Year:2004 | Volume:16 | Issue:4 (61 IN ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES) |Papers Count:17

Institute Mammary gland is one the most sensitive organs in which the lesions of Maedi-visna could be seen. Lung, joints and Central Nervous System (CNS) are among the organs in which the lesions could be observed. Madei is a chronic viral pneumonia in sheep in which the lesions in lungs will be taken in to consideration due to respiratory clinical symptoms although they remain unknown in mammary glands through unknown and chronic process. In a study over 400 serum and 100 mammary gland samples taken from area sheep the former were found negative in terms of serum antibody by Agar Gel Immune Diffusion (AGID) test but in latter lymphoid hyperplasia of ducts and alveoli, metaplasia of acinar epithelium and their conversion in to cylindrical cell and infiltration of monocytcs and creation of granolomatous reactions particularly macrophage were seen which could be attributed to Maedi regarding the type of lesions.

Ewe live weight and body condition score (BCS) were recorded in June, July and August over a period of 2 years (1999 and 2000) in five flocks of Kurdy sheep (1228 records from 614 breeding ewes) in pastorally based grazing (extensive) system in Hamprovince (the western region of Iran). Dates of lambing (3100 records from 1570 breeding ewes during years 1994 to 2000) and mating (1228 records from 614 breeding ewes) were also investigated. The peaks of mating and lambing were in July and December, respectively. Ewes were classified according to fertility and lambing season as Autumn-lambed, Winter-lambed and barren. Ewe live weights measured in June, July and August had significant influences on the fertility and lambing season (p< 0.01). Ewes which produced lambs were generally heavier at mating than barren ewes (p< 0.05). Autumn-lambed ewes were heavier than winter-lambed ewes in June and July (p< 0.05). The difference between least squares means for August live weight of Autumn-lambed and Winter-lambed ewes was not significant. Effects of changes in live weight on the fertility and lambing season were significant (p< 0.05). Fertility and lambing season were significantly affected by ewe age (p< 0.01). The proportion of barren ewes decreased significantly with age from 17% to 9% for 2 to 5 years gradually (p<0.05). The effects of ewe body condition score (BCS) in June, July and August (p<0.01) and changes in BCS during mating period (p< 0.05) on fertility and lambing season were significant. The least squares mean of BCS (in June and July) for Autumn-lambed ewes was greater than winter-lambed and barren ewes (p< 0.05). The difference between least squares means for August BCS of autumn lambed and winter- lambed ewes was not significant. The least squares mean of BCS (in June and July) for barren ewes was lower than those which produced lambs (p<0.05). The proportion of autumn-lambed ewes increased significantly (p<0.01) with BCS (in July) from 2.0 to 3.5 units, while the proportion of barren ewes decreased (p< 0.05) over the same BCS range accordingly. The results demonstrate the importance of flushing to younger ewes and ewes with low BCS (in late Spring and early Summer) in order to reduce proportion of barrens and increase proportion of Autumn lambed ewes.

In this research, the effect of three types of antibiotics including: Oxytetracycline, Chloro tetracycline and Neomycine mixed with ice at three levels (2, 4 and 6 ppm) on shelf life of Persian Gulf shrimp (Penaus semisulcatus) were studied. Microbial tests included: Total count of aerobic and gram negative bacteria and chemical test was conducted by measuring the total volatile Nitrogen (TVN). The results showed that, the Oxytetracycline- and Chlorotetracycline increased the time of shrimp storage and were better than Neomycine in this respect. It was also revealed that the ice containing oxytetracyline in 2ppm concentration is the best antibiotic to introduce of the production site, and the Chlorotetracycline is inferior because of the undesirable color change of shrimp.

