Year:2008 | Volume:21 | Issue:3 (80 IN ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES)|Papers Count:27

This experiment was carried out using 560 chicks to evaluate effects of different levels of Cation-Anion balance on perfor- mance, carcass quality characteristics, livability, production index and litter moisture in growing (21-42 days) Ross male broiler chickens. A completely randomized design, with seven treatments (150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275 and 300 meq/kg) and four replicate was used. Results indicated no significant effects of treatments on feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and body weight in 42 day. Different cation-anion balance levels affected on body weight gain, that the highest and lowest values of body weight gain were observed when diets contained 200 and 150 meq/kg (P<0.05), respect- ively. Different cation-anion balance levels had not significant effect on carcass, thigh, breast, liver, kidney and abdominal fat percentage of broiler chicks. Litter moisture in groups of 250 and 300 meq/kg were significantly (p<0.05) higher than other groups at the age of 35, but there was no differences between groups at 42 days of age. Production index was improved using 200 meq/kg but with no significant difference than the other treatment was not significant. According to the results using 200 meq/kg can improve growth rate and reduce the feed cost per Kg of live weight in broilers.

Study and identification on economic Seaweeds biomass in the Sistan & Baluchistan coastlines (Oman Sea) with 300 Km length from Gwatr area (with 25o 10' N & 61o 30' E) to Mydani (25o 24' N & 59o 5' E) from Octobr 2002 to September 2003 were performed. All sampling were made by applying quadrate 50*50 Cm. randomly along the intertidal zone (into the transects). The collected speciman were identified and their biomass were determind.During this study, 9 species of seaweeds were found consist of: 1 Gunes, 7 species and 1 species. The amount of Alginophyte, Agarophyte and Carageenophyte were estimated 206740.1 kg, 1073273 kg and 193588.9 kg respectively, and monthly average were 17228.3 kg, 89439.4 kg and 16132.4 kg in the total area (107.5 ha.) respectively. Their biomass 1923.2, 9984 and 1801 Kg/ha. Were determind.Some important and economical seaweed family are: Sargassaceae (Alginophyte), Gracilariacea and Gelidiaceae (Agarophyte) and Hypneaceae (Carageenophyte).

Odontobuthus scorpion belongs to Buthidae family and is extensively distributed in south proviences or Iran. in this research we studied the amount of sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (ca) and copper (cu) electrolytes in haemlymph in different thermal ranges.The estimated amount of each electrolyte was 280.41, 6.85, 10.82 and 31.82 mEq/L respectively. statistical analysis considering environment temperature and sexes of scorpions showed that the changes in temperature has a significant effect (p<0.001) on electrolyte content of haemolymph. While sexuality has no effect on electrolyte content.The scorpion fights we increased environment temperature with increase of haemolymph osotic pressure and in this case the most important electrolytes are sodium and potassium, which have a greater shares in this adjustment. Lethal temperature and water loss rates of scorpions indicate that these arthropods are quite tolerant to hot dry desert conditions.

Sardinella sindensis is economically the most important small pelagic fish species in the coastal area of Jask. Population dynamics of Sind sardinella from the Jask coastal waters, during April 2000 to December 2001 was studied. The asymptotic length (L ¥) and growth coefficient (K) were estimated as 19.5 (cm) and 1.18 (yr-1) respectively. The minimum and maximum T.L. was recorded 62 and 188 (mm) respectively. The value of to was calculated -0.15, and Tmax was estimated 2.5 year. The growth equation of Von Bertalanffy was obtained at L (t) =19.5 (1- exp (-1.18 (t- (- 0.15))) for this species. Total mortality (Z) rate was estimated 3.92 (yr-1) (r2=0.99) on Length-converted catch curve method. The rates of natural mortality (M) on Pauly’s empirical equation, fishing mortality (F) and exploitation ratio were estimated 1.14 (yr-1), 2.78 (yr-1) and 0.71 respectively. Four cohorts were distinguished annualy on Bhattacharya’s method with mean length 73, 99, 136 and 169 mm. Maximum recruitment was in May at 26.64 percent. The lengthweight relationship was determined as W=0.00001 L 2.9524.

