Year:2004 | Volume:17 | Issue:1 (62 IN ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES)|Papers Count:20

Genetic diversity of five Iranian native chickens population from five province induding Mazandaran , Isfahan , Yazd, Fars and Azarbayjan were studied. From each population 30 birds randomly were selected and their blood samples were collected individually. The DNA of samples were extracted by modified salting-out method. The genomic DNA amplified by using 10 RAPD randomly primer through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Length of amplified fragments by all primers was varied from 237 to 3240 base pairs. Based on polymorphic bands with 0.1819 as well as total bands with 0.1042, Fars and Mazandaran population had the highest genetic distance. On the other hand Fars and Isfahan population with 0.066 and 0.0391 had the lowest genetic distance Yazd and Mazandaran population with 0.208 and 0.156 had the highest and lowest inter population genetic diversity respectively. Based on phylogenic tree plotted by UPGMA method, chickens population were divided to two groups: Group I , including Isfahan, Fars, Yazd and Azarbayjan , and group II including Mazandaran only. Although there has not been found specific marker for each population in this study but we have found considerable differences in many loci. For instance locus of X03-5 the allele with 1853bp length, Isfahan, Fars , Yazd and Azarbayjan has frequency of I but in Mazandaran population has frequency of 0.225. With regard to low genetic diversity in population we can prevent the decreasing of genetic diversity by increasing of effective number of population, controlling mating system to obtaining the lowest inbreeding in each population and establishing separate base population with large number of chickens.

Living cell die in two ways: Necrosis and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Necrosis is considered as an accidental death of a group of cells in a tissue. However, apoptosis is induced by a variety of stimulating agents (viruses, chimicals, etc.) or is programmed in old or embryonic cells. Apoptosis develops as the result of two intracellular pathways: Mitochondria and death receptors. In both pathways a group of protein compounds Bax proteins affect mitochondria, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus to induce the release of caspases which in their active form induce apoptosis. This study was performed to examine the ultrastractural changes of lysosomes invitro at the time of apoptosis. At first lysosomes were isolated from liver using ultracentrifugation, then these agent were exposed to Bax proteins at different time points. After fixation, processing, bloking and ultrathin section, the samples were imaged by a h-800 Olympus transmition electron microscope. The ultrastructural changes in lysosome, induced by Bax proteins were membrane shrinkage, granulation of the matrix and the rupture of membrane. This study defines the morphological feature of the changes in the ultra structure oflysosome during apoptosis.

Razor clam Solen roseomaculatus has an abundant frequency in east coast of the Hormozgan province (North Persian Gulf). Maturation and spawning were recorded according to macroscopic and weight index evidences. Samples of razor clam were captured monthly (14 months) during 2001 and 2002. Anterior posterior measurement (APM) and dorsoventral measurements (PVM) were recorded and total weight and visceral mass weight were measured for each specimens. Was 72±6 and APM was 8±0.4 for all samples. Mean total weight was about 68±11. Results revealed that spawning time was take place during Autumn and Summer with peak in June. Longitudinal ovaries were covered by muscular fibers and over the alimentary canal. Sex ratio was about 1 (F):1.1(M) during the sampling period (X2 = 1.7 oc= o.os/df= i). Length of first maturity was recorded as 46 and 51 for males and females respectively.

Streptavid in (SA) is a protein secreted by Streptomyces avidini. It has four subunits and each subunit has high affinity for biotin. In the present research, we have analysed the effect of the defined (A&B) and undefined (LB & LB+Asn) culture media onthe growth of S.avidini and the amount of protein secreted SA in bacterial supematant was concentrated with ammonium sulfate and then partially purified using a DEAE-cellulose column. The purity of SA was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. Our results showed that the best culture conditions was in LB medium at 32°C for ten days where the yield of SA was about 13mg/l and the purified SA could be used directly.

Rumen lactic acidosis in 5 clinically healthy l-year-old male lori sheep, with 40 kg weight was successfully produce experimentally using sucrose at a dos rate of 23.5 g/kg B.W given intraruminally through a fixed rumen cannula. Three days prior to induction of the disease, rumen samples for determine normal value of microflora and rumen pH were obtained and blood collected via jugular vein to indicate baseline of haematocrit, serum electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, and 72 hours after induction of acidosis. Results indicate that heart rate (3, 6, 9, 12,24 ,48, 72 hours) and respiratory rate increased significantly (p<0.5) at 6,9, 12,24 and 48 hours, body temperature decreased at 3,6,9,12,24,48 and 72 hours. plasma sodium, plasma phosphorus and blood glucose increased at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 hours. plasma calcium and rumen pH at 3, 6, 9, 12and 24 hours decreased. Blood urea nitrogen increased at 24,48 and 72 hours, packed cell volume began to increase at 3,.6, 9, 12,24 and 72 hours, six hours post-dosing no protozoa was found in the rumen liquor of the experimental sheep and gram positive bacteria (coccoid) were predominant at 9 hours and rod positive bacteria were predominant at 12 hours throughout the observation period. Histopathological changes in rumen of acidotic sheep indicate hydropic degeneration and erosion in ruminal epithelium.