High density of some jellyfishes was observed in the eastern part of the Oman Sea (Coastal waters of Sistan-o-Blochestan province). The biomass of this jellyfish was estimated about 52035.7 tons, which consisted % 81.9 of the total biomass of demersal species of this region by research cruise of demersal resources. The distribution of this jellyfish was higher in the east of the Oman Sea than the west. The distribution pattern of this jellyfish was extended to the western part of the Persian Gulf and at the end of the year 2002; the bloom of these organisms was observed in the waters of Bushehr and Khouzestan provinces (Northwestern part of Persian Gulf). This jellyfish was identified by Australian and Brazilian scientists as Crambionella orsini (Vanhoffen 1888). This jellyfish is an economical species and it was used as aquatic protein resources in the south-east of Asia. The reasons of this bloom and its effect are being studied, but till now; no definite response was conducted.

Shrimp larvae in early stages of life are dependent on primary products of ponds (phytoplankton) and need time to adapt to dietary regimes. This study was designed to investigate diversity and density fluctuations of phytoplankton in hrimp ponds during culture period. Three shrimp culture farms namely Zarabzy, Kar office and Mahkish were involved in this investigation. Total sampling duration was from June to November 1999 and sampling period was 10-14 days. During these study 14 genera of phytoplankton related to diatoms, dinoflagellates and blue-green algae were identified. Diatoms represent 8 genera, followed by 4 genera of dinoflagellata and only 2 genera of blue-green algae. Maximum and minimum phytop1anktondensity were recorded in Kar office and Mahkish farms, and maximum minimum species diversity was found in Mahkish and Zarabzy farms respectively. The statistical analysis indicated that there is significant difference between density of blue-green algae and diatoms during shrimp culture period (p<0.05).

Because of some prominent advantages, animal husbandry plays much more important role in comparison with the other sectors such as agronomy, horticulture and etc. Having a glance at Irans international position, in enhancing animal husbandry production, emphasizes the real value and necessity of paying more attention to advance the quality in this sector. Also this sub-section plays a vital role in the income of the active part of the people involved in agricultural districts and is regarded as the economic support of the other economic areas in country. Regarding this issue Qom province has got a suitable situation in animal husbandry and its products are far more than the needs of the region, especially in milk production and beef. In addition, this province has created a lot of job opportunities for the active people and producers. A close study of producers' activities and performances of cattle husbandry units in Qom province shows that some disabilities are mainly due to the lack of knowledge and skills of those involved in cattle husbandry units, which this notion has led to a decrease in quality and quantity of products in this area, based of which the present study was done to identify the weaknesses of producers' knowledge and skills working in these units. The method applied in this study was a "survey method" and the statistic society includes all semi-industry cattle husbandry in Qom province. By the Method of Classified Systematic Random Sampling about, 104 units were chosen. The measurement method was a questionnaire which was completed by an interview. Some of the results of the survey showed that three factors of breeding management in cattle husbandry, feed management, and cattle management were the main factors in determining the variance of knowledge and skills of those studied. The educational needs of mentioned people were concerned mainly with successive factors of milking, breeding, cattle breeding, cattle husbandry units' sanitation, and finally beef cattle diseases. Furthermore, the difference between the kinds of inspection in cattle husbandry units form one hand and the level of the education of above mentioned people, form the other hand, has made a great incompatibility in their levels of education and skills.

