reduced dosage of EPTC after weed free treatment.

Evaluation of crop tolerance to environmental stresses during seed germination and seedling emergence is a main measure to choose them for cropping in different circumstances. Since common investigations in field conditions are time consuming and influenced by many companion variables of soil, climate and agricultural practices, So a fast and precise evaluation of crop response to stress would be achieved using an experiment in controlled environment conditions. In order to study the seed germination responses of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cultivar speedfeed) and pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L. cultivar nutrifeed) to salinity and water deficit stress, two private experiments were conducted. Factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with two replications was used for both trials. In the first experiment, effect of NaCl derived salinity stress levels (0, 4.4, 9.2, 13.2, 17.6, 22, 26.5, 33, 40, 44.2 dS/m) and in the second trial effect of PEG- 6000 derived water deficit levels (-0.1, -0.2, -0.3, -0.4, -0.5, -0.6, -0.7, -0.8, -0.9 and –1.0 MPa) on germination indices of sorghum and millet seeds in Petri dishes via between paper method were investigated. Different traits including germination rate, seed vigor, radicle and stem length and dry weights were measured. Results showed that in compare to millet, sorghum seeds were more tolerant to salinity and water deficit stress, in such a manner germination rate and seed vigor of sorghum was more than millet in the same stress intensity. Although sever stresses (salinity, till 9.2 dS/m and water deficit till -0.4 MPa) had no significant effect on germination rate, but in more intensified stress levels, stem and radicle length and dry weights significantly decreased. According to positive and the highest correlation(r =0.98) between germination rate and germination percent, it could be stated that genotypes selection based on high germination percent will caused to fast germination and better seedling establishment. Also positive correlation(r = 0.97) between root dry weight and stem dry weight indicate that more dry matter accumulation in radicles led to more water and nutrient uptake from the solution and increased stem growth and dry weight.

In this research, a field study was conducted to compare the effects of four primary tillage (moldboard (MB), disc (DP), improved disc (IDP), chisel (CH) plows) and two vine killing methods(vine killed(VK) and without vine killing(NVK)) on some compressive mechanical and hardness properties of potato tuber texture. The study was conducted using 4×2 factorial experiments (strip plots) with a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Eight treatments representing four primary tillage levels (MB, DP, IDP, CH,) and two levels of vine killing (VK, NVK) were replicated three times. The result showed that energy density of rupture point in CH.VK and IDP.NVK were significantly higher than other treatments at 5% level and the difference between maximum and minimum hardness readings significantly correlated with strain, secant module and stress of rupture point at 99% and 95% probability respectively.

Plant growth, productivity and distribution are severely limited by environmental stresses including cold stress. Since cold is a major uncontrollable factor, more researches are needed on inheritable characteristics for temperature stress tolerant and to increase the tolerance of low temperature. In the present experiment, changes in the quantum efficiency of photosystem II ( Fv/Fm) and relative content of chlorophyll ( SPAD reading) in the leaves, were studied in a susceptible Kohdasht spring cultivar (LT50= − 6°C) and 2 tolerant winter Sardari (LT50= − 16°C) and Norstar (LT50= − 24°C) wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) exposed to constant 4°C for 35 d and 4°C with foliar application of 0.01M CaCl2. Measurement were carried out on day 14 which considered as day 0 (before exposure to 4°C) and days 2, 14, 21 and 35 of exposure to 4°C. Results showed that cold decreased quantum efficiency of photosystem II ( Fv/Fm) in all cultivars, but further decreases observed in Kohdasht spring wheat cultivar compared to two winter cultivars. With increasing cold exposure time, all cultivars tended to increase relative content of chlorophyll in their leaves, but in two winter wheat cultivars further increase observed compare to spring cultivar. Results showed that foliar application of CaCl2 was not significant effect on the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and relative content of chlorophyll in these studied cultivars.

The assessment of soil compaction in agricultural fields is a very important issue due to it negative effects on crop production. The split-block experiment of design with three replications was used to study the effects of subsoiling and irrigation intervals on sugarbeet yield, sugar content and costs of operating design. Three irrigation intervals, i.e. 7, 10 and 14 days represented as I7, I10 and I14 , respectively, were applied as main plots. Three levels of tillage operatings, i.e. (1) mouldboard ploughing without subsoiling (Test), (2) subsoiling to a depth of 30-35cm plus mouldboard ploughing and (3) subsoiling to a depth of 40-45cm plus mouldboard ploughing, represented as, S0 , S1 , S2 , respectively, were considered as sub-plots. For economic evaluation was using from method of gross margin of treatment. Results indicated that subsoiling increased root sugarbeet yield by 21%. An increase in irrigation intervals decreased root sugarbeet yield by 16% and increased root sugar content by 11%. Results also indicated that proper treatment was S2I10 that relative to test treatment increased profitability by 5750000 Rial/ha.

In order to have necessary information on efficient management of corn fields and evaluation of planting and plant density patterns and Increasing of water use efficiency from irrigation of every other corn furrows an inverstigation was conducted as strip split plot in Randomized Complete Block Design on 704 corn hybride in Jiroft Agricultural Research Center in 2002- 2004. Row distance as vertical agent (60, 70 and 75cm) and planting pattern as horizontal agent (single row culture and double row culture on wide beds and elimenation of every other irrigation) and plant density of 65, 75 and 85 thousand plant per ha as subplots. Two year results showed that planting pattern and plant density significantly affected corn yield (%1). Effect of row distance and interaction of row distance × planting pattern × plant density were significant (5%). The highest yield obtained from 65 row distance (13.46 t/ha) and planting pattern of single row (14.24 t/ha), %16 over double row and elimination of every other row irrigation. Increasing plant density resulted to higher yield. The highest yield obtained from 85000 plant per ha (13.87 t/ha). The highest yield from Interaction of three factors obtained from 70cm row distance and single row culture and 85000 plant density(16.08t/ha) and is recommendable for Jiroft region.