A study of the ixodid ticks population of 400 sheep and 350 goats in 10 flocks in 7 villages Torbatejam suburb, Southern Khorasan, were examined in two sub-divided areas (mountainous and plain) between springs 2003-2004. Result indicated that overall prevalence was 12.4% (14.5% in sheep and 10% in goats).Hard tick infestation on fat and fat-tail was the most prevalent on sheep (64.5%) and goats (79.5%), whereas head and neck on sheep (35.5%) and on goats (20.5%) were other ixodid ticks infestation of minor. Adult ticks (1725) were collected and identified: the highest number belonged to the Hyalomma marginatum (80% of the sheep and 65% of the goats), followed by Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum (2.1%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (15%), Haemaphysalis inermis (1.9%), Boophilus annulatus (1%) and all goats were infested with three species including Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum (5.2%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (25%) and Haemaphysalis inermis (4.8%). Ixodid ticks distributions per animal were 3 for sheep and 1.5 for goats. According to age and sex, heavily infestation observed on ewe (45.9%) and female goats (37.9%), however, lightly infestation recorded on ram (26.31%) and male goats (21.9%). In this region, ixodid ticks were present on the animals in whole of year.

In this study, Annual population dynamics and reproduction cycle and dispersal of Hypania invalida, in 5, 15 and 30 meter depths of the Noor Coast was studied seasonally during a year (2004-2005).Results revealed except spring the density and biomass of Hypania invalida, during other seasons, decreased with increasing depth, total organic mater and decreasing sand percentage of the substrate. Maximum density and biomass of this worm were observed 1196.30±105.29 ind/m2 and 1076.67±94.76 mg/m2 in 30 meter depth at spring. In seasonal study, maximum and minimum density and biomass were obtained at Spring and Summer respectively. Eggs bearing females were observed in five month (March-July), but reproduction peak was obtained in March and April. Maximal egg diameter was obtained 154 micrometers and the egg number was 40 – 76.

In this study a serological survey was carried out to detect group specific blue-tongue virus antibodies in sheep and goats serum collected in three ecological regions of Isfahan province of Iran during four seasons of 2005.Blood samples were taken from 7 cities and 109 flocks and 874 sheep and goats randomly. A competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA) was conducted to test the serum samples for blue tongue virus (BTV) group specific antibodies. BTV seropositive reaction were obtained in 451 (51.6%) out of 784 tested sera and in 83.5% (91/109) of the flocks.In the 91 seropositive flocks, the prevalence ranged from 36.2% to 100%.Out of 504 sheep serum samples and 370 goat serum samples examined, 53.37% and 49.19% respectively were positive. In spring seroprevalence was more than other seasons (p<0.0001).Prevalence of antibody were vary greatly from city to city. There was no difference in seroprevalence among the different ecological regions and different ages. Also there was no difference in seroprevalence between different species and different sexes. Blue–tongue has been never before reported in central area of Iran (Isfahan) and this is the first serological survey for blue-tongue in this region, the results support the conclusion that BTV was widespread in central area of Iran and suggest that it may be endemic and need for further investigation.

This study was determined alginic acid in three species of brown seaweeds (Sargassum illicifolium, Cystoseira indica and Nizimuddinia zanardinii) during Autumn and Winter 1384. Seaweed samples were colected from sea beach and washed in fresh water and dried in the sun. So were under Formaldeid (0.5%) and Solphoric acid (0.2 N) Respectively (2, 5 hours). Fainaly were under Alkaloid extraction by sodium carbonate (5%), that were obtined fluid after filteration. The alginic acid resulted with chloridric acid (1N). The extraction yield of alginic acid in Autumn for Sargassum were 32.1±0.96, Cystoseira 23.1±0.46 and nizimuddinia 28.3±0.61 percent, and in Winter for sargassum were 29±0.72 cystoseira 21.4±0.53 and nizimuddinia 24.3±0.32 percent. According to this results, One way ANOVA showed that average of Alginic acid were not similar and significant differences (P<0.05) between species.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dried tomato pulp on commercial layer performance. One hundred ninety two Hy- Line strain laying hens, 65 to 73 weeks of age, were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments. In the 8 week experiment, hens were allocated to four dietary treatments bing: 0, 5, 7.5 and 10 percent of dried tomato pulp. The hens received a diet ad libitum. Inclusion of tomato pulp at levels up to 10 percent in diets of laying hens increased egg production, egg weight, egg mass and eggshell weight significantly. Thus, tomato pulp can be added to ration of laying hens at 10 percent without any adverse effects.

This experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effect of feeding cow with different of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) in far-off and close-up period, on metabolic disorders and blood metabolites of Holstein cows in pregnancy and fresh periods. In this study 18 Holstein pregnant cows (220-225 d) were fed individually, a base diet with three different DCAB (+13 (control), 0 and -13 mEq [(Na+K) - (Cl+S)] /100g dry matter) for 60±5 days. For decrease DCAB two anionic salts (ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate) were used. The result indicated that a milk fever percentage was affected by diets. Among blood compositions Mg (2.1, 1.4 and 2.4 for diet+13, 0 and -13 mEq/100g DM, respectively) affected by diets. Urinary pH of cows was affected by diets. Urinary pH increased linearly with increasing DCAB. The mean urinary pH was 7.99 (for diet+13), 6.81 (for diet 0) and 6.11 (for diet -13). Also blood compositions of calve including protein (7.99, 6.81 and 6.11 mg/dl), Mg (2.13, 1.47 and 2.53 mg/dl) Cl (108, 83.33 and 106 mg/dl) was affected by diets.

The purpose of this experiment was to make a comparison of performance of lactating dairy cows fed rations, formulated by Spartan (1) and CNCPS (2). The 16 lactating dairy cows (8 cows in second and 8 cows in third) with DIM=55 ± 33, body weight=622 ± 42Kg, milk yield=31 ± 1/8 Kg/day), assigned in a randomized completely block design in individual pen. The cows fed individually with the formulated rations as TMR for 90 days after 15 days adaptation period. The milk yield of cows that fed ration 1 and 2 were 31.34 and 31.4 Kg/d, milk fat were 3.35% and 3.25% and milk protein were 2.91% and 3.01% respectively, there were no significant difference between two groups as far as mentioned traits (p>0.05). There were not any significant differences for pregnancy rate (P>0/05). The average DMI for rations 1 and 2 were 22.5 and 22.34 Kg/day is considered, respectively (p>0.05). Average daily crude protein intake of the rations while that was 3625 and 3470 g/d respectively, that was significantly different (p<0.05).However the CNCPS predicted a lower requirement of protein than Spartan for lactating dairy cows while that It was enough to support milk production such Spartan ration of this experiment did. The cost of each Kg feed per milk yield for rations 1 and 2 were 1380 and 1250 respectively, (p<0.05). the result showed that the CNCPS formulated a cheaper ration than Spartan that also it can be recommended to dairy farms as far as milk profit considered (p<0.05).

H. huso meat was processed using the two methods of processing (brine salting and mix salting with souce). Two replicates were used for each method. These samples preserved in 2 Co.Organoleptic test as well as microbiological (pure plate and surface culture method included 10 -1, 10 -2 and 10 -3) and biochemical examination were carried out for quality control of the processed samples for a period of twelve weeks (65 packes). Microbiological tests included total bacterial load as well as bacteria counts such as Salmonella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Clostridium botulinum and perfringens Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa and chemical examination consist of pH values, TVN, salt absorption percentage and peroxide measurement. Salt absorption was higher for fish samples processed with salt (8/5) method compared with those prepared by souse (4). According to results TVN, pH and peroxide were higher for fish samples processed with salt (13/3 mg/ 1000 g, 6/38 and 4/7 meq /1000 g respectively) compared with those prepared by souse (12/9 mg/ 1000 g, 6/21 and 4/5 meq /1000 g respectively). Staphylococcus aureus and Coliform bacteria counts were lower 10 in per gram in control samples and Sous vide samples. Salmonella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Clostridium botulinum and Cl. perfringens and Pseudomonas aeroginosa was not observed in meat of fish before of processing, control samples and Sous vide samples. Total bactereialcounts was positive in samples processed to souce and pure salt. Mean of total bacterial count was higher in samples processed with souce (4/7 logcfu/g) compared with those prepared by pure salt (4/24 logcfu/g). However, According to SPSS and T test analysis no statistically significant difference was observed in their total bacterial counts. However taste, flavor and color of meat processed with a mixture of sodium chloride and souce was of higher quality than that of the meat processed with pure sodium chloride. Tissues of fillet was softer in this samples compared with those prepared by pure salt. According to experiments Sous vide samples have higher shelf life compared control samples (5 days). Shelf life for samples processed with souse was for a period of ten weeks, whereas, the salt prepared fishes were in good shape till the end of refrigeration storage.