The concentrations of heavy metals zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were determined in muscle tissue and caviar in two sturgeon species A. persicus and A. stellatus caught in the five fishery zones in the southern Caspian Sea basin (extending from Astara Port to the Torkman Port). The samples studied included 139. A. stellatus specimens and 103 A. persicus specimens that were caught during the catch seasons in 1998 and 1999 from the 18 catch stations located in the five fishery zones. Specimens for chemical analysis were digested using the wet method (13, 14) and the concentrations of heavy metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (flame method). The mean age recorded for fishes studied was 17.6 ±2.6 years in A. persicus and 11.9±1.8 years in A. stellatus. The mean concentrations of Zn and Cu in muscle tissue in the five fishery zones were 26.98.5 mg/g and 1.8±0.7 mg/g dry weight, respectively in A. persicus and 47.4±6.96 mg/g, 46±0.53 mg/g respectively in A. stellatus. The mean concentrations of Zn and Cu in caviar speciemes studied were 65.9±16.7 mg/g and 4.2±1.07 mg/g dry weight, respectively in A. Persicus and 57.8±10.57 mg/g and 4.85±1.15 mg/g dry weight, respectively in A. stellatus.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the impacts of different level of hull-less barley considering soluble NSPs on performance and gut activity of broiler. 960 one day old Arbor Acres broilers were used in a 4x3 factorial arrangement with 4 levels of hull-less barley and 3 levels of enzyme. Four replicate were allocated to each treatment. Hull-less barley was used to increase dietary levels of NSP. In starter, levels of hull-less barley had significant effects on feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (p<0.01). In grower phase, the levels of hull-less barley had significant effects on FI, WG and FCR (P<.0.01). In finisher phase NSP levels under 4.6% (30% hull-less barley) had no significant effects on performance variables. The ME (Kcal) needed for increasing 1Kg body weight was affected by hull-less barley levels in diet (p<0.01), but the abdominal fat and gizzard weight and mortality were not affected. Enzyme addition to diets had no significant effects on studied variable except ileum pH (p<0.01).The results of this experiment suggested that hull-less barley can be included in broiler diets to the extent that soluble NSPs in diet don't go up than 3.6,4.1 and 4.6 %in starter, grower and finisher respectively. However, considering diet composition, it suggest to use hull-less barley 0,20 and 30% in starter, grower and finisher diets, respectively.

An HPLC method using immunoaffmity column cleanup and post-column electrochemical derivatization with fluorescence detection was developed for the quantitation of aflatoxin residues in shrimp muscle. The shrimp homogenate (50 g) is extracted with methanol: Water (80%), and the extract was defatted with hexane, and the aflatoxins were partitioned into methanol: water. The extract wan diluted by water, and the solution is passed through an immunoaffinity. Aflatoxins subsequently eluted and were detected using an HPLC with Fluorescence detection. Mean recoveries offlatoxins (Bl, B2, G1 G2) from tissue directly fortified at 1.25, 2.5,5,10 and 20 ppb, were over 87% (ranged from 87.7 to 112 %). The within laboratory relative standard deviations [RSDr] were less than 16.6% (ranged from 4.3 to 16.6%). Subsequently 47 samples of shrimp were collected from the southern provinces of Iran and were analyzed for the presence of and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2. Aflatoxin B2 contamination only detected in one sample at a level of 1.71 ppb. Such a low contamination level may pose a negligible risk to human health.

On this study anticoccidial effects of dried leave powder and petrolium ether extract of Artemisia annua and Artemisinin were evaluated in comparison with salinomycin and amprolium in broiler. One hundred and eight 21- days old Arian broiler chickens were selected and divided in to nine groups with 12 replicates. These groups consist in: Uninfected -untreated control group, infected untreated control group, 2 groups infected and fed by 2.5 % and 5% dried leave supplement, one group infected and fed by petrolium ether extract (40ppm), two groups infected and fed by amprolium (120 ppm) and Salinomycin (60ppm), two group infected and fed by artemisinin (40 ppm and 80 ppm). All groups with the exaption of uninfected -untreated control group were inoculated orally by 50000 sporulated oocyst of Eimeria tenella. After 7 days cecal lesion score, nummber or daily faecal oocysts per chicken and body weight gain were evaluated. The results showed that the best effect for improvment in body weight gain (after uninfected - untreated control group) belonged to artemisinin 40 ppm and then leave 2.5% and petrolium ether extract groups, without significant differences with uninfected -untreated control group (p>0.05). All treatment groups significantly reduced the number faecal oocysts (p<0.05) and best effect for amprolium, salinomycin and artemisinin 80 ppm. All groups showed reductions in cecallesion scores and number of faecal oocysts in comparison with infected untreated control group (p>0.01).