In this survey four hundred and thirty four samples (210 canaries, 163 greenfinch, 54 finch and 7 parrot) were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. The results indicated that infection to nematode eggs in parrot and greenfinch were 71.4% and 2.4% respectively. 47.6% of canaries were infected to Isospora canaria. The oocyst number in infected canaries was between 1- 20 and up to 650 oocyst in died birds.

Probiotics are useful microorganisms which colonized in gut system of farm animals and birds. The probiotics have useful effects on health and growth performance of the animals. It seems that the probiotics affect some blood parameters by special mechanisms. For this purpose the experiment carried out by feeding 4 levels of the probiotic Bioplus2B (0%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15%) to male and female broiler chicks of Ross hybrid from day one to 42 days of age. The probiotic had two strains of bacteria Bacillus lecheniformis and Bacillus subtilis. In days 36 and 42, six chicks from each group were bleeded to measure the cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, hematocryte, hemoglubin, total white blood cells and the percent of heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Results showed that by increasing the level of probiotic, blood cholestrol decreased (p<0.05) and total white blood cells increased significantly (p<0.05), but the other blood parameters did not affected by various levels of the probiotic. Therefore, decrease of blood cholestrol and stimulation of immune system in broiler chicks are useful effects of the probiotic which is important in poultry production, production oflow cholestrol meat and decrease of mortality, increasing total leukocytes without changing proportion of the white blood cells indicate the effect of the probiotic on stimulation of immune system of the birds.

Typhoid disease or salmonellosis is a common disease in horses. The disease is characterized by fever, anorexia, septic shock with or without dysentery. Transportation, colic, change in dietary regims, dehydration, surgery, antibiotic therapy is the risk factors which favor for salmonellosis. In the present study, the occurrence of typhoid due to Salmonella group B were considered in a flock of Caspian ponies kept in Khojir center of ministry of Jahad - e- Keshavarsi, Tehran,Iran. In a addaption study, 19 horses had been transported to Kerman province (a city located in south -east of Iran). With the termination of the study, the animals had been returned to the original location. During the transportation from Kerman to Tehran, some of the ponies showed acute diarrhea and symptoms of typhoid disease from which four cases died with acute septicemia. In one case, the disease was accompanied by abortion. Pathological and bacteriological studies confirmed salmonellosis. From bone marrow, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and intestinal contents Salmonella typhimurium were isolated. All affected animals showed dysentry, fever, anorexia and rectal prolapse. Because of importance of the salmonellosis in ponies futher epidemiological studies is recommended.

Grouper, Epinephelus coioides, and silver pomfret, Stromateus cinereus, are two commercially important fishes of Persian Gulf and Omman Sea. Despite of importance of these fishes, there is not a comprehensive report about parasitic funna of these fishes. The aim of this study was to determine the intensity of infestation of these fishes to parasitic cestoda, trematoda, acanthocephala and nematoda. For this purpose 80 fresh groupers and 80 silver pomfrets were studied. Different organs of the fishes were examined by routine parasitological methods. 42.5% of the groupers had wormal infestation. The percentage of infestation to cestoda, nematoda, trematoda and acanthocephalan were 27.5%, 17.5%, 6.26% and 3.75% respectively. The most infested organ of these fishes was the abdominal cavity (27.5%). Maximum' intensity of infestation to cestoda in each grouper were 14 and the minimum were zero. Maximum intensity of infestation to nematoda in each grouper fish were 44 and the minimum were zero. In silver pomfrets only 4 fish (5%) had trematoda (Azygia sp.) in their intestines. Recognized parasites in grouper were Anisakis sp, Tetrarhynchus sp., Callitetrarhynchus sp. and Serrasentis sp.

Effects of various water salinities on the life cycle, specially on embryonic development and larval stages of Artemia urmiana were investigated. Results indicated that 33 ppt is the optimal salinity for embryonic development and hatching, and various salinities have same effects on Artemia's quantitative developments. Lower salinity (35 ppt) is more suitable for Artemia's growth and development, on first stage of culture; On the other hand, it reaches the maturity much more slower and sometimes even stops. The medium salinities (60 and 100ppt) are better for larvae growth and development; On day 24, the highest rate of maturity could be seen in 100 ppt. High and low salinities, reduce the rate of growth, development and survival, as, after day 12, there were no live larvae in 180 ppt. The best salinities for the survival, as well as growth, development and maturity, were medium (60 & 100 ppt). The results showed: 1) adaptation of Artemia urmiana with medium salinities, and 2) both high and low salinities could cause stress on animal, and effect on its growth, development and survival.

A neonate (3 days old) Holstain calf was clinically examined in a dairy herd, in May 2003. Cleft palate was seen and the case referred to teaching hospital. After 3 days the calf was died. The referral clinical case of secondary cleft palate under went to necropsy. Clinical examination showed aspiration pneumonia. At necropsy findings, cleft palate with 10-centimeter length was diagnosed. Agnathia and malformation of mandibular foramen were shown. Absence of cribriform plate, Agenesis of incisive bone and lacrimal bulla were other congenital defects.

Soya protein is an important and the most plant protein which is used in hamburger and Sausage in Iran. The Using of microscopic methods is significant in recognition of hamburger ingredients and its quality improvement. Tissue staining plays an important role in the counter stain of hamburger ingredients. Haematoxyline & Eosin staining is a common methoJi in histology laboratory For detection soya in hamburger, 80 freezing raw hamburger samples were bought from food stores. Samples were carried in suitable condition to histology laboratory. Then, sampling was done and pieces were stained by Haematoxyline & Eosin. The stained samples were examined under a light microscope. Soya tissue has a red color in micrographs. Palliating layer cells have a light color and a special radiant. The protein materials in cotyledon cells and cell carbohydrate wall were observed red and blue, respectively. Cylindrical extrudate tissue is denatured cotyledon cells and they observed dark red color and they are distinguished from muscular tissue. Also, it the results showed that Soya has been used in all samples. It was concluded that soya is detectable by histological methods in hamburger and it can differentiate than muscular tissues.

100 Dolphin fish consisting of 48 males and 52 females selected by random sampling frame caught fish in fishing station situated as Chababar region and these fish filleted at offshore fisheries research center. Average quantity fillet obtaind in male and female was 50.53% and 47.56% of whole body weight respectively. The mean fillet obtained was 48.98% of whole body weight and skin, fin, bone and head weight was 3, 6.1, 7.95 and 19.2% respectively. The difference between whole body weight, head weight, fillet weight, fin weight and bone weight in male and female was significant (p < 0.1). According to results the specific type of fish has a good capability of producing fillet.

This study was conducted to determine lysine requirement of laying hen during peak egg production from 26 to 42 weeks. of age. The basal diet used was based on corn- corn gluten meal- soybean meal and contained 0.58% lysine. To the basal diet nine graded Levels of Lysine (0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16, 0.2, 0.24, 0.28, 0.32, 0.36%) were added. The experimental diets were fed for 16 week. Each experimental diet was fed to 48 Laying hen in a randomized complete design with 4 replicate for each treatment. Broken-line and exponential models were used for estimation of lysine requirement. Dietary lysine levels had a significant effect on egg weight, egg mass output, feed intake(p< 0.01) and feed conversation ratio(p< 0.05) but hadnot significant effect on egg production .Based on egg mass output response and the fit of Broken-line and Exponential models the requirement for total lysine were estimated 645 and 710 mg per hen - day; respectively. Based on feed conversion efficiency Response and the fit of Broken-line and Exponential models the requirement for total lysine was estimated 750 and 810 mg per hen- day. In conclusion, the results of this experiment indicated that daily lysine requirement of laying hen during peak egg production was estimated 810 mg per her- day or 53 gram per kilograme of dietary crude protein.

The immunohistochemical techniques related to clinical diagnosis tests, has been used for rapid diagnosis of avian viral diseases by the poultry laboratory diagnosticians. Avian influenza (AI) is an important viral disease of poultry worldwide and causes by avian influenza virus (AIV). This disease caused high economic losses in Iranian poultry industry. In this study, the indirect immunoflurescence (IIF) and indirect immunoperoxidase (IIP) assays were compared with the standard virus isolation procedure on tissue samples prepared from chickens experimentally infected as well as clinical specimens. These techniques were optimized in broiler chickens inoculated with local H9N2 AI viruses. The trachea, lung and kidney tissue samples from experimentally infected and clinical samples were embedded into OCT (Optimum Cutting Temperature) and put primarily at -196 ºC and then after at -70ºC in order to prepare frozen tissue sections. The IIF and IIP assays carried out on frozen tissue sections. The sensitivity and specificity values of IIF and IIP assays analyzed vis a vis virus isolation were respectively 86, 81 % and 93,81 % for clinical specimens. The positive and negative predictive values of IIF and IIP assays were 76, 89 % and 77, 94 % respectively. There was a substantial agreement between virus isolation and IIF, IIP assays for knowing of infection in chickens (by Kappa statistic 92 and 95% respectively). The application of IIP assay for diagnosis of H9N2 subtype antigens in frozen tissue sections is for the first time in Iran. According of results, for immunohistochemical monitoring of chicken flocks, the IIP assay particularly in kidney tissue samples has been recommended.