A general description of distribution pattern of rocky shore gastropoda along the Hormuz Island coasts is given to provide the context for comparisons of distribution pattern of this intertidal organisms. In order to test if there was any variation in species distribution and abundance from upper to lower intertidal zone (littoral zone) along the entire rocky shores of the Hormuz Island, three main regions were studied from Summer 2005 to spring 2006 (west, south and south-east) and 3 transects were sampled in each region. At each one of the 9 transects the shore was levelled and a general qualitative description was made, which also aided stratification of subsequent quantitative sampling. An upper zone characterized by the presence of Planaxis sulcatus was found on most of the shores along the rocky shore of Hormuz Island. The midlittoral zone is essentially dominated by Planaxis sulcatus, Turbo cinereus and Morula granulata. The distribution pattern observed on the lower zone showed a similarity between rocky shores located in the Hormuz Island, where essentially dominated by Trochus sp.. It has also given important information on abundance and distribution of gastropoda that revealed seasonal distribution in rocky shores of the Hormuz Island. According to this results abundance of gastropoda was markedly lower in Summer comparing to Spring.

Increasing prevalence of Candidasis with the emergence of non-albicans Candida spp. and acquiring antifungal resistance has showed routine antifungal susceptibility testing. In present work, Itraconazole (ITZ) susceptibility of 106 Candida strains of 8 different species isolated from clinical specimens of patient were studied by standard disk diffusion method (D.D) and the result were compared with results obtained form the broth micro dilution-based reference method (B.M.D).Susceptibility ranking to ITZ obtained with all yeasts tested was decreased from C.dubliniensis to C.parapsilosis, C.lusittani, C.kefyr, C.albicans, C.tropicalis, C.glabera and C.krusei. C.krusei and C.glaberata showed the highest rate (5.66%/7.54%) of S-DD/R among all species tested. In D.D and B.M.D method 85.85% and 86.79% of isolates were susceptible (S), whereas 10.37% and 7.54% showed dose-dependent susceptibility (S-DD), and 3.77% and 5.66% were resistant (R), respectively. A total correlation between D.D & reference methods was measured as 89.1 % (p<0.05).this data suggest The D.D method is a rapid, simple and reliable screening test for routine susceptibility testing use.

In this study, the effect of filleting and freezing of the produced fillets in comparison with freezing of whole fish in 6 month storage at -18 oC were pondered with measuring of some chemical spoilage index e.g. peroxides value, FFA TVN, TBA, lipid and sensory valuation. The results showed that FFA, peroxide value, TBA and TVN increased in six month storage of frozen whole fish and fillet. At result of oxidation and hydrolysis of lipids, the amount of utilitarian of products decreased. Comparison between frozen whole fish and fillet during different months, especially during the last month showed that peroxide value of fillets was 14.59 meqg-1 lipid, that was 2.24 fold of whole fish and TVN 1.16 fold were higher than whole fish. There was no significant different between lipids of this to type of products. Totally attention to the results showed that for long time storage of silver carp, whole fish is better from fillet.

An experiment was conducted to compare the effects of chickpea seeds (Cicer arietinum L.) waste on the broilers performance. This experiment was carried out using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) including 4 treatments (dietary contain levels 0, 10, 20 and 30 percent of chickpea seeds waste) and 4 replications. In each replicate 20 male broiler chicken (Ross strain) were used. The experiment conducted for 42 days and diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Chemical composition of chickpea seeds waste and diets were analyzed by AOAC (1990) methods. Metabolizable energy (ME) value of chickpea seeds waste was determined according to the bioassay method described by Sibbaled (1976). Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality and carcass analysis (on the last day of experiment) were recorded. The results of this study indicated that average feed intake and body weight gain in the treatments contain chickpea seeds waste in comparison with the control diet was significantly increased (p<0.01). On the other hand, feed conversion ratio in all diets were not significantly difference (p>0.05). According to the results of this study, feed intake price to produce each Kg live body weight in the diets containing chickpea seeds waste in comparison with the control diet was increased. Therefore, whenever price of chickpea seeds waste is reasonable from an economic point of view, it can be used up to 30 percent in broilers diet.

Abundance and diversity of the fish larva was carried out seasonally at 5 sampling sites during 2005 (post monsoon) – 2006 (pre monsoon) in Gwatar bay of Sistan and Baluchestan provience.The samples were collected by Bongo with 335m mesh size, The vertical sampling was from bottom to surface. environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, pH and glassiness was measure.In the study, 386 specimens were collected at 3 stages preflexion, postflexion and flexion belonging to 11 families of these 9 specimens of the preflexion stages was not identified. Gobiidae (72%) , Clupeidae (10%), Engraulididae (7%) were the most dominant families respetively, and these were formed 89% of the total abundance of fish larva.Gobiidae showed significant different (P<0.01) with other families.majority of the identified larval samples were found to be typical neritic and tidal zone faunas inhabiting soft and muddy sea bed. Fish larvae were present during all seasons in the sampling area.The high abundance of the ichthyoplankton was in winther and low abundance was in atum. comparison of the site sampling, station 3 and station 5 showed the maximum abundance of the fish larvae.On the basis of Shannon diversity index, maximum diversity was in station 1 (3.02) and minimum in station 3 (1.28). Absolute abundance of fish larvae showed significant difference in different seasons (P<0.05) but species diversity showed no significant different (P>0.05). Diversity and abundance showed also no significant difference between different sites (P>0.05), this could be due to homogeneity of biological conditions in the area, as maximum abundance of some families depend on their habitat conditions.

This study, was carried out in Isfahan an endemic region in Iran. A total of 108 samples of patients with cutaneous lesion were sampled for study that were suspected to cutaneous leishmaniasis. For comparison and study, sampling was carried out with to take of lesion exudates by filter paper for PCR. Small amount of material to take for microscopic smear examination. The PCR primers were designed to bind within the conserved regions of kDNA (kinetoplast DNA). In this study, two different amplified fragments for two species were identified from the kDNA. A band in 620 bp was identified for Leishmania major (MRHO/SU/59/P strain) and a band in 830 bp was identified for Leishmania tropica (MHOM/sudan/58/OD). Result of this study represented when samples be used for PCR with out cultured in medium, sensitivity of PCR and microscopic smear examination methods are equal. Infact, reason of some sample unconfirmed by PCR method is inhibitor presence. The PCR method is more precise to confirm If the samples cultured in medium and then PCR done. PCR can be used for differentiation and identification of Leishmania species in epidemiologic studies and vaccine product.

The short-term storage of the endangered ship sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris) semen and effect of extender solution in 8 dilution ratios, 5 concentrations antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin) on motility duration spermatozoa were studied.The fresh semen (n=3) was mixed with extender solution at a 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 ratios.For preventing bacterial growth, 5000 units of penicillin+5mg streptomycin/ml, (4000+4, 3000+3, 2000+2, 1000+1 and 0) were added to the stored semen.Samples of stored semen (in the refrigerator) were analyzed for sperm motility at 1, 3, 9, 14, 21, and 28 day after collection. The extender solution significantly (p<0.05) prolonged the sperm motility for up 21 day at 4oC. Sperm motility from Ship Sturgeon deteriorated within 6 hours after collection when stored at lab temperature (20-22 oC). Undiluted semen from this specis lost its viability within 5 day of storage in the refrigerator. In this study, significant difference is observed in the motility duration between dilution ratio (p<0.01). During semen storage, maximal and minimal motility duration were observed in 1: 1 and 1: 4 dilution rates respectively. The motility duration was similar in all antibiotic concentrations at 1 and 3 day after semen storage in 4oc (p>0.05) but significant different was observed at other days (p<0.05).Results finally indicated that use the extender solution in 1: 1 dilution ratio and use of antibiotic in low concentration (1000Iu P+1mg S and 2000IU P+2mg S) prolonged the spermatozoa viability in short-term storage of Ship Sturgeon semen.

In this study, the interference in interaction between intrinsic and extrinsic parameters including nitrite, pH, salt, temperature and storage time on growth and toxigenesis of Clostridium botulinum type A, has been examined during three steps. In the first step, sporogenesis of Clostridium botulinum type A was done on Egg yolk Agar and spore count in one milliliter of suspension was obtained.In the second step, the turbidity time with inoculation level of 4×104 spore in each milliliter of BHI broth was examined within 32 days of storage (2,4,8,16,32) considering two level of pH (5.5,6.5), three different salt concentration (0.5,3,6)%, three different temperature (15,25,35) oC and finally usage of nitrite treatment of 80 ppm (or not using that, i.e. control treatment). In the third step toxigenesis was performed according to the USDA instruction and mouse bioassay. The results evaluated with completely randomized ANOVA, in SAS system, version 9.and indicated a significant statistical differences among different concentration of salt, pH, temperature and nitrite within turbidity times (p<0.0001) 6% salt, pH:5.5, temperature of 15 °C and sodium nitrite(80ppm) and control treatment within 32 days of storage inhibit growth and toxigenesis of Clostridium botulinum type A with inoculum size level of 4×104 cfu/ml in contrast with salt (0.5,3)%, pH:6.5 and temperature (25,35) oC . In pH 6.5, %3 salt, temperature 25 oC and sodium nitrite treatment had more inhibitory effect in contrast with pH:6.5, 0.5% salt, temperature 35 oC and with control treatment.And finally in growth and toxigenesis of bacteria observed a substitute effect between 0.5% salt and nitrite treatment compared to % 3 salt and control treatment.

Pneumocystis carinii or P.jiroveci is an opportunistic agent living in human and animal lungs. P.carinii was found to be an important patant pathogen causing pneumocytosis in immunosupressed hosts. In the present work, immune system of rats (Sprague dawley) was supressed by methyl prednisolone firstly. Then the infected rats were killed and impression smear was prepared from their lungs. The smears were stained by geimsa and Gomori’s methenamine silver (GMS) methods. Inaddition, the infected lungs were cut and tissue sections were prepared for histological study. The tissue sections were stained by H& E, geimsa and Gomori’s methenamine silver methods. Results indicated that, the infected lungs were found enlarged and heavy with a firm rubbery consistency. The principal finding on examination of lung section is the presence of the parasite cysts attached to the alveolar septa and hyaline foamy granular eosinophilic exudate in the honycomb from alveoli. The alveolar septa are thickened and there is typically interstitial inflammation with proliferation of plasma cells, congestion and intra-lobolary eodema in connective tissue. For detection of P.carinii organisms either in smear or in tissue section, the GMS staining was found more convenient.

Seventy four dogs examined from December 2004 to June 2005 in four sub-divided areas (north, south, east, and west) of Saghez city. Of these, male and female dogs were 38 and 36, respectively.8.1% were infected with Dirofilaria immitis upon thin smear and modified knott technique (MKT) (4.05%) and necropsy (4.05%).4.05% were positive for adult infection in necropsy (occult infection). Rate of infection was 2.7% and 1.35% in heart and pulmonary arteries, respectively. According to sex and age, heavily infection observed in male dogs and old (6.75%), however, light infection recorded in female and young (1.35%). In this region, D. immitis was present in the stray dogs with most abundant in spring (5.4%) and at least in late Fall.