In the present study an attempt was made to investigate some of the biological aspects of sea turtles in Hormoz and Henqam islands. In this regard 73 turtles were chosen for the biometry and their biological specifications, including weight, straight length and width, curved length and width, plastron length, tail length and their egg laying were recorded. The obtained results were analyzed in the statistical package of social science (SPSS). The results revealed that only Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) attend these islands for egg laying. Only 45 turtles out of 73 laid eggs. The percentage of egg laying in Henqam in comparison with Hormoz was more. In regard with the weight the minimum was 35 kg and the maximum was 57 kg which showed a high distribution, although the width of them in comparison with the ones in the world was low, relative to the ones in the west of Persian Gulf was high. In comparison between the laid eggs, the result showed that the minimum of laid eggs per one turtle was 75 and the maximum was 126, meanwhile the world standard is between 100 to 160 and in the west of Persian Gulf were 79. It can be concluded that Hawksbill turtles in Persian Gulf are lighter and shorter and lay fewer eggs than the average of the world. It should be mentioned that in the east of Persian Gulf the turtles are bigger, and more laid eggs in comparison with the turtles of the west.

The diet of Tinca tinea in Lahijan Amirkelayeh Lagoon was in studied in four seasons of 2001. Fishes were caught by gillnet, common haul science, castnet and dipent. Fishes were biometry, age determination' necropsy and intestine contents were recognized after catch. According to obtained results from 178 Amirkelayeh lagoon Tinea tinea 1+ - 7 + age groups, average total length, weight, relative length gut, index of fullness and fullton's condition factor were  respectively 26.3 cm, 382.5 gr, 0.72,187.2 and 1573.1. Natural diet of Tinea tinea indud,  17 groupsoflive foods like odonata, snail, water plant, trichoptera, chironomidae, hemiptera, ephemeroptera, Perea fluviatilis, diptera, gammarus, tubifex, plant seed, simulium, water bug, water tick, zeoplankton and phytoplankton during sampling in 2001. In this fed foods, ahytoplankton, snail and hemiptera had highest frequency percentage (68.53%, 65.7% and 34%) and water tick, water bug, trichoptera, ephemeroptera, diptera and Perea fluviatilis had lowest frequency percentage (each with 1.1%). There for, according to obtained information, Tinea tinea is a phytoplanktonvores, zeoplanktonvores, bentosvores, plantovores and carnivores. That by account of this food habitis and also relative length gut, we should say that Tinea tinea is an omnivores. Meanwhile, Tinca tinca food habits and food factors were dependent of season, age and sex changes. Key word: Amirkelayeh lagoon, Tinea tinea, Natural diet. Over 87% (ranged from 87.7 to 112 %). The within laboratory relative standard deviations [RSDr] were less than 16.6% (ranged from 4.3 to 16.6%). Subsequently 47 samples of shrimp were collected from the southern provinces of Iran and were analyzed for the presence of and aflatoxins B1 , B2, G1, and G2. Aflatoxin B2 contamination only detected in one sample at a level of 1.71 ppb. Such a low contamination level may pose a negligible risk to human health.

Male broilers of 5 genetic groups of Arian pure lines (A,B,C,D) and commercial hybrid with three levels of feeding regimens including: 100% full feed, 95% full feed and 90% full feed, were carried out in a 2 factorial experiments. The randomized block design was used for this experiment. The experiment period was 6 weeks. In this period all of the mortalities from ascites in each group were examined for pathological changes. At the end of each week, the blood samples were taken from each treatment in order to measure the levels of hematocrit and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). The results of this experiment showed that line B was more susceptible to ascite syndrome (p<0.01) and line C was the most resistance to the ascite syndrome within the studied genetic groups (p<0.05).

Water pollution due to various chemicals substance such as anionic detergents cause different disorders in aquatic animals. To study the effects of anionic detergent (shampoo) on hematology of gold fish, 140 fishes (18-20 cm) were divided to four groups. group one as control and other three groups as tests were exposed for 21 day to 5, 10 ,15 ppm of anionic detergent (groups 2,3 and 4 respectively). Sampling was conducted at day 21 and the levels of RBC, WBC, Haematocrit, Total haemoglobin, Differential count of WBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC were determined. ANOVA with multiple ranges Duncan test were used for data analysis. The amounts of RBC number, haematocrit and haemoglobin were level was significantly higher in group I than control (p<0.05). WBC level was significantly lower in group 2 than control (p<0